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Relationship between organisms
A facultative parasite is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle
Facultative_parasite
Microparasite that grows within a host cell
There are two main types of intracellular parasites: Facultative and Obligate. Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing in
Intracellular_parasite
Topics referred to by the same term
consume other food sources Facultative parasite, a parasite that can complete its life cycle without depending on a host Facultative photoperiodic plant, a
Facultative
Type of organism
opposed to a facultative parasite, which can act as a parasite but does not rely on its host to continue its life-cycle. Obligate parasites have evolved
Obligate_parasite
Type of interaction between species
complex. An obligate parasite depends completely on the host to complete its life cycle, while a facultative parasite does not. Parasite life cycles involving
Parasitism
Type of plant
range of host dependence from obligate holoparasites to facultative hemiparasites. Marine parasites occur as a higher proportion of marine flora in temperate
Parasitic_plant
Species of fungus
saprotrophically on leaf litter and fallen wood. It can, however, also be a facultative parasite of lichens and can additionally be a plant pathogen (typically found
Athelia_arachnoidea
Infestation of parasitic maggots
are prime environments for them. This is because their larvae are facultative parasites, as they feed on organic tissue and use the hosts' oxygen reserve
Myiasis
Species of ants that steal young ants of another species to contribute to their colony
may either be permanent social parasites (thus depending on enslaved ants throughout their whole lives) or facultative slave-makers. The behavior is unusual
Slave-making_ant
Organism that lives with its host and kills it
so there are three organisms involved. Hyperparasitoids are either facultative (can be a primary parasitoid or a hyperparasitoid depending on the situation)
Parasitoid
Species of fungus
found in soil, rotting plant material, and animal dung. It is a facultative parasite of nematode eggs. The species was first recorded by August Carl Joseph
Rhopalomyces_elegans
Genus of fungi
of corticioid fungi in the family Atheliaceae. Some species are facultative parasites of plants (including crops) and of lichens. The widespread genus
Athelia_(fungus)
Species of fly
These other Cochliomyia flies, such as Cochliomyia macellaria, are facultative parasites, in that they sometimes lay eggs on lesions already infested with
Cochliomyia_hominivorax
Species of roundworm
californica is a nematode in the family Rhabditidae. It is a lethal facultative parasite of terrestrial gastropods (slugs and snails). First found in invasive
Phasmarhabditis_californica
Fungus that can act as a parasite of insects
aerated freshwater systems. Lagenidium giganteum is known to be a facultative parasite of mosquito larvae and is proposed to be of use in mosquito biocontrol
Entomopathogenic_fungus
Species of roundworm
neopapillosa is a nematode in the family Rhabditidae. It is a lethal facultative parasite of the terrestrial gastropods (slugs and snails). Hooper, D.J., Wilson
Phasmarhabditis_neopapillosa
Subspecies of flowering plant
the most important hosts are oilseed brassicas. The fungus is a facultative parasite, what means that it can survive on living hosts as well as on dead
Napa_cabbage
Species of roundworm
nematode species identified and named in 1954 by Stefanski. It is a facultative parasite of horses, invading the nasal cavity, and sometimes numerous other
Halicephalobus_gingivalis
Species of amoeba
that exists as a free-living amoeba in the environment and is a facultative parasite of humans. The name is derived from the Greek word acantha (meaning
Acanthamoeba_polyphaga
†Platyceratidae Cookiecutter shark Candiru (vampire fish of Brazil, a facultative parasite) Lampreys Male Deep sea anglers False cleanerfish Pearlfish Hood
List_of_parasitic_organisms
Species of flowering plant
This species is a facultative parasite, or hemiparasite, in that it can live without attaching to another plant but will parasitize if presented with
Pedicularis_densiflora
Trend of parasitic organisms
explanation for the phenomenon when it occurs is that the parasites may have started as facultative parasites within the host species itself (such forms of intraspecific
Emery's_rule
Genus of gastropods
well known facultative parasite of land snails, including Helix, is the nematode Phasmarhabiditis hermaphrodita. Infection by a parasite, probably an
Helix_(gastropod)
Type of ant that exploits other ant species
obligate parasites or facultative slave-makers. Obligate parasites are unable to independently survive without a host to exploit, whereas facultative parasites
Parasitic_ant
Species of fungus
continues to decay wood after the host tree has died, making K. deusta a facultative parasite. Studies show the possibility of a Trichoderma species being used
Kretzschmaria_deusta
Species of fish
capture in baited traps, suggest that this species is at most a facultative parasite that opportunistically enters sick and dying fish. Reproduction is
Snubnosed_eel
Species of flowering plant in the broomrape family
roots of neighbouring green plants with its own roots, but is a facultative parasite, in that it acts opportunistically when in contact with a root. The
Rhinanthus_minor
Genus of bacteria
using unusual transcarboxylase enzymes. Its members are primarily facultative parasites and commensals of humans and other animals, living in and around
Propionibacterium
Family of fungi
soil, dung, and reproductive bodies of higher fungi, but there are facultative parasites. Isolates of Mortierella can be readily obtained from forest soils
Mortierellaceae
Family of flowering plants known as broomrapes
taxa, the family displays all types of plant parasitism: facultative parasite, obligate parasite, hemiparasites, and holoparasites. Parasitic plants are
Orobanchaceae
Parasite of another parasite
A hyperparasite, also known as a metaparasite, is a parasite whose host is itself a parasite, often specifically a parasitoid. Hyperparasites are found
Hyperparasite
Order of fungi
It is parasitic. But can grow solitary on agar media, thus cold facultative parasite. Only one family, Dimargaritaceae, exists, containing three genera:
Dimargaritales
Ecological interaction between taxa
that one or both of the organisms depend on each other for survival, or facultative, meaning that they can subsist independently. When one organism lives
Symbiosis
Type of single-cell organisms smaller than 0.1 μm3 under all growth conditions
organisms; some ultramicrobacteria have been observed to be obligate or facultative parasites of various eukaryotes and prokaryotes. One factor allowing ultramicrobacteria
Ultramicrobacteria
Parasitic microorganism that causes giardiasis
small intestine, causing a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis. The parasite attaches to the intestinal epithelium by a ventral disc (syn. adhesive
Giardia_duodenalis
Fish that remove parasites and dead tissue from other species
cleaners have a higher output of cleaning on a wider range of parasites in comparison to facultative fish. To maximize nutrient consumption, obligate cleaners
Cleaner_fish
Species of mollusc
infecting the bivalve, Donax variabilis: it's just a facultative host!". Parasite. 28: 34. doi:10.1051/parasite/2021027. PMC 8034251. PMID 33835020. DeLancey
Donax_variabilis
Species of ant
is a species of ant in the family Formicidae. The species is a social parasite of other Formica species. "Formica aserva Report". Integrated Taxonomic
Formica_aserva
Species of single-celled organism
symptoms throughout the host’s life cycle. Phytophthora megakarya is a facultative parasite that can infect any part of the cacao tree at any time under optimal
Phytophthora_megakarya
Genus of roundworms
- Applied and environmental ..., 2005 Diploscapter coronata as a facultative parasite of man, with a general review of vertebrate parasitism by rhabditoid
Diploscapter
Species of single-celled organism
acceptable level of salinity. Growth is most rapid at 24 °C. It is a facultative parasite of sea stars in the Asteriidae family. It seems to be able to survive
Orchitophrya_stellarum
Species of paintbrush flower
pallida is an herb with a short taproot. The plant appears to be a facultative parasite, capable of surviving without draining nutrients from other plants
Castilleja_pallida
Species of flowering plant
centimeters in maximum height. Like many species in its family it is a facultative root parasite on other plants, attaching to their roots via haustoria to tap
Triphysaria_versicolor
Genus of roundworms
"Pristionchus uniformis sp. n. (Nematoda, Rhabditida, Diplogasteridae), a facultative parasite of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say and Melolontha melolontha L. in
Pristionchus
Genus of bacteria
protozoonotic mechanisms, since Yersinia species are known to be facultative intracellular parasites; currently, there are studies and discussions of the possibility
Yersinia
Species of flowering plant
centimeters in maximum height. Like many species in its family it is a facultative root parasite on other plants, attaching to their roots via haustoria to tap
Triphysaria_micrantha
Species of bee
Thus, it is an obligate social parasite, one that must be supported by another species, rather than a facultative parasite, which can live on its own if
Bombus_inexspectatus
Species of oomycete that inhabit oceans, coastal, and estuarine environments
North america and Eurasia. Another species, Pythium marinum is a facultative parasite of the red alga Porphyra miniata. Some marine holocarpic pathogens
Marine_oomycetes
Ecological niche involving feeding on blood
leeches (hirudin). Hematophagy is classified as either obligatory or facultative. Obligatory hematophagous animals cannot survive on any other food. Examples
Hematophagy
Species of lichen
cosmopolitan distribution. It is a lichenicolous lichen, growing as a facultative parasite on other lichens, typically on non-calcareous rock. It has rod-shaped
Heteroplacidium_compactum
Adjective
dictionary. As an adjective, obligate means "by necessity" (antonym facultative) and is used mainly in biology in phrases such as: Obligate aerobe, an
Obligate
Series of stages of an organism
infection is facultative—the parasite can survive and complete its life cycle without infecting that particular host species. Parasites sometimes infect
Biological_life_cycle
Species of ant
Formica sanguinea, or blood-red ant, is a species of facultative slave-maker ant in the genus Formica characterized by the ability to secrete formic acid
Formica_sanguinea
Species of bacteria, cause of plague
three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic. Y. pestis is a facultative anaerobic parasitic bacterium that can infect humans primarily via its
Yersinia_pestis
exclusion exogenous exudate f. sp. (abbr. for forma specialis) facultative parasite facultative saprotroph fasciation fastidious filamentous (syn. filiform)
Glossary_of_phytopathology
Species of insect
pheromone was expressed do not respond in a similar manner. The facultative social parasite of V. maculifrons, Vespula squamosa, responds to the alarm response
Eastern_yellowjacket
Species of flowering plant
specialised roots called haustorium. Euphrasia are non-obligate/ facultative parasite does not require a host in order to complete its life cycle, but
Euphrasia_semipicta
Species of flowering plant
centimeters in maximum height. Like many species in its family it is a facultative root parasite on other plants, attaching to their roots via haustoria to tap
Triphysaria_floribunda
Species of single-celled organism
LISELOTTE (August 1964). "Miamiensis avidus n. g., n. sp., a Marine Facultative Parasite in the Ciliate Order Hymenostomatida". The Journal of Protozoology
Miamiensis_avidus
Fly species
are prime environments for them. This is because their larvae are facultative parasites, as they feed on organic tissue and use the hosts' oxygen reserve
Sarcophaga_barbata
Subfamily of bees
across its range, as well as between and within species and genera. Facultative eusociality has been observed in genera such as Augochloropsis and Megalopta
Halictinae
Parasitic species of oomycete that causes red rot disease in seaweed
only part of the thallus turns into sporangia. It is primarily a facultative parasite of algae, but can also be saprobic. Its hyphae can grow up to 4.5 μm
Pythium_porphyrae
Species of roundworm
Trichinella spiralis is a viviparous nematode parasite, occurring in rodents, pigs, bears, hyenas and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis
Trichinella_spiralis
Species of lichen
incana. Athelia arachnoidea is a corticioid fungus that can act as a facultative parasite of lichens. Known to destroy the lichen vegetation of entire forests
Lepraria_incana
Group of wasps
Oliver, K. M.; Russell, J. A.; Moran, N. A.; Hunter, M. S. (2003). "Facultative bacterial symbionts in aphids confer resistance to parasitic wasps".
Parasitoid_wasp
Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family
California. These plants, like those in many other genera of the family, are facultative hemiparasites on other plants. They produce haustoria that tap into the
Triphysaria
Organism not requiring oxygen for its growth
Aerotolerant organisms do not use oxygen but can tolerate it, whereas facultative anaerobes can grow without oxygen but use it when available. Most anaerobes
Anaerobic_organism
Genus of insect
Nehal; Ohashi, Kazuharu; Thomson, James D. & Chittka, Lars (2006). "Facultative use of repellent scent mark in foraging bumblebees: complex versus simple
Bumblebee
Species of bird
a growth inequality and size disparity between siblings, leading to facultative siblicide in times of food scarcity. This makes the blue-footed booby
Blue-footed_booby
Genome of bacteria
respective genome sizes of free-living bacteria, facultative and recently derived parasites and obligate parasites and symbionts. Free-living bacteria tend to
Bacterial_genome
Organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon
it is indispensable for its growth and maintenance; a trophic mode is facultative when used as a supplemental source. Some organisms have incomplete Calvin
Mixotroph
Genus of roundworms
(rod-like)) is a genus of bacterial-feeding nematodes which are facultative parasites whose primary hosts are terrestrial gastropods (slugs and snails)
Phasmarhabditis
Species of flowering plant
centimeters in maximum height. Like many species in its family, it is a facultative hemiparasite on other plants, attaching to their roots via haustoria
Triphysaria_pusilla
Genus of single-celled organisms
Northern California Reynolds, Bruce D. (1936). "Colpoda steinii, a Facultative Parasite of the Land Slug, Agriolimax agrestis". The Journal of Parasitology
Colpoda
Species of beetle
thus they are not obligatory parasitoids but rather food parasites that are facultatively parasitoid, or simply predatory. Adults feed on flowers and
Lytta_magister
Phylum of worms
animals. A third of the genera occur as parasites of vertebrates; about 35 nematode species are human parasites. The word nematode comes from the Modern
Nematode
after burial. In Dresden, he founded the group The Urn: Association for Facultative Cremation. In 1876, he took part in the first European Congress of the
Friedrich_Küchenmeister
Species of ant
Myrmica schencki Em. and Myrmica rubra (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as facultative pollen-eaters" (PDF). Polish Journal of Ecology. 56: 737–741. Collingwood
Myrmica_rubra
Parasitic infection
are free-living marine microorganisms that are opportunistic or facultative parasites. Scuticociliatosis has been described in the wild, in captive animals
Scuticociliatosis
Species of crustacean
is found between the Bay of Fundy and Cape Cod. Aega psora is a facultative parasite which temporarily attaches itself to its host and is able to survive
Aega_psora
Species of insect
ectoparasite is semispecific (Stevens 2003). Semispecific is synonymous to facultative parasite. These flies do not utilize living organisms to lay their eggs. Rather
Lucilia_thatuna
Species of rodent
respiration and blood circulation, slow down dramatically. This is known as facultative hypothermia and enables the species to survive on a diet of low nutritional
Baluchistan_pygmy_jerboa
Symbiotism between certain parasitic plants and fungi
fungi that it parasitizes. Partial (or facultative) myco-heterotrophy exists when a plant is capable of photosynthesis, but parasitizes fungi as a supplementary
Myco-heterotrophy
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
becoming free‑living, while certain chemotypes of L. radiosa begin as facultative parasites on Aspicilia (in the loose sense) Recent discoveries have broadened
Lobothallia
Organ that allows fish to breathe underwater
periods. Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air breathers. Obligate air breathers, such as the African lungfish,
Fish_gill
Species of ant
suggesting it is a facultative predator of small Attini. Kempf and Brown (1968) suggested that the species is "not so much a parasite as it is a mass-foraging
Megalomyrmex_silvestrii
Superfamily of mites
Laelapidae are parasites, such as on rodents. These include facultative nest parasites, obligatory nest parasites and permanent fur parasites. However, other
Dermanyssoidea
Group of bacterial species
their optimal growth temperature of 35–37 °C. They can be aerobes or facultative aerobes, and are a commonly used indicator of low sanitary quality of
Coliform_bacteria
Species of snake
prehensile tail. Observations suggest that the species's use of vegetation is facultative (optional) and that it is not truly arboreal. It is likely to be found
Golden_lancehead
Species of protozoa
making infections more likely during the summer months. N. fowleri is a facultative thermophile, capable of growing at temperatures up to 46 °C (115 °F)
Naegleria_fowleri
Species of fish
the Red Sea to French Polynesia. Like other cleaner wrasses, it eats parasites and dead tissue off larger fishes' skin in a mutualistic relationship
Bluestreak_cleaner_wrasse
(Podapolipidae, Tarsonemidae, and Pyemotidae). A nymphal stage can be facultative, depending on particular circumstances. In bee-associated Astigmata,
Life_stages_of_mites
Reproduction without a sexual process
Parthenogenetic organisms can be split into two main categories: facultative and obligate. In facultative parthenogenesis, females can reproduce both sexually and
Asexual_reproduction
Species of bee
"Queen–worker conflict over male production and the sex ratio in a facultatively polyandrous bumblebee, Bombus hypnorum: the consequences of nest usurpation"
Bombus_hypnorum
Species of bird
Bibcode:1993EmuAO..93...34T. doi:10.1071/MU9930034. Ashton, J; Armstrong, D (2002). "Facultative prioritization of wing growth in the Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena"
Welcome_swallow
Species of plant
New Guinea and northern Australia. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is an annual facultative hemi-parasitic forb species. It is a very widespread species in seasonally
Rhamphicarpa_fistulosa
Species of reptile
embryos occur without fertilization. A. piscivorus can reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis, that is, they are capable of switching from a sexual
Agkistrodon_piscivorus
Health of dogs
caused by the presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animalian or protozoan). Most of these diseases are spread directly
Dog_health
Disease-causing bacteria
Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium. Obligate intracellular parasites (e.g. Chlamydophila, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia) are only able to grow and
Pathogenic_bacteria
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
common ancestor, which likely had the ability to reproduce sexually on a facultative (non-obligate) basis. Even protists that no longer reproduce sexually
Protist
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