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Extinct Native American language of California
Esselen is the now-extinct language of the Esselen (or self-designated Huelel) Nation, which aboriginally occupied the mountainous Central Coast of California
Esselen_language
Indigenous American group in northern California
The Esselen are a Native American people belonging to a linguistic group in the hypothetical Hokan language family, who are Indigenous to the Santa Lucia
Esselen
Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages
Retrieved 9 February 2021. Leedom Shaul, David (1995). "The Huelel (Esselen) language". International Journal of American Linguistics. 61 (5): 191–239.
Language_isolate
Extinct Utian language of California
San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo founded in 1770, the other being the Esselen language. The last fluent speaker of Rumsen was Isabel Meadows, who died in
Rumsen_language
Andamanese languages Australian languages and Tasmanian languages Caucasian languages Khoisan languages Nuba Mountains languages Paleo-Siberian
List_of_language_families
Proposed language family in North America
Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica. Shaul, David (2019). Esselen studies: language, culture, and prehistory. Muenchen: Lincom
Hokan_languages
Native American people of the Northern California coast
both the southern Costanoan (Rumsien) and an entirely different Hokan language Esselen. Ohlone tribes with petitions for Federal Recognition pending with
Ohlone
Southern Athabaskan language
[nɑ̀ːpèːhópìz̥ɑ̀ːt]) is a Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, through which it is related to languages spoken across the western areas of North
Navajo_language
commonly used language in the United States is English (specifically American English), which is the national language and de facto official language. While
Languages of the United States
Languages_of_the_United_States
total 243 languages. Indigenous languages European language dialects Pidgin languages Indigenous languages Indigenous languages European language dialects
List of extinct languages of North America
List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America
(United States and Mexico) (3) † Coosan (2) † Cotoname † Eskaleut (7) Esselen † Haida Iroquoian (11) Kalapuyan (3) † Karankawa † Karuk Keresan (2) Kutenai
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas
Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
[dʒalaˈɡî ɡawónihisˈdî]), is an endangered-to-moribund Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people. Ethnologue states that there were 1
Cherokee_language
Austronesian language of Guam and the Mariana Islands
Chamorro is an Austronesian language spoken by about 58,000 people, numbering about 25,800 on Guam and about 32,200 in the Northern Mariana Islands and
Chamorro_language
American linguist and ethnologist
fieldworker who studied a broad range of languages in situ (especially dialects of Irish and Caucasian languages), and Walsh argues that Finck may have
John_Peabody_Harrington
Sign language predominantly in the US
American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone
American_Sign_Language
Algonquian language
The Massachusett language is an Algonquian language of the Algic language family that was historically spoken by several peoples of eastern coastal and
Massachusett_language
Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States, after English. Approximately 45 million people aged five or older speak Spanish at home
Spanish language in the United States
Spanish_language_in_the_United_States
Creole language of southern US
called Gullah-English, Sea Island Creole English, and Geechee) is a creole language historically spoken by the Gullah people (also called "Geechees" within
Gullah_language
Last speaker of Rumsen language (1846–1939)
ethnologist and the last fluent speaker of the Rumsen Ohlone language. She also spoke Esselen. She worked closely with the anthropologists from the Smithsonian
Isabel_Meadows
Endangered language of the Plains peoples
Sign Language (PISL), also known as Hand Talk, Plains Sign Talk, Plains Sign Language, or First Nation Sign Language, is an endangered sign language common
Plains_Indian_Sign_Language
Salishan language or dialect continuum of North America
Sound Salish, or Skagit-Nisqually, is a Central Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the dialect continuum
Lushootseed
Variety of English language
the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the U.S., as well as the common language used in government
American_English
Eskimo–Aleut language
The Alutiiq language (also called Sugpiak, Sugpiaq, Sugcestun, Suk, Supik, Pacific Gulf Yupik, Gulf Yupik, Koniag-Chugach) is a close relative to the Central
Alutiiq_language
Population in California, USA
A recent alternative analysis places the Eslenajan local tribe of Esselen language speakers as the inhabitants of the Soledad vicinity at the founding
Chalon_people
Polynesian language
Sāmoa or Gagana Sāmoa, pronounced [ŋaˈŋana ˈfaʔa ˈsaːmʊa]) is a Polynesian language spoken by Samoans of the Samoan Islands. Administratively, the islands
Samoan_language
Thermal springs in California
only. Tasajera is a Spanish-American word derived from an indigenous Esselen language, which designates a "place where meat is hung to dry." It has also
Tassajara_Hot_Springs
1927 book by Jaime de Angulo
girl who voluntarily comes to the Mission, and from her he learns the Esselen language. She was the wife of a medicine man, Hualala, whom she left after their
The_Lariat
The following is a list of proposed language families, which connect established families into larger genetic groups (macro-families). Support for these
List of proposed language families
List_of_proposed_language_families
Branch of the Eskaleut language family
The Inuit languages are a closely related group of indigenous North American languages traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and the adjacent
Inuit_languages
extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
Nearly extinct Algonquian language
Western Abenaki is a nearly extinct Algonquian language spoken by the Abenaki people in New Hampshire, Vermont, north-western Massachusetts, and southern
Western_Abenaki_language
Comecrudan, and Coahuiltecan are included in Hokan with "reservations". Esselen is included in Hokan with "strong reservations". Tsimshian and Zuni are
Classification of the Indigenous languages of the Americas
Classification_of_the_Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas
Extinct Algonquian language
Eastern Abenaki is an extinct Algonquian language formerly spoken by the Abenaki people. They were spoken by several peoples, including the Penobscot of
Eastern_Abenaki_language
French language is spoken as a minority language in the United States. Roughly 1.18 million Americans over the age of five reported speaking the language at
French language in the United States
French_language_in_the_United_States
German language at home. It is the second most spoken language in North Dakota (1.39% of its population) and is the third most spoken language in 16 other
German language in the United States
German_language_in_the_United_States
Reconstructed ancestor of the Uto-Aztecan languages
contact between Proto-Uto-Aztecan and languages of central California, such as Esselen and the Yokutsan languages. That leads Shaul to suggest that Proto-Uto-Aztecan
Proto-Uto-Aztecan_language
Dutch Golden Age landscape painter
Jacob Esselens (1626–1687), was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter from Amsterdam. According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History, Esselens travelled
Jacob_Esselens
Inuit varieties spoken in Alaska and the Northwest Territories
ih-NOO-pee-at), Iñupiatun or Alaskan Inuit, is an Inuit language, or perhaps group of languages, spoken by the Iñupiat people in northern and northwestern
Iñupiaq_language
native languages subsided until the age of reformation occurred. As stated by Michael E. Krauss, from the years 1960–1970, "Alaska Native Languages" went
Alaska_Native_languages
Algonquian language spoken in North America
Siksiká (/ˈsɪksəkə/ SIK-sə-kə; Blackfoot: [sɪksiká], ᓱᖽᐧᖿ), is an Algonquian language spoken by the Blackfoot or Niitsitapi people, who currently live in the
Blackfoot_language
Town in Western Cape, South Africa
dwellings were built in Esselen Park Uitbreiding (extension), Roodewal and Riverview. In addition, 230 plots were sold in Esselen Park for the erection
Worcester,_South_Africa
Language of the Saanich people of North America
related to the Klallam language. "The W̱SÁNEĆ School Board, together with the FirstVoices program for revitalizing Aboriginal languages, is working to teach
Saanich_dialect
Extinct Iroquoian language
Wenro language is an extinct Northern Iroquoian language formerly spoken by the Wenrohronon that was mutually intelligible with the Wendat language, spoken
Wenro_language
Data set published by the United States Census Bureau on languages in the United States
Language Spoken at Home is a data set published by the United States Census Bureau on languages in the United States. It is based on a three-part language
Language_Spoken_at_Home
Pidgin trade language from the Pacific Northwest
Wawa, also known simply as Chinook or Jargon) is a language originating as a pidgin trade language in the Pacific Northwest. It spread during the 19th
Chinook_Jargon
Indigenous sign language isolate
Inuit Sign Language (IUR; Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ, romanized: Inuit Uukturausingit) is one of the Inuit languages and the indigenous sign language of Inuit
Inuit_Sign_Language
Rejected language macrofamily proposal of the Americas
Shasta–Achomawi Shasta Achomawi Yana Pomoan Washo Salinan–Chumash Salinan Chumash Esselen Seri–Yuman Seri Yuman Waicuri–Quinigua Waicuri Maratino Quinigua Coahuiltecan
Amerind_languages
Austronesian language of the Northern Mariana Islands
an Austronesian language originating in the Caroline Islands, but spoken in the Northern Mariana Islands. It is an official language (alongside English)
Carolinian_language
Extinct sign language of Massachusetts
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) was a village sign language that was once widely used on the island of Martha's Vineyard, United States, from the
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language
Mandarin and Cantonese among other varieties, is the third most-spoken language in the United States, and is mostly spoken within Chinese-American populations
Chinese language in the United States
Chinese_language_in_the_United_States
Indigenous sign language used in Hawaii
Hawaiʻi Sign Language or Hawaiian Sign Language (HSL; Hawaiian: ʻŌlelo Kuhi Lima Hawaiʻi), also known as, Old Hawaiʻi Sign Language and Hawaiʻi Pidgin
Hawaiʻi_Sign_Language
Language spoken by the Lenape people
Unami (Unami: Wënami èlixsuwakàn) is an Algonquian language initially spoken by the Lenape people in the late 17th century and the early 18th century,
Unami_language
Dialect of American Sign Language
Black American Sign Language (BASL) or Black Sign Variation (BSV) is a dialect of American Sign Language (ASL) used most commonly by deaf Black Americans
Black_American_Sign_Language
Salishan language
Island dialect, and hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ in the Downriver dialect) is a Salishan language spoken by various First Nations peoples of the British Columbia Coast.
Halkomelem
Extinct Chimakuan language
CHEM-ək-um; also written as Chimakum or Chimacum) is an extinct Chimakuan language once spoken by the Chemakum, a Native American group that once lived on
Chemakum_language
Wakashan language
Makah is a Wakashan language spoken by the Makah. Makah has not been spoken as a first language since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died.
Makah_language
Endangered Uto-Aztecan language of California
pronunciation: [Ɂívil̃uɂat] or [ʔivɪʎʊʔat]), is an endangered Uto-Aztecan language, spoken by the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the Coachella
Cahuilla_language
Indigenous people of California, US
during the Rancho Period. At least since the mission era, the people of the Esselen Nation claim close association with the Rumsen Ohlone, through Mission
Rumsen_people
Southernmost dialect of the Lushootseed language
Puyallup Tribal Language Program. A 1999 video, Muckleshoot: a People and Their Language profiles the Muckleshoot Whulshootseed Language Preservation Project
Southern_Lushootseed
Native American writer, poet, and professor of English (born 1961)
Ohlone-Costanoan Esselen Nation, an organization that does not have federal recognition. She describes herself as "the daughter of an Ohlone–Costanoan Esselen Nation
Deborah_A._Miranda
An important part of Italian American identity, the Italian language has been widely spoken in the United States of America for more than one hundred years
Italian language in the United States
Italian_language_in_the_United_States
Hybrid language of Spanish and English
"Spanish" and "English") is any language variety (such as a contact dialect, hybrid language, pidgin, or creole language) that results from conversationally
Spanglish
Russian language is among the top fifteen most spoken languages in the United States, and is one of the most spoken Slavic and European languages in the
Russian language in the United States
Russian_language_in_the_United_States
The Nahuatl language in the United States is spoken primarily by Mexican immigrants from Indigenous communities and Chicanos who study and speak Nahuatl
Nahuatl language in the United States
Nahuatl_language_in_the_United_States
Extinct indigenous sign language of the Pacific Northwest
Plateau Sign Language, or Old Plateau Sign Language, is a poorly attested, extinct sign language historically used across the Columbian Plateau. The Crow
Plateau_Sign_Language
18th-century Spanish mission in California
members of the Esselen and Rumsen tribes, including chiefs. On May 9, 1775, Junípero Serra baptized what appears to be the first Esselen, Pach-hepas, the
Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo
American photographer and environmentalist (1902–1984)
Mix, Robert. "SF Bay Area Timeline: Modernism (1930–1960)". Vernacular Language North. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved November 7
Ansel_Adams
Place in Gauteng, South Africa
20th century was a suburb of houses and mansions. Esselen street was named after Ewald Auguste Esselen, the State Attorney of the South African Republic
Sunnyside,_Pretoria
spoken language, behind English and Spanish. To maintain the language for later generations, Vietnamese speakers have established many language centers
Vietnamese language in the United States
Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States
English-based pidgin of the USA
and is therefore considered to be a true pidgin. A pidgin language is made up of two languages sometimes spoken by only one group. However, because AIPE
Native American Pidgin English
Native_American_Pidgin_English
Americans of Hmong birth or descent
language. It is seen that the majority of the Hmong American population is either White or Hmong Leeg, but with language, there can be some language barriers
Hmong_Americans
Online bibliographic database of languages
of the world's languages. In addition to listing linguistic materials (grammars, articles, dictionaries) describing individual languages, the database
Glottolog
Reconstructed ancestor of the Salishan languages
Salishan languages. The first scholar to suggest a homeland for Proto-Salish was Franz Boas in the 19th century. Boas suggested that the Salishan languages originated
Proto-Salish_language
The Arabic language is a widely spoken minority language in the United States. According to the 2020 American Community Survey, approximately 1.39 million
Arabic language in the United States
Arabic_language_in_the_United_States
Indigenous sign language isolate
Oneida Sign Language (OSL) is a revived language with roots in Hand Talk mixed with American Sign Language and the oral Oneida language. Alongside Elder
Oneida_Sign_Language
Western Muskogean language
Houma (Houma: uma) is a Western Muskogean language that was spoken in the Central and Lower Mississippi Valley by the Indigenous Houma people. There are
Houma_language
Ethnic group in the United States
countries. Iranian students, most of whom had learned English as a second language in Iran, were highly desirable as new students at colleges and universities
Iranian_Americans
official language of Illinois is English. Nearly 80% of the population speak English natively, and most others speak it fluently as a second language. The
Languages_of_Illinois
Deaf sign language used in the US
Language was a village sign language of the 19th-century Sandy River Valley in Maine. Together with the more famous Martha's Vineyard Sign Language and
Sandy River Valley Sign Language
Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language
Language
Etchemin was a language of the Algonquian language family, spoken in early colonial times on the coast of Maine. The word Etchemin is thought to be either
Etchemin_language
Americans of Telugu birth or descent
States Census, so population estimates are based on the number of Telugu-language speakers reported. Historically, majority of the Telugu immigrants to the
Telugu_Americans
Sinkyone, northwestern California Wailaki, Wai-lakki, northwestern California Esselen, west-central California Hupa, northwestern California Tsnungwe Juaneño
List of Indigenous peoples in California
List_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_California
Americans of Cape Verdean birth or descent
dominant language among the islanders. The Cape Verdean Creole Institute was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1996, to teach the Cape Verdean language. In
Cape_Verdean_Americans
Former country
Republic on 20 July 1888 was Lucas Johannes Meyer, while Daniel Johannes Esselen acted as Secretary of State during the same period. The origins of the
Nieuwe_Republiek
Extinct Muskogean language of Florida, US
Apalachee was a Muskogean language of Florida. It was closely related to Koasati and Alabama. Apalachee was found to belong to the same branch of the Muskogean
Apalachee_language
Demographic group in Anglo-America
that speak English as a native language, making up the majority of people in the world who speak English as a first language. The term is ambiguous and used
Anglo-Americans
Cant language that originated during the early 20th century in the United States
vocabulary of Spanish words that to this day are not found in popular Spanish language dictionaries. He was born into a poor, migrant farm working family in a
Caló_(Chicano)
Americans of Filipino descent
their primary language; nearly half of Filipino Americans speak English exclusively. In 2003, Tagalog was the fifth-most-spoken language in the United
Filipino_Americans
Movement by Indigenous peoples to reclaim ancestral lands
given to someone else. In July 2020, an organization of self-identified Esselen descendants purchased a 1,200-acre ranch (4.9 km2) near Big Sur, California
Land_Back
Americans of Turkish birth or descent
the language at home despite the fact that they are highly bilingual. The number of English-proficient households using Turkish as a home-language outweighs
Turkish_Americans
Branch of the Miwok
California, such as their neighbors the Lake Pomo, also Maidu, Ohlone, Esselen, and northernmost Yokuts. However Kroeber observed less "specialized cosmogony"
Lake_Miwok
Varieties of English spoken in the Southern United States
they also used English as a bridge language to communicate with each other in the absence of another common language. There were also some African Americans
Southern_American_English
or are language isolates (e.g. Karuk, Esselen)." Of the remainder, most are Uto-Aztecan or Athapaskan languages. Larger groupings have been proposed.
Indigenous peoples of California
Indigenous_peoples_of_California
Extinct sign language of Henniker, New Hampshire, US
Henniker Sign Language was a village sign language of 19th-century Henniker, New Hampshire and surrounding villages in the US. It was one of the three
Henniker_Sign_Language
African American residents of Appalachia
people Kutenai Californian Cahuilla Chemehuevi Chumash Cupeño Diegueño Esselen Juaneño Kitanemuk Luiseño Miwok Ohlone Awaswas Chalon Chochenyo Karkin
Affrilachia
People of the United States
English as Official Language of the U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2025. "Table 53—Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2007" (PDF). Statistical
Americans
American language speakers in the United States. There are twelve Native American languages spoken in Arizona, in addition to three other languages that are
Indigenous languages of Arizona
Indigenous_languages_of_Arizona
Dialect of North Straits Salish
referred to as a language, but it is mutually intelligible with the other dialects of North Straits Salish. Samish is a Coast Salish language and is closely
Samish_dialect
South African poet (1880–1947)
in the Cederberg. His mother was Anna Meta Christiana Esselen, daughter of Louis Franz Esselen (1817–1893), another Rhenish missionary at Worcester. His
C._Louis_Leipoldt
Division of the Ohlone people of Northern California
single language. The Ohlone tribes were hunter-gatherers who moved into the San Francisco Bay Region around 500 CE, displacing earlier Esselen people
Chochenyo
ESSELEN LANGUAGE
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