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Chemical compound
James Zadina, Abba Kastin and colleagues. The two known endomorphins, endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2, are tetrapeptides, consisting of Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe and
Endomorphin
Chemical compound
Endomorphin-2 (EM-2) is an endogenous opioid peptide and one of the two endomorphins. It has the amino acid sequence Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2. It is a high
Endomorphin-2
Dissociative anesthetic and anti-depressant
antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(2)receptors-implications for models of schizophrenia". Molecular
Ketamine
Chemical compound
highly selective agonist of the μ-opioid receptor, and along with endomorphin-2 (EM-2), has been proposed to be the actual endogenous ligand of the μ-receptor
Endomorphin-1
Big dynorphin Dynorphin A Dynorphin B Leumorphin Structures Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 α-Endorphin β-Endorphin γ-Endorphin α-Neoendorphin β-Neoendorphin
List_of_opioids
Species of plant
the ends of the branches. The calyx-tube is 2 mm (0.08 in) long and has five lobes; the corolla-tube is 2.5–3 millimetres (0.098–0.12 in) long. Mitragyna
Mitragyna_speciosa
Recreational drug beverage
2013, just days after being robbed at gunpoint in San Francisco, rapper 2 Chainz was arrested at Los Angeles International Airport on charges of possessing
Lean_(drug)
Chemical compound
been sold as a designer drug since early 2025, initially in the US. In the 2 July 2026 issue of Federal Register (21 FR 1308), the federal government of
MGM-15
Medication
oral naltrexone. Other metabolites of naltrexone include 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6β-naltrexol and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxynaltrexone. Following their formation,
Naltrexone
Atypical opioid analgesic
withdrawal. 7-OH-MIT occurs only in very small amounts in natural kratom leaves (~2%), so most commercial material is produced semisynthetically through the oxone
7-Hydroxymitragynine
Phytocannabinoid discovered in 1940
Drug Administration (FDA). November 2, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018. Fox A, Ravitz JR, Leongini EM
Cannabidiol
Dissociative hallucinogenic drug, mostly used recreationally
antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(2)receptors-implications for models of schizophrenia". Mol. Psychiatry
Phencyclidine
Opioid analgesic of benzenoid class
tapentadol exerts minimal influence on serotonin reuptake and is approximately 2–3 times more potent as an opioid. Tapentadol also lacks active metabolites
Tapentadol
Atypical opioid drug
analgesia, was 26 to 105 for SR-17018, relative to 5 to 21 for morphine and 2 to 5 for fentanyl. This was based on median effective dose (ED50) findings
SR-17018
Dried latex of the opium poppy containing narcotic compounds
increased potency. One study in postaddicts found heroin to be approximately 2.2 times more potent than morphine by weight with a similar duration; at these
Opium
Opioid analgesic
and intestine to give 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP). This inactive product, as well as the inactive 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline
Methadone
Traditional patent medicine
(1865): Best opium 1/2 dr., dissolve it in about 2 tbsp [30 mL] of boiling water; then add benzoic acid 1/2 dr.; oil of anise 1/2 a fluid dr.; clarified
Paregoric
Pentapeptide
opioids are dynorphins (that bind to κ-opioid receptor), endorphins (MOR), endomorphins, and nociceptin-orphanin FQ. The opioid receptors are ~40% identical
Enkephalin
Species of plant
("an average concentration of 2.45 mg per gram" of leaf), the average weight per leaf ("about 50 g" per 20 leaves, or 2.5 g/leaf), and the standard dose
Salvia_divinorum
Species of flowering plant in the poppy family
responsible for the conversion of thebaine are found in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, chromosome 7, and perhaps others. P. somniferum has had a very long tradition
Papaver_somniferum
Tincture of opium
(1) Thin boiled starch, 2 ounces; Laudanum, 20 drops; "Use as an injection [meaning as an enema] every six to twelve hours"; (2) Tincture rhubarb, 1 ounce;
Laudanum
Chemical compound
processes by selank]". Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia. 73 (8): 2–5. PMID 20919548. Semenova TP, Kozlovskiĭ II, Zakharova NM, Kozlovskaia MM
Selank
Chemical compound
to humans in a few studies, one showing that its effects peaked at about 2 minutes, that its subjective effects may overlap with those of serotonergic
Salvinorin_A
Class of drug
in both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus. Endomorphin acts through μ-opioid receptors, and is more potent than other endogenous
Opioid
Opioid treatment
dose of 8 mg/2 mg, the buprenorphine Cmax after a single dose of the original tablet formulation is around 3 ng/mL whereas that of the 8 mg/2 mg film formulation
Buprenorphine/naloxone
Opioid drug used in pain relief
hydrocodone has no practical importance. Ultra-rapid CYP2D6 metabolizers (1–2% of the population) may have an increased response to hydrocodone; however
Hydrocodone
Synthetic opioid pain medication
found that infants breastfed by mothers taking tramadol were exposed to about 2.88% of the dose the mothers were taking. No evidence of this dose harming
Tramadol
Class of opioid receptors found in humans
morphine. Dynorphins (e.g., dynorphin A, dynorphin B) Endomorphins (endomorphin-1, endomorphin-2) Endorphins (e.g., β-endorphin) Enkephalins (leu-enkephalin
Mu-opioid_receptor
Medication used to treat ADHD
pressure increase (4.21 mm Hg vs. 2.13 mm Hg systolic and 2.75 mg Hg vs. 2.40 mm Hg diastolic), and more weight loss (–1.2 kg vs. +0.8 mg) than extensive
Atomoxetine
Semi-synthetic opioid
Dihydrocodeine is used as an alternative to codeine and similarly belongs to step 2 of the WHO analgesic ladder. It was first described in 1911 and approved for
Dihydrocodeine
Opioid receptor antagonist
confusion/somnolence. Case reports that used doses of 0.1 mg/kg (maximum of 2 mg/dose) repeated every 1–2 minutes (10 mg total dose) have shown inconsistent benefit.
Naloxone
Impure form of heroin
Dinalbuphine sebacate Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide
Black_tar_heroin
Psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae
in acetonitrile, the ibogaine precursor 7-ethyl-2-(2-(2-iodo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene is obtained. Using palladium acetate in
Ibogaine
Peptide that consists of four amino acids
tetrapeptide of cystatin C and an antagonist of tuftsin. Endomorphin-1 (H-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2) and endomorphin-2 (H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2) are peptide amides with
Tetrapeptide
Synthetic opioid analgesic
5 mg carfentanil citrate into his eyes and mouth. Sedation occurred within 2 minutes and naltrexone was administered. The veterinarian was hospitalised
Carfentanil
Opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain
List of Essential Medicines. Codeine occurs naturally and makes up about 2% of opium. Codeine is used to treat mild to moderate pain. It is commonly
Codeine
Medicine used to reduce diarrhea
(which occurs in 1.7–5.3% of users), dizziness (up to 1.4%), nausea (0.7–3.2%), and abdominal cramps (0.5–3.0%). Rare, but more serious, side effects include
Loperamide
Combination pain relief drug
analgesia is about 20 to 30 minutes with a duration of 4 to 8 hours and t1/2 of 3 to 4 hours. Maximum serum levels are achieved at 1.3 hours. Metabolism/excretion:
Hydrocodone/paracetamol
Compound medication
most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions. The most common side effects include constipation,
Codeine/paracetamol
Pharmaceutical compound
MGM-16 has appeared on the market to any significant extent. Nevertheless, on 2 July 2026 the DEA published a notice of intent to schedule three
MGM-16
Substance derived from opium
(2007-02-01). "Opioid Conversions in Acute Care". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 41 (2): 255–267. doi:10.1345/aph.1H421. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 17299011. S2CID 2684749
Opiate
Withdrawn opioid medication
(pain relief) is said to be 20–30 minutes and peak effects are seen about 1.5–2.0 hours after oral administration. Dextropropoxyphene is sometimes combined
Dextropropoxyphene
Opioid medication used for pain relief
activating opioid receptors, mainly in the brain and spinal cord. Hydromorphone 2 mg IV is equivalent to approximately 10 mg morphine IV. Hydromorphone was
Hydromorphone
Chemical compound
Mechanism of Action and Spectrum of Effects". Neurochemical Journal. 17 (2): 180–188. doi:10.1134/S1819712423020198. ISSN 1819-7124. Bertolini A (March
Semax
Opioid medication
errors, accidental exposure, and inappropriate use". Drug Safety Update. 2 (2): 2. September 2008. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. "Fentanyl
Fentanyl
Group of biological receptors
ligands. The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins and nociceptin. Even though at the cellular level they are inhibitory
Opioid_receptor
Toxicity due to excessive consumption of opiates
death from opioid related causes (including overdose) in 3.8% of men and 2.2% of women. Opioids are the most common cause for serious accidental poisonings
Opioid_overdose
Synthetic opioid analgesic drug
Goodnough A (2 November 2018). "F.D.A. Approves Powerful New Opioid Despite Warnings of Likely Abuse". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2018
Sufentanil
Centrally active opioid drug used for the treatment of diarrhea
only in forms that contain, according to the Yellow List: "not more than 2.5 milligrams of diphenoxylate calculated as base and a quantity of atropine
Diphenoxylate
Semi-synthetic opioid
etorphine. A 5–15 mg dose is enough to immobilise an African elephant and a 2–4 mg dose is enough to immobilise a black rhinoceros. Etorphine is a potent
Etorphine
Opioid analgesic compound
study also demonstrated structural plasticity in biological systems. In the 2 July 2026 issue of Federal Register (21 FR 1308), the federal government of
Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl
Cough suppressant and dissociative drug
PMID 27139517. "Reference Tables: Description and Solubility – D". US Pharmacopeia. 2 May 2006. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2011
Dextromethorphan
Organic compound used as flavouring and analgesic
(−)-Isopiperitenone reductase (iPR) then reduces the double bond between carbons 1 and 2 using NADPH to form (+)-cis-isopulegone. (+)-cis-Isopulegone isomerase (iPI)
Menthol
Pain medication of the opiate family
ISBN 978-0-521-43379-2. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Liben S (2012). Oxford textbook of palliative care for children (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford
Morphine
Opioid analgesic compound
alkaloids), while 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a minor constituent (up to 2% of total alkaloid content). In Malaysian kratom varieties, mitragynine is
Mitragynine
Medical condition
downregulation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), protein kinase B (AKT), and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). As a result of downregulated
Opioid_use_disorder
Metabolite of heroin
Dinalbuphine sebacate Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide
6-Monoacetylmorphine
Opioid used to treat pain and opioid use disorder
while breastfeeding is probably safe, since the dose the infant receives is 1–2% that of the maternal dose, on a weight basis. Buprenorphine was patented
Buprenorphine
Class of peptides that bind to opioid receptors
Adrenorphin, amidorphin, and leumorphin were discovered in the 1980s. The endomorphins were discovered in the 1990s. Opiorphin and spinorphin, enkephalinase
Opioid_peptide
Chemical compound
Dinalbuphine sebacate Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide
Diacetylnalorphine
Chemical compound
Dinalbuphine sebacate Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide
7-Acetoxymitragynine
Opioid analgesic and recreational drug
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 301 (2): 690–697. doi:10.1124/jpet.301.2.690. PMID 11961074. Eason K, Naughton P (13 March 2012).
Heroin
Off-label, experimental use of the drug
Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 451–459. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2. ISSN 0770-3198. PMC 3962576. PMID 24526250. Kim PS, Fishman MA (2020). "Low-Dose
Low-dose_naltrexone
Semi-mythical remedy
the Pompeian countryside, Italy". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 9 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1007/BF01300059. S2CID 85196684. "Mithridate". Adrienne Mayor
Mithridate
Synthetic opioid painkiller
a low-to-medium-potency opioid, tilidine has the oral potency of about 0.2, that is, a dose of 100mg p.o. is equianalgesic to approximately 20mg morphine
Tilidine
Chemical compound
use, brain tumors prompting surgery are common, from 5% at high doses to 2% at low doses. At very high doses in older individuals, significant cardiovascular
Cyproterone_acetate
Species of plant
2 metres (6.6 ft) in height, plants grow a wider stalk and additional stalks, but not much taller. The roots can reach a depth of 60 centimetres (2.0 ft)
Kava
Chemical compound
HZ-2 is a drug which acts as a highly selective κ-opioid receptor agonist. It is a potent analgesic with around the same potency as morphine, with a long
HZ-2
Opioid medication
manufactured worldwide in 1998; by 2007 this figure had grown to 75.2 short tons (68.2 t). United States accounted for 82% of consumption in 2007 at 51.6
Oxycodone
Tricyclic antidepressant medication
toxic in overdose, with a high rate of renal failure (which usually takes 2–5 days), rhabdomyolysis, coma, seizures and even status epilepticus. Some
Amoxapine
Peptide hormone and neuropeptide
4 and the fragment ions as diagnostic peaks at m/z 991.0, m/z 723.2 and m/z 504.2. These important ion selections paved the way for the development of
Oxytocin
Synthetic opioid analgesic
phase of paediatric cardiac surgery". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 92 (2): 187–194. doi:10.1093/bja/aeh038. PMID 14722167. "Remifentanil Actavis" (in
Remifentanil
Octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically
"Oczyesa EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 25 April 2025. Retrieved 2 May 2025. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines
Octreotide
Opioid analgesic
drugs: past history and future prospects". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 33 (2): 569–75. doi:10.1520/JFS11976J. PMID 3286815. Ulens C, Van Boven M, Daenens
Parafluorofentanyl
Semi-synthetic opioid, morphine analogue
krokodil-induced skin necrosis in an intravenous drug user". JAAD Case Reports. 2 (2): 174–176. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2016.02.007. PMC 4864092. PMID 27222881. No
Desomorphine
Chemical compound
contains sugar. The most common adverse effect is headache, which occurs in 1–2% of patients. Rashes occur in fewer than 1% of patients. Other described skin
Racecadotril
Medication
Act 1971: Schedule 2", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1971 c. 38 (sch. 2) "Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001: Schedule 2", legislation.gov.uk
Esketamine
Opioid analgesic
receptor, as well as partial agonist activity at the κ-opioid receptor (Ki = 2.5 nM; EC50 = 57 nM; Emax = 57%). Stimulation of these receptors on central
Butorphanol
Combination drug
Dinalbuphine sebacate Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide
Oxycodone/aspirin
Opioid analgesic drug
"Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain" (PDF). CDC. Retrieved 2 November 2018. "Cancer pain management with opioids: Optimizing analgesia"
Oxymorphone
Chemical compound
Virginia. Since 15 January 2025 it is covered by the UK's generic definition on 2-benzyl benzimidazole derived opioids because it contains the backbone with
Isotonitazepyne
Chemical substance with psychoactive properties
penalty reflects a societal policy that must be adhered to by the courts.2 Congress has the power to reclassify cocaine. This power has been delegated
Narcotic
Medieval medical concoction
Warriors & Merchants. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books. p. 131. ISBN 962-217-721-2. Griffin, J. P. (2004). "Venetian treacle and the foundation of medicines
Theriac
Atypical antidepressant
tianeptine and fluoxetine on central dopamine D(2) /D(3) receptors". Behavioural Pharmacology. 13 (2): 127–38. doi:10.1097/00008877-200203000-00004. PMID 11981225
Tianeptine
Psychoactive component of cannabis
to the discovery of endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glyceride (2-AG).[citation needed] THC is a lipophilic molecule and may bind
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Opioid analgesic drug
and its introduction into clinical practice". Brain Research Bulletin. 79 (2): 130–41. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.01.005. PMID 19186209. S2CID 7720401
Dextromoramide
Chemical compound
Dinalbuphine sebacate Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide
2F-Viminol
Opioid analgesic
dosage units of pethidine reported lost or stolen in the US increased 16.2% between 2000 and 2003, from 32,447 to 37,687. Pethidine is in Schedule II
Pethidine
Pain medication
Restrict Acetaminophen". WebMD. Harris G (30 June 2009). "Ban Is Advised on 2 Top Pills for Pain Relief". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2010. Dhalla
Oxycodone/paracetamol
Opiate alkaloid constituent of opium
antinociception and binding with (+)-thebaine". European Journal of Pharmacology. 365 (2–3): 143–7. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00862-0. PMID 9988096. "Narcotic Drugs:
Thebaine
Comparison of equivalent doses of pain medications
Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 5 (2): 83–7. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.130042. PMC 4008927. PMID 24799810. "Table A6.2, Approximate potency of opioids relative
Equianalgesic
Investigational antidepressant compound
imaging revealed that brain KORs were almost completely saturated by the drug 2.5 hours following a single dose of 10 mg, which supported the 4 mg to 25 mg
Aticaprant
Drug class
Dinalbuphine sebacate Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide
Enkephalinase_inhibitor
Chemical compound
vitro structure-activity relationships and forensic case series of emerging 2-benzylbenzimidazole 'nitazene' opioids". Archives of Toxicology. 98 (9): 2999–3018
Protonitazepyne
Opioid analgesic drug
administration reaches steady-state levels after approximately 2 weeks, with an accumulation ratio of about 2 and a low peak-to-trough fluctuation (PTF) of about
Cebranopadol
Chemical compound
Dinalbuphine sebacate Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide
Sunobinop
Pharmaceutical compound
тенденций" [Monitoring of the Psychoactive Substances Market: Trend Analysis]. AIPSIN Bulletin (in Russian) (63). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.26590.14405. v t e
DPP-26
Chemical compound
S2CID 38692038. Verlinde CL, De Ranter CJ (1983). "(1S, 5R, 9R)-2-Cyclopropylmethyl-2'-hydroxy-5, 9-dimethyl-8-oxo-6, 7-benzomorphan hydrochloride monohydrate
Ketazocine
Antidepressant
transmission and depressive states". Synapse. 35 (2): 79–95. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(200002)35:2<79::AID-SYN1>3.0.CO;2-X. PMID 10611634. S2CID 20221398. Elliott
Mianserin
Chemical compound
not compared directly to morphine in this assay, it was found to be around 2.5 times more potent than hydromorphone and slightly more potent than fentanyl
Isotonitazene
ENDOMORPHIN 2
ENDOMORPHIN 2
ENDOMORPHIN 2
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ENDOMORPHIN 2
ENDOMORPHIN 2
ENDOMORPHIN 2
ENDOMORPHIN 2
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