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Ottoman child levy and enslavement
Devshirme (Ottoman Turkish: دوشیرمه, romanized: devşirme, lit. 'collecting', usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax") was the Ottoman practice
Devshirme
Elite infantry units and standing army of the Ottoman Empire (active 1363–1826)
draft carried out annually. The devshirme system became obsolete in the 17th century. Wittek, Paul (1955). "Devs̱ẖirme and s̱ẖarī'a". Bulletin of the School
Janissary
School or college, often providing an Islamic education
and curricula, in contrast with the Enderun palace schools attended by Devshirme pupils. The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root
Madrasa
Professional, standing troops of the Ottoman Empire
kapıkulu were professional, standing troops, mostly drawn through the devshirme system. They formed the backbone of the military of the Ottoman Empire
Kapıkulu
Adoption of a Turkic culture by a non-Turkic population
increase of its nomadic population to 116,219 households in those years. Devshirme (devşirme; literally "collecting" in Turkish), also known as the blood
Turkification
Turkish Empire (c. 1299–1922)
communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme). The Devshirme falls within modern definitions of genocide. Though the sultan
Ottoman_Empire
Title of heads of government in the Islamic world
II (who had him executed), there was a rise of slave administrators (devshirme). These were much easier for the sultans to control, as compared to the
Grand_vizier
Country in Southeast Europe
other countries. Bulgarians were subjected to heavy taxes (including Devshirme, or blood tax), their culture was suppressed, and they experienced partial
Bulgaria
Country in Southeast and Central Europe
population experienced Islamisation. Many Serbs were recruited during the devshirme system, a form of slavery, in which boys from Balkan Christian families
Serbia
15th-century Ottoman military officer
Ballaban Badheri) was an Ottoman military officer. A conscript of the Devshirme child soldier system, he became a Pasha. Ballaban Badera was said to be
Ballaban_Badera
children" (devshirmeh) was that of the boys, an enslavement known as Devshirme, by which non-Muslim boys where enslaved as children, forcibly converted
Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1439 to 1453
Pasha ended the struggle between the Turkish aristocratic party and the devshirme party, in which the latter emerged victorious. Halil Pasha was the fourth
Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger
Çandarlı_Halil_Pasha_the_Younger
corps dates to the early days of the Ottoman Empire: recruited from the devshirme, they served as sappers and pioneers of the Ottoman army. Already in the
Baltadji
Greek island in the North Aegean
in both Greek and Ottoman Turkish. During Ottoman rule, the compulsory devshirme system was implemented into the island, where the locals including Muslim
Lesbos
Overview of the Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries
the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, recruited through the process of devshirme. For all practical purposes, Janissaries belonged to the Sultan, carrying
Army of the classical Ottoman Empire
Army_of_the_classical_Ottoman_Empire
Country in Southeast Europe
various forms, including being subjected to heavy taxes. Additionally, the Devshirme system allowed the Sultan to collect a requisite percentage of Christian
Albania
Compulsory enrollment into national or military service
carried out annually. The devshirme system became obsolete in the 17th century. Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Devşirme (Devshirme)". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters
Conscription
Enslavement of people of European descent
due taxes. Failure to pay tax could also result in imprisonment. The Devshirme was a blood tax largely imposed in the Balkans and Anatolia in which the
White_slavery
South Slavic ethnic group
Stefan Lazarević while resisting Ottoman conquest until 1459. The Ottoman devshirme system was a form of slavery in which Christian boys from the Balkans
Serbs
Ottoman sanjak from 1463 to 1878
a key mechanism for military and administrative recruitment was the Devshirme (known as the "blood tax") system. Through this system, Ottoman authorities
Sanjak_of_Bosnia
Tattooing custom prevalent among Catholics in Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina
in June. Catholics tattooed their children in order to save them from devshirme, while women were tattooed in hopes of avoiding enslavement or to avoid
Sicanje
City in Bursa province in western Turkey
such as the Ottoman hammams Eski and Yeni Kaplıcas. Sometime during a Devshirme levy in 1603-4, the villagers of Eğerciler (later called Eğerce), a Christian
Bursa
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 to 1456
name appears as "Zağanos bin Abdullah", which indicates that he was of devshirme origin. When Mehmed II was exiled in 1446, Zagan accompanied him. Young
Zagan_Pasha
Irregular light cavalry, scout divisions, and advance troops of the Ottoman Empire
gangs. Akindjis were gathered from mostly the Muslim population just as Devshirme was from the Christian population. However, there were exemptions for
Akinji
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Slavery_in_Lithuania
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481)
insult, or disturbance. However, his standing army was recruited from the Devshirme, a group that took Christian subjects at a young age (8–20 yrs): they
Mehmed_II
Continent
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
South_America
African-American abolitionist (1822–1913)
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Harriet_Tubman
Overview of the imperial court of the Ottoman Empire
royal line. They tended to be married to high ranking court officials, devshirme statesmen, or sons of prominent Ottoman families. The husbands, who were
Ottoman_court
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Temporary_Slavery_Commission
Slave Trade in the Rashidun Caliphate
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate
Ottoman princess (1541– post 1618)
Humaşah Sultan was born in 1541 in Istanbul. Her father was Rüstem Pasha, a devshirme from Croatia, and her mother was Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of Sultan
Ayşe_Hümaşah_Sultan
Ethnic group
with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to
Greeks
South Slavic ethnic group
quantitative data as to the Vlach admixture. The early converts through the devshirme system in the first decades after the Ottoman conquest were the sons of
Bosniaks
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Slavery_in_Latvia
Balkans, Bulgaria was subjected to the blood tax of slaves known as the Devshirme system. The system had been introduced by Murad II, and was imposed upon
Slavery_in_Bulgaria
Island in Turkey
Orthodox Christians. The island was a refuge for the runaways of the Devshirme System. For example, in 1567, a group of runaways was protected and hidden
Marmara_Island
Symbol
Lira Science and technology Taxation Transport Society Social structure Devshirme Ottomanism Ottoman court Languages Ottoman Turkish Slavery Culture Architecture
Star_and_crescent
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1536 to 1539
living there, and following his orders entered Ottoman service under the Devshirme practice (as he was born Christian) and eventually became Agha of the
Ayas_Mehmed_Pasha
Act of an enslaver freeing the persons they enslaved
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Manumission
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1364 to 1387
formation of elite corps of soldiers. Later they were recruited through the Devshirme, also known as the blood tax or tribute in blood. In this way, the Janissary
Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha
Çandarlı_Kara_Halil_Hayreddin_Pasha
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire between 1469–72 and 1481–82
Ishak Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: إسحق پاشا, Turkish: İshak Paşa; fl. 1444 – died 30 January 1487) was an Ottoman general, statesman, and later grand vizier
Ishak_Pasha
1857 U.S. Supreme Court case on the citizenship of African-Americans
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Dred_Scott_v._Sandford
Ethnic group
Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-4422-2348-6. Devshirme. The conscription system used by the Ottomans. It consisted of taking
Romanians_in_Turkey
2023 terrorist attack in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lebanon Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Empire Devshirme Pakistan Palestine Saudi Arabia Somalia Soviet Union Spain Sudan Thailand
Kasindi_church_bombing
Rape of a nun in Odisha
Lebanon Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Empire Devshirme Pakistan Palestine Saudi Arabia Somalia Soviet Union Spain Sudan Thailand
2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case
2008_Kandhamal_nun_gang_rape_case
Ottoman military commander of the Janissary corps
were usually pages who had been recruited, like the Janissaries, via the devshirme system, but then had been educated in the palace school, then proven their
Agha_of_the_Janissaries
Whipping as a punishment
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Flagellation
1976 novel by Alex Haley
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Roots: The Saga of an American Family
Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family
History of slavery in the Muslim world Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Devshirme Ghilman Houri Islamic views on slavery Mamluk Saqaliba Slavery in the
History_of_Islam
Ottoman-Jewish physician
Ottoman Empire Social structure Court and aristocracy Ottoman court Slavery Devshirme Ethnoreligious communities Muslims Millets Greek Orthodox Armenian Aromanian
Moses_Hamon
Industrialized/developed countries
draft carried out annually. The devshirme system became obsolete in the 17th century. Wittek, Paul (1955). "Devs̱ẖirme and s̱ẖarī'a". Bulletin of the School
Core_countries
Slavery with the intention of using the slaves for sex
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Sexual_slavery
Subjugated population in ancient Sparta
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Helots
Housing for unmarried pregnant women
Hess Forced adoption in Australia Forced adoption in the United Kingdom Devshirme Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany Tianjin Massacre Mortara case Child
Mother_and_Baby_Home
African-American abolitionist (1815 or 1817–1873)
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
John_S._Jacobs
17th-century Christian martyrs killed in Mombasa, Kenya
Lebanon Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Empire Devshirme Pakistan Palestine Saudi Arabia Somalia Soviet Union Spain Sudan Thailand
Martyrs_of_Mombasa
City in Thessaly, Greece
pp. 539–540. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7. Yılmaz, Gülay (2015-12-01). "The Devshirme System and the Levied Children of Bursa in 1603-4". Belleten (in Turkish)
Trikala
Adoption of a different religion or irreligion under duress
Publishers. pp. 66–67, 69. ISBN 978-9004105447. Wittek, Paul (1955). "Devs̱ẖirme and s̱ẖarī'a". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
Forced_conversion
Free-born African American kidnapped by slave-traders
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Solomon_Northup
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves
List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves
Ownership of people as property
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Slavery
Transoceanic segment of the Atlantic slave trade
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Middle_Passage
Trade of humans for exploitation
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Human_trafficking
Geopolitical region in Serbia and Montenegro
Administrative Okrugs Regions". uzzpro.gov.rs). Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Devşirme (Devshirme)". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman
Sandžak
Ethnic group
class of people and as such were subjected to heavy taxes such as the Devshirme system that allowed the state to collect a requisite percentage of Christian
Albanians
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1539 to 1541
Vlora. He is thought to have been brought under Ottoman service as a devshirme, but his own writings indicate that his Christian parents sent him to
Lütfi_Pasha
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labor Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Slavery_in_the_United_States
Type of corporal punishment
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Figging
American abolitionist (1818–1895)
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Frederick_Douglass
First siege of Krujë
in the Balkan Wars Declaration of Independence Janissary Bashi-Bazouk Devshirme Mësonjëtorja Nationalism Albania Kosovo North Macedonia Partition of Albania
Siege_of_Krujë_(1450)
Lewis, Middle East, 1995, p.12-13 Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Devşirme (Devshirme)". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman
Politics_and_Islam
Type of forced labour performed by prisoners
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Penal_labour
Footballer (born 1977)
Daily Sabah that integration was a Turkish tradition, dating back to the Devshirme abductions of Christian children by the Ottoman Empire. Chief referee
Mehmet_Aurélio
Conflicts between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman–Hungarian wars Ottoman–Habsburg wars Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War Devshirme Milan Kruhek: Granice Hrvatskog Kraljevstva u međunarodnim državnim ugovorima
Croatian–Ottoman_wars
Period of Ottoman rule of Greece
were, however, subject to a system of child conscription known as the devshirme. The Ottomans required that selected male children from Christian peasant
Ottoman_Greece
2016 American documentary film
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
13th_(film)
Period after American Civil War (1865–1877)
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Reconstruction_era
Purported 1712 speech, a hoax
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
William_Lynch_speech
of their healthy male children to the Sultan's government due to the devshirme policies in place. During the Ottoman period many Armenians were forced
Islam_in_Armenia
First official slave in the Thirteen Colonies
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
John_Punch_(slave)
Balkans, Serbia was subjected to the blood tax of slaves known as the Devshirme system. The system had been introduced by Murad II, and was imposed upon
Slavery_in_Serbia
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1606 to 1611
of South Slavic origin he was converted to Islam and went through the Devshirme conscription process. He was beylerbey (governor-general) of Karaman in
Kuyucu_Murad_Pasha
1365–1867 Ottoman province in the Balkans
1439–42 Devshirme Kasım Pasha 1443 Ömer Bey fl. 1453 Turahan Bey before 1456 Son of Pasha Yiğit Bey. Mahmud Pasha before 1456 Angelos family, Devshirme. Ahmed
Rumelia_Eyalet
Irregular soldiers, made up of unmarried youths
sappers and doing the job of armorers, especially after conscription of devshirme armorers stopped. They usually comprised most of the garrison in smaller
Azeb
Chinese penal labor system
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Laogai
Albanian ruler (1740–1822)
in the Balkan Wars Declaration of Independence Janissary Bashi-Bazouk Devshirme Mësonjëtorja Nationalism Albania Kosovo North Macedonia Partition of Albania
Ali_Pasha_of_Yanina
Emperor of China from 1796 to 1820
Lebanon Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Empire Devshirme Pakistan Palestine Saudi Arabia Somalia Soviet Union Spain Sudan Thailand
Jiaqing_Emperor
Ottoman princess (1522–1578)
Rüstem Pasha, probably from Croatia, who had been seized through the devshirme and rose to become governor of Diyarbakır. Rüstem's enemies circulated
Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Suleiman I)
Mihrimah_Sultan_(daughter_of_Suleiman_I)
Consensual or punitive unpaid labor
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Indentured_servitude
Turkish prison island in the Sea of Marmara
documents. The island was also a place of refuge for the runaways of the Devshirme System. For example in 1567, a group of runaways was protected and hidden
İmralı
Work that employs people against their will
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Forced_labour
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Slavery in pre-Columbian America
Slavery_in_pre-Columbian_America
WWII-era forced prostitutes for Japan
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Comfort_women
Terrorist attack in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Lebanon Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Empire Devshirme Pakistan Palestine Saudi Arabia Somalia Soviet Union Spain Sudan Thailand
2024_Wakeley_church_stabbing
Trade among three ports or regions
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Triangular_trade
1979 novel by Octavia E. Butler
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Kindred_(novel)
Form of leg restraint
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Bilboes
colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica
Indian_Ocean_slave_trade
They were considered as a part of the Kapıkulu corps and based on the devshirme system. Their commander was called "Djebedji-bashi" (Turkish: cebecibaşı)
Djebedji
DEVSHIRME
DEVSHIRME
DEVSHIRME
DEVSHIRME
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian, Finnish, German, Indian, Modern, Scottish, Swedish
Light; Sun-ray; God is My Oath; Pledged to God; My God is a Vow
Female
Yiddish
(זְלַ×טֶע) Variant form of Yiddish Zlata, ZLATE means "golden."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Trinetra | தà¯à®°à®¿à®¨à¯‡à®¤à¯à®°
Goddess Durga
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Servant of the Most Great
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
One who Loves the Light Within
Boy/Male
German Italian
Brave traveler.
Boy/Male
Hindu
The son of evening
Girl/Female
Latin
Circle of light.
Boy/Male
Australian, German, Italian
Lion of Naples
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Lord Krishna
DEVSHIRME
DEVSHIRME
DEVSHIRME
DEVSHIRME
DEVSHIRME