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A deliberative referendum is a referendum that increases public deliberation through purposeful institutional design.:557 The term "deliberative referendum"
Deliberative_referendum
Topics referred to by the same term
Ministers Deliberative democracy Deliberative mood Deliberative opinion poll Deliberative planning Deliberative process privilege Deliberative referendum Deliberative
Deliberative
Form of democracy focusing on deliberation and informed decision-making
Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making. It often shows characteristics
Deliberative_democracy
Direct vote on a specific proposal
of referendum quorum using fuzzy logics" (PDF). Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods. 10 (2): 83–93. Right to petition Deliberative referendum "Definition
Referendum
Form of democracy
Initiative, Referendum and Recall. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Elster, Jon (1998). "Introduction". In Elster, Jon (ed.). Deliberative Democracy
Direct_democracy
Gauges opinion before and after significant deliberation
A deliberative opinion poll, sometimes called a deliberative poll, is a form of opinion poll taken before and after significant deliberation. Political
Deliberative_opinion_poll
Randomly selected people to deliberate on public issues
proposal is sent to the general electorate as a referendum. A key component of assemblies is their deliberative nature. Deliberation allows members to reflect
Citizens'_assembly
Type of democracy that advocates the radical extension of equality and liberty
rival approaches, rather than a single doctrine: the deliberative strand corresponds to the Deliberative democracy that the agonistic strand explicitly opposes
Radical_democracy
Post-legislative referendum
proposed in the Scotland Act 1978. This was an act to create a devolved deliberative assembly for Scotland. A majority (51.6%) of voters supported the proposal
1979 Scottish devolution referendum
1979_Scottish_devolution_referendum
Model of democracy
theorist Hélène Landemore raises the concern that referendums may fail to be sufficiently deliberative as people are unable to engage in discussions and
Participatory_democracy
Referendums (or referenda) are held only occasionally by the Government of New Zealand. Referendums may be government-initiated or held in accordance
Referendums_in_New_Zealand
A constitutional referendum was held in Haiti on 30 January 1971. Before the referendum, the Haitian parliament had voted in favour of lowering the age
1971 Haitian constitutional referendum
1971_Haitian_constitutional_referendum
Proposed upper house in Bangladesh Parliament
transition phase following the success of the 2026 Bangladeshi constitutional referendum on February 12, 2026, Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has had a
Senate_of_Bangladesh
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
Sortition is often classified as a method for both direct democracy and deliberative democracy. Today, sortition is commonly used to select prospective jurors
Sortition
A referendum to restore the sliding wage scale was held in Italy on 9 June 1985. It was defeated by margin of 54.3% to 45.7%. A sliding wage scale, which
1985_Italian_wage_referendum
secret ballot. There are two types of referendums: mandatory and consultative (deliberative). Mandatory referendums must be held to: Amend Chapters 1 (The
Referendums_in_Lithuania
Government regime in ancient Athens
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Athenian_democracy
Referendum on electoral reform in 2005
LeDuc et al. point out, "Deliberative democracy and direct democracy are different processes, and the dynamic of a referendum campaign will typically be
2005 British Columbia electoral reform referendum
2005_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum
Overview of democracy measures
high-level principles of democracy: "electoral", "liberal", "participatory", "deliberative" and "egalitarian", and quantifies these principles. The V-Dem Democracy
Democracy_indices
than 550 referendums have occurred since the constitution of 1848 (legislative or constitutional). Every village, town or city has a deliberative assembly
Voting_in_Switzerland
Canadian provincial referendum on establishing mixed member proportional representation
A referendum was held on October 10, 2007, on the question of whether to establish a mixed member proportional representation (MMP) system for elections
2007 Ontario electoral reform referendum
2007_Ontario_electoral_reform_referendum
Collective perception of a group of people
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Wisdom_of_the_crowd
Panel of citizens that summarizes ballot initiatives
relatively representative panel that deliberates on a ballot initiative or referendum to be decided in an upcoming election in order to produce a useful (typically
Citizens'_Initiative_Review
Government system where political power lies with the people
ideal." Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by deliberation. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy
Democracy
Major surges of democracy in history
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Waves_of_democracy
such types, defined as direct democracy (or participatory democracy, or deliberative democracy), promote equal and direct participation in political decisions
Types_of_democracy
Form of direct democracy for cities or towns
town meetings as forms of direct democracy based upon unitary values. Deliberative democrats, such as James Fishkin, have presented the town meeting as
Town_meeting
Critiques of democratic political systems
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Criticism_of_democracy
Method to make collective decisions
vote are present. This could be by a show of hands or keypad polling. Deliberative assemblies—bodies that use parliamentary procedure to arrive at decisions—use
Voting
Type of political system
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Defective_democracy
How politicians represent citizens
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Political_representation
about five key proposals in October 2016. The Recognition Council used a deliberative process which included six months of regional dialogues which resulted
Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians
Constitutional_recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians
Form of government
democracy where majority rule does not play a central role. Optional referendums and popular initiatives correspond to consensus democracy. Consensus
Consensus_democracy
French territory in the southwest Pacific Ocean
"concerning the Kanak identity" as defined in the Nouméa Accord. It also has a deliberative role on law proposals that would affect identity, the civil customary
New_Caledonia
Ghana were pronounced 'free'. Modern studies have identified elements of deliberative democracy in ancient African societies, such as among the Baganda in
Democracy_in_Africa
Transfer of powers to Scotland
was sufficient support for the Scotland Act 1978 that was to create a deliberative assembly for Scotland. The Act required that for the Act to be repealed
Scottish_devolution
Assembly of Experts, or Assembly of Experts of the Leadership, is a deliberative body of eighty-eight (88) Mujtahids. Members are elected by direct public
Government_of_Iran
2004 independent deliberative body in Canada
the electorate in a referendum in 2005 held during that year's provincial election. The provincial government required the referendum to achieve a super-majority
Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (British Columbia)
Citizens'_Assembly_on_Electoral_Reform_(British_Columbia)
Activities associated with group decisions
ideal". Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by deliberation. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy
Politics
Decision rule that selects alternatives that have a majority
being heavily used in deliberative assemblies for dichotomous decisions, e.g. whether or not to pass a bill. Mandatory referendums where the question is
Majority_rule
Australian human rights lawyer and Aboriginal activist
work on the Uluru Statement from the Heart. She designed the Referendum Council’s deliberative process that led to the Statement. Davis was a United Nations
Megan_Davis
French citizens' assembly looking at reducing emissions
The convention was modeled after a number of other deliberative experiments known as deliberative mini-publics. The members of the convention were 150
Citizens Convention for Climate
Citizens_Convention_for_Climate
Motion by a deliberative body that isn't law
A non-binding resolution is a motion adopted by a deliberative body that does not enact a law or a substantive rule, and is simply used to make known what
Non-binding_resolution
Human research survey of public opinion
Republicans in any given sample, but this method is subject to controversy. Deliberative Opinion Polls combine the aspects of a public opinion poll and a focus
Opinion_poll
Prevention of anti-democratic principles
some civic activities for a number of years. As a result of the 1989 referendum, multiple reforms to the Constitution were introduced, repealing Article
Defensive_democracy
Type of democracy principled on elected representation
also provide for some deliberative democracy (e.g., Royal Commissions) or direct popular measures (e.g., initiative, referendum, recall elections). However
Representative_democracy
1943–1945 provisional state in Southeast Europe
by the Allies at the Tehran Conference, along with the AVNOJ as its deliberative body. The Yugoslav government-in-exile of King Peter II in London, partly
Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia
Form of governance in ancient Greek city-states
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Greek_democracy
means and less on compared measures and quantities. An alternative, deliberative democracy, may combine with either the anticipatory or the bioregional
Anticipatory_democracy
Large gathering to discuss a common interest
conventions, wherever they may arise in constitutional law, as short-term deliberative assemblies. As such, they are subject to the rights of the People to
Convention_(meeting)
Organization
those shortcomings. Their proposal encompasses a unique, multi-step, deliberative process, by which citizens can initiate and enact laws. A process they
National_initiative
Upper house of a bicameral legislature
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin:
Senate
Political theory
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Associationalism
Form of government
assembly, called the Panku, which was the equivalent to a modern-day deliberative assembly or a legislature. Members of the Panku came from scattered noble
Constitutional_monarchy
American professor (born 1967)
Political Science at Penn State University. He is known for his research on deliberative democracy and group decision making. John Gastil was born in San Diego
John_Gastil
Voting requirement above 50% for passage
For state legislatures in the United States, Mason's Manual says, "A deliberative body cannot by its own act or rule require a two-thirds vote to take
Supermajority
Mass abstention by a group of voters during an election
an individual not voting Abstentionism, running in an election to a deliberative assembly but refusing to take any seats won Notes in Montenegro Citations
Election_boycott
Branch of philosophy
underscore and can be observed to emerge from deliberative decision-making. For instance, in the case of a referendum or an election, the Condorcet jury theorem
Applied_philosophy
Publication ranking national happiness based on respondent ratings of their lives
the dominant model of elite-competitive democracy to a participatory/deliberative model of democracy with bottom-up political and economic participation
World_Happiness_Report
Democratic provision limiting majority rule
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Concurrent_majority
English strategic regional authority
policy first suggested by Tony Banks in 1990), together with an elected deliberative assembly to scrutinise them. This model was based on the mayor–council
Greater_London_Authority
When an institution falls short of upholding the people's power in and over itself
argued that the ratification of European Union treaties by repeated referendums, such as those held in Ireland for the Treaty of Nice and the Treaty
Democratic_deficit
The Chairman of Committees, Nationalist James Bayley, could not cast a deliberative vote in committee, only a casting vote if the numbers were tied. However
1929 Australian federal election
1929_Australian_federal_election
Type of governing system centering voting
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Procedural_democracy
Upper house of the US Congress
been impeached by the House. The Senate has been considered both a more deliberative and prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer
United_States_Senate
Measure of the state of democracy according to The Economist
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
The_Economist_Democracy_Index
Minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct business
members of a group necessary to constitute the group at a meeting. In a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature)
Quorum
Irish political scientist
Radio 1. At Dublin City University, she has specialised in the fields of deliberative democracy, journalism, and disinformation. In 2018 she led a research
Jane_Suiter
Castello of San Marino
inspections from the environmental hygiene service. The Junta functions as a deliberative body with significant local powers, including managing Chiesanuova's
Chiesanuova
Alleged form of democratic government
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Ethnic_democracy
Democracy with more than one system of power
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Pluralist_democracy
chief characteristics of the gana seem to have been as follows: 1) A deliberative assembly that discussed all major state decisions. Silence was taken
History_of_democracy
Country in Southern and Western Europe
elections. The monarch makes use of these reserve powers in their own deliberative judgment after consulting the president of the Congress of Deputies.
Spain
When everyone has equal political power or influence
political rights in functioning democracies. "All men are created equal" Deliberative democracy Democratization Human rights Money in politics Political freedom
Political_egalitarianism
Capacity of a country to withstand or recover from democratic backsliding
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Democratic_resilience
Use of information and communication technology in political and governance processes
the rapid pace of digital dialogue, which may outpace the slower, more deliberative processes of policy-making. The rise of digital media has created new
E-democracy
Executive body of the Republic of Turkey
After the Council of Ministers was abolished with 2017 constitutional referendum, the Cabinet now acts as an informal advisory forum as all its powers
Cabinet_of_Turkey
Human right
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Right_to_public_participation
Society becoming more democratic
movement. Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum, held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as Festa della Repubblica. Italy
Democratization
American politician (born 1963)
to legalize same-sex marriage in Maryland. Both laws were approved in referendums in the 2012 general election. O'Malley served as the chair of the Democratic
Martin_O'Malley
U.S. agreement on presidential elections
Hamilton and James Madison, conceived of the Electoral College as a deliberative body which would weigh the inputs of the states, but not be bound by
National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
National_Popular_Vote_Interstate_Compact
Government of the U.S. state of New Hampshire
This procedure is known as SB 2. In such towns, Town Meeting is a "deliberative" session that decides the wording of each warrant article; the binding
Government_of_New_Hampshire
Form of voting that allows delegation
as many votes as they received in the previous election. Oregon held a referendum on adopting such an electoral system in 1912. It is possible for automatic
Proxy_voting
Political philosophy and reform movement
Ethington, "The Metropolis and Multicultural Ethics: Direct Democracy versus Deliberative Democracy in the Progressive Era," in Progressivism and the New Democracy
Progressivism in the United States
Progressivism_in_the_United_States
Inclusion by default
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Presumptive_inclusion
1958–1995 federation of former French colonies
of the Community lacked any effective power: its function was merely deliberative and consultative." De Lusignan, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence
French_Community
Political theory
is why the term was later embraced by some of the major proponents of deliberative democracy like James Bohman and Samantha Besson (even if not by Habermas
Demoicracy
Bicameral legislature of Italy
(leaving only the final approval of the bill to the parliament), or a deliberative/legislative meeting (in which case the entire legislative process is
Italian_Parliament
Bicameral legislature of the Republic of Ireland
palace. The word oireachtas comes from the Irish word airecht/oireacht ("deliberative assembly of freemen; assembled freemen; assembly, gathering; patrimony
Oireachtas
Liberal political party in Italy
347. ISBN 978-0-521-30648-5. Jürg Steiner (2012). The Foundations of Deliberative Democracy: Empirical Research and Normative Implications. Cambridge University
Radical_Party_(Italy)
Specific phase in a political system
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Democratic_transition
International relations theory
The transparent nature of democratic political systems, as well as deliberative debates (involving opposition parties, the media, experts, and bureaucrats)
Democratic_peace_theory
Combination of direct and representative democracy
platform were the voters and built-in discussion functions provided the deliberative element. In this instance, Google Votes was used to select meal offerings
Liquid_democracy
Political Science approach to manipulate decision making process for winning
agenda, and how that ordering can be manipulated. Strategic voting: in deliberative settings herestheticians can take advantage of voting procedures to influence
Heresthetic
French term for devolved legal power
Territorial authorities have legal status. They are often administered by a deliberative assembly, which may be elected by direct universal suffrage. Depending
Territorial_collectivity
Democratic governments acting as autocracies
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Guided_democracy
Form of government
characteristics of the gaṇa seem to include a gaṇa mukhya (chief), and a deliberative assembly. The assembly met regularly. It discussed all major state decisions
Republic
Drift towards authoritarianism
legitimized through legal means, such as new constituent assemblies, referendums, or "existing courts or legislatures ... in cases where supporters of
Democratic_backsliding
Form of government
poll Parliament Petition Popular assembly Participatory budgeting Referendum Deliberative Initiative Popular War Sortition Citizens' assembly Jury Voting
Majoritarian_democracy
American political pledge in 1992
system Consensus decision making Consensus democracy Corporatocracy Deliberative democracy Direct democracy Knowledge management National initiative,
Concord_Principles
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