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Force Spectrum Microscopy (FSM) is an application of active microrheology developed to measure aggregate random forces in the cytoplasm. Large, inert
Force_spectrum_microscopy
diffusion-limited aggregation. His laboratory also developed Force spectrum microscopy, which is capable of measuring random intracellular forces. As
David_A._Weitz
regular rheology testing. More recently, it has been developed into Force spectrum microscopy to measure contributions of random active motor proteins to diffusive
Microrheology
Set of scientific techniques
can be used to perform force spectroscopy include atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers, acoustic force spectroscopy, microneedles
Force_spectroscopy
All of the contents of a cell including organelles but excluding the nucleus
the stochastic, motor-driven properties of the cytoplasm using force spectrum microscopy". Cell. 158 (4): 822–832. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.051. PMC 4183065
Cytoplasm
Topics referred to by the same term
mathematics Finite-state machine, in computer science Force spectrum microscopy, in physics Folded spectrum method, in mathematics Free-surface modelling, in
FSM
Magnified visualization through ultrasound
Acoustic microscopy is microscopy that employs very high or ultra high frequency ultrasound. Acoustic microscopes operate non-destructively and penetrate
Acoustic_microscopy
Type of microscopy using a physical probe
Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), also known as dynamic force microscopy (DFM), is a mode of atomic force microscopy, which itself is a type
Non-contact atomic force microscopy
Non-contact_atomic_force_microscopy
Form of metabolism in tumors
the stochastic, motor-driven properties of the cytoplasm using force spectrum microscopy". Cell. 158 (4): 822–832. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.051. PMID 25126787
Warburg_effect_(oncology)
Technique in fluorescence microscopy
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is one of the techniques that make up super-resolution microscopy. It creates super-resolution images by
STED_microscopy
Type of electron microscope
are supported by complementary nanoscale techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its electrical imaging modes. These methods provide insights
Scanning_electron_microscope
the stochastic, motor-driven properties of the cytoplasm using force spectrum microscopy". Cell. 158 (4): 822–832. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.051. PMC 4183065
Cell_mechanics
American chemical engineer (born 1968)
two-point microrheology and its application to cell mechanics and force spectrum microscopy measurements, as well as the use of DNA hybridization to direct
John_Crocker_(physicist)
Imaging Instrument
Voigtländer, Bert (ed.), Scanning Probe Microscopy: Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, NanoScience and Technology, Berlin, Heidelberg:
Scanning_tunneling_microscope
Type of atomic force microscopy
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy
Photoconductive_atomic_force_microscopy
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Microscopy technique
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) or scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) is a microscopy technique for nanostructure investigation
Near-field scanning optical microscope
Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope
Scientific research area
the Stochastic, Motor-Driven Properties of the Cytoplasm Using Force Spectrum Microscopy". Cell. 158 (4): 822–832. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.051. PMC 4183065
Intracellular_delivery
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high voltage transmittance electron microscopy (HVTEM) and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). And finally
Wafer_bond_characterization
Type of microscopic technique used for imaging surfaces by tunneling of photons
photoluminescence, absorption, and Raman spectroscopy. Conventional optical microscopy utilizing far-field illumination achieves resolution that is restricted
Photon_scanning_microscopy
Measurement of infrared radiation's interaction with matter
microscopy exist. These include IR versions of sub-diffraction microscopy such as IR NSOM, photothermal microspectroscopy, Nano-FTIR and atomic force
Infrared_spectroscopy
Instrument used to physically scan the surface of a sample
applications in the broad spectrum of nanotechnological fields. Following the development of STM, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was developed by Gerd
Probe_tip
Infrared microscopy technique
scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The term was first used to denote a method that combined a tuneable free electron laser with an atomic force microscope (AFM
Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR)
Infrared_Nanospectroscopy_(AFM-IR)
Spectroscopic technique
Raman microscopy can be combined with complementary imaging methods, such as atomic force microscopy (Raman-AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (Raman-SEM)
Raman_spectroscopy
Distance over which a wave's shape repeats
is called a spectrum. The name originated with the visible light spectrum but now can be applied to the entire electromagnetic spectrum as well as to
Wavelength
Scientific instrument for observing small objects
used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope
Microscope
Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), also called surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI), is a label free analytical tool that combines the surface
Surface plasmon resonance microscopy
Surface_plasmon_resonance_microscopy
Physical model of propagating energy
carries momentum and radiant energy through space. It encompasses a broad spectrum, classified by frequency (inversely proportional to wavelength), ranging
Electromagnetic_radiation
Laser microscope used for Raman spectroscopy
photomultiplier tube, (PMT). Traditionally Raman microscopy was used to measure the Raman spectrum of a point on a sample, more recently the technique
Raman_microscope
Trap using a magnetic field to trap micrometre-seized ferromagnetic beads
Attila (June 2008). "Single-molecule force spectroscopy: optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers and atomic force microscopy". Nature Methods. 5 (6): 491–505
Magnetic_tweezers
Protein used by single-celled organisms
excessively studied on both mica and glass substrates using Atomic force microscopy and Femtosecond crystallography. All other phototrophic systems in
Bacteriorhodopsin
Chemical compound
compound which is used as a fluorescent dye when applied to fluorescence microscopy. It is used to investigate membrane qualities of the phospholipid bilayers
Laurdan
American engineer (1949–2021)
imaging/treatment) to visible light (photonic crystals, nanoplasmonics, solitons, microscopy and lithography, and biophotonics). Both commercial FDTD software suites
Allen_Taflove
Reconstruction of a filtered signal
assume that the power spectrum of the reflectivity is constant, and that the power spectrum of the seismogram is the spectrum of the wavelet multiplied
Deconvolution
Study involving matter and electromagnetic radiation
light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy, primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum, is a fundamental exploratory tool in the
Spectroscopy
Simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures
pulses. For types of MIR microscope, see Microscopy#Infrared microscopy. Atmospheric windows in the infrared spectrum are also employed to perform chemical
Chemical_imaging
Study of light on the nanometer scale
tips used in near-field scanning optical microscopy (SNOM or NSOM) and photoassisted scanning tunnelling microscopy. Nanophotonics researchers pursue a very
Nanophotonics
Science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials
(0.4–0.7 micrometers) and mid-infrared (1–5 micrometers) regions of the spectrum. These materials are needed for applications requiring transparent armor
Ceramic_engineering
Multi-wavelength imaging method
information from across the electromagnetic spectrum. The goal of hyperspectral imaging is to obtain the spectrum for each pixel in the image of a scene,
Hyperspectral_imaging
Type of transmissive optical device
visible spectrum has a range that extends from 390 nanometers to 750 nanometers. Green light, half way in between, is around 500 nanometers. Microscopy takes
Superlens
spectroscopic techniques and recently developed computational methods. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in recent years to image and probe the physical
Lipid bilayer characterization
Lipid_bilayer_characterization
Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field
three-dimensional images, and has a wide range of other uses, including data storage, microscopy, and interferometry. In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for
Holography
The technique of vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy allows probing vibrational properties of materials at the submicrometer scale, and
Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy
Vibrational_analysis_with_scanning_probe_microscopy
Spectroscopy with lasers with very short pulses
commonly used techniques are Electron Diffraction imaging, Kerr Gated Microscopy, imaging with ultrafast electron pulses and terahertz imaging. This is
Ultrafast_laser_spectroscopy
Infrared microscopy technique
scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). As s-SNOM, nano-FTIR is based on atomic-force microscopy (AFM), where a sharp tip is illuminated
Nano-FTIR
Scanning electron microscope with a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber
microscopy". Micron. 10: 13–23. doi:10.1016/0047-7206(79)90015-3. Spivak GV, Rau EI, Karelin NM, Mishustina IE (1977). Scanning electron microscopy of
Environmental scanning electron microscope
Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope
Inelastic scattering of photons by matter
can be used to determine the force constant and bond length for molecules that do not have an infrared absorption spectrum. Raman amplification is used
Raman_scattering
introduced the management of multi-layers images. It was a move to Confocal microscopy (analysis of topography+color as a single object as opposed to separate
MountainsMap
Electron oscillations in a nanoparticle
microscopy, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). With dark-field microscopy, it is possible to monitor the spectrum
Localized_surface_plasmon
imaging applications such as photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). It consists of two concentric conductive
Hemispherical electron energy analyzer
Hemispherical_electron_energy_analyzer
Chemical compound
41±0.04 X units compared to molybdenum metal at 618.46 xu. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the van der Waals surface of α-MoTe2 shows alternating rows
Molybdenum_ditelluride
Interdisciplinary science
imaging techniques, as well as electron microscopy, x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small-angle scattering (SAS)
Biophysics
techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Silanization of silicon and mica Fenner, D. B.; Biegelsen, D
Hydrogen-terminated silicon surface
Hydrogen-terminated_silicon_surface
Very fine, bright yellow sulfur powder that is produced by sublimation and deposition
spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A test has found that FoS
Flowers_of_sulfur
Methods to make single-atom-thick carbon sheets
Raman spectrum, called the D, G, and 2D (also called G') modes that appear at about 1350, 1583 and 2700 cm-1. In scanning tunneling microscopy (STM),
Graphene production techniques
Graphene_production_techniques
Type of statistical analysis
employed in the context of optical microscopy, in particular, confocal microscopy or two-photon excitation microscopy. In these techniques, light is focused
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy
Field ion microscope coupled with a mass spectrometer
the Accurate Identification of Magnesium and Carbon in the Mass Spectrum". Microscopy and Microanalysis. 23 (S1): 676–677. Bibcode:2017MiMic..23S.676L
Atom_probe
Model of cell membranes
regular units of protein and lipid. These models were not well supported by microscopy and thermodynamic data, and did not accommodate evidence for dynamic membrane
Fluid_mosaic_model
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) that combines scanning probe microscopy with Raman spectroscopy. High spatial resolution chemical imaging is possible
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Tip-enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy
Computer using carbon nanotube transistors
Solution to gate dielectric problem makes devices easier to turn off". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 7 July 2022. Markoff, John (26 September 2013). "Researchers
Carbon_nanotube_computer
Topics referred to by the same term
(electron density), the quality of an X-ray crystallography or cryo-electron microscopy data set Angular resolution, the capability of an optical or other sensor
Resolution
Branch of bioinformatics
alignments, phylogenies, macromolecular structures, systems biology, microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging data. Software tools used for visualizing
Biological_data_visualization
Elementary particle or quantum of light
insufficient. This allows for higher resolution microscopy, because the sample absorbs energy only in the spectrum where two beams of different colors overlap
Photon
Electromagnetic projectile launcher
of plasmas on conventional solid propellants. Using scanning electron microscopy and other diagnostic techniques, they evaluated in detail the influence
Railgun
Analytical technique based on determining mass to charge ratio of ions
the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. These spectra
Mass_spectrometry
cameras Object recognition 1D and 2D light grid Confocal microscopy / OCT Fluorescence microscopy Laser wavelength modulation Some of the applications for
Microscanner
Mass spectrometry technique that can visualize the spatial distribution of molecules
peptides or proteins by their molecular masses. After collecting a mass spectrum at one spot, the sample is moved to reach another region, and so on, until
Mass_spectrometry_imaging
Nonlinear optical process
to obtain phase matching. In other cases, like second-harmonic imaging microscopy, only a tiny fraction of the light energy is converted to the second harmonic
Second-harmonic_generation
Property in optics
beam. In the visual spectrum this is done using Zernike phase-contrast microscopy, differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC), or interferometry
Refractive_index
States of matter for water as a solid
ice is used in some scientific experiments, especially in cryo-electron microscopy of biomolecules. The individual molecules can be preserved for imaging
Phases_of_ice
Deformation mechanism in steel
bearing surface played a significant role in WEC formation. When the traction force opposed the direction of over-rolling (referred to as negative sliding)
White_etching_cracks
Wax coating on the plant cuticle
into the two layers is unknown. Recent scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and neutron reflectometry studies on reconstituted
Epicuticular_wax
Study of failure in polymeric products
useful method for all broken components using macrophotography and optical microscopy. Although polymers usually possess quite different properties to metals
Forensic_polymer_engineering
Yellow waxy substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals
and govern the hydration state of the skin. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy has shown that lanolin, like human stratum corneum lipids, consists of
Lanolin
Structures projecting from cells
Numerous imaging methods, such as immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy, have enabled the precise targeting of, and are currently used to identify
Cellular_extensions
Study of classical optics using Fourier transforms
Angular spectrum method Abbe sine condition Adaptive-additive algorithm Huygens–Fresnel principle Point spread function Phase contrast microscopy Fraunhofer
Fourier_optics
Vacuum insulated container
Self-pressurising designs use the pressure of the gas in the top of the dewar to force the liquid upward through a pipe leading to the neck. Cryogens present several
Cryogenic_storage_dewar
Scientific analysis of architectural finishes
exposure, including Finish Exposure, optical microscopy, fluorescent light microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Historic_paint_analysis
Glass jar used in scientific experiments
them. As the vacuum forms inside, it creates a considerable compression force, so there is no need to clamp the seal. For this reason, a bell jar cannot
Bell_jar
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
characteristics of electrons, neutrons, and atoms are leveraged for advanced microscopy and diffraction technologies. At the end of the 19th century, light was
Matter_wave
Physical quantity of interest in chemistry and electrodynamics
optics and ion optics. It appears in the scientific fields of electron microscopy, cathode ray tubes, accelerator physics, nuclear physics, Auger electron
Mass-to-charge_ratio
Small particles in the air and settling onto surfaces
distort the cosmic microwave background power spectrum. Dust in this regime has a complicated emission spectrum and includes both thermal dust emission and
Dust
Particle with size less than 100 nm
complement existing electron microscope and scanning probe methods. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to perform nanoindentation to measure hardness, elastic
Nanoparticle
Extremely small sensors
which has been achieved in laboratory tests through use of atomic force microscopy, but is still difficult to achieve en masse and is not economically
Nanosensor
Optical system with resolution performance at the instrument's theoretical limit
fluorescence microscopy the excitation and emission are typically on different wavelengths. In total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy a thin portion
Diffraction-limited_system
Most abundant structural protein in animals
crosslinked. However, advances in microscopy techniques (i.e. electron microscopy (EM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)) and X-ray diffraction have enabled
Collagen
Type of microscope
New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964 John H. Dillon, Jr, Comparison Microscopy: The Origins of Firearms identification, A Practical Application of Forensic
Comparison_microscope
Type of digital balance
sample is added.[citation needed] Electronic analytical scales measure the force needed to counter the mass being measured rather than balancing a beam with
Analytical_balance
Filtration apparatus used in a chemistry lab
than simply allowing the liquid to drain through the filter medium via the force of gravity. It is essential that the amount of liquid being used is limited
Büchner_funnel
Swiss-Croatian bioengineer
of Lausanne, and in 2003, she graduated with a PhD on cryo atomic force microscopy. For postdoctoral studies she went to work at University of California
Aleksandra_Radenovic
Pressurised heating apparatus
holes are sometimes used. As the steam and air mix, it is also possible to force out the mixture from locations in the chamber other than the bottom. Steam
Autoclave
Spores produced in an ascus
accumulation to firing force in Gibberella zeae and pinpointed a latch-mediated spring mechanism in dung fungi. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy bridge structure
Ascospore
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
structure and mechanism through X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009. The sequence of
Ribosome
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
imaged the resultant conductive filaments using conductive atomic force microscopy. In 2004, Krieger and Spitzer described dynamic doping of polymer and
Memristor
Ratio of two densities
Fluid properties such as density and viscosity can be inferred from the spectrum. Radiation-based Gauge: Radiation is passed from a source, through the
Relative_density
Light re-emitted by chlorophyll molecules during return from excited to non-excited states
chlorophyll fluorescence is an important tool in plant research with a wide spectrum of applications. Upon illumination of a dark-adapted leaf, there is a rapid
Chlorophyll_fluorescence
Type of mathematical relation
"Enhanced penetration depth in optical coherence tomography and photoacoustic microscopy in vivo enabled by absorbing dye molecules". Optica. 12 (1): 24–30. Bibcode:2025Optic
Kramers–Kronig_relations
American biochemist
dynamic movement of the DNA 'minivectors' was investigated using atomic force microscopy by Alice Pyne at the University of Sheffield. Minimized vectors can
Lynn_Zechiedrich
Type of laser
research into dense plasmas (not transparent to visible radiation), X-ray microscopy[citation needed], phase-resolved medical imaging, material surface research
X-ray_laser
important to determine the mechanical effects they have. High resolution microscopy show that material put under severe plastic deformation are characterized
Anelasticity
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