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Laws relating to encryption
access. There are many different cryptography laws in different nations. Some countries prohibit the export of cryptography software and/or encryption algorithms
Cryptography_law
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally,
Cryptography
and topical guide to cryptography: Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines
Outline_of_cryptography
Copyright law Corporate law (or company law), also corporate compliance law and corporate governance law Criminal law Cryptography law Cultural property law Custom
List_of_areas_of_law
Legislation that requires individuals to surrender cryptographic keys to law enforcement
disclosure laws, also known as mandatory key disclosure, is legislation that requires individuals to surrender cryptographic keys to law enforcement
Key_disclosure_law
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a
Public-key_cryptography
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms
Post-quantum_cryptography
Software patents of elliptic curve cryptography
Patent-related uncertainty around elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), or ECC patents, is one of the main factors limiting its wide acceptance. For example
ECC_patents
signatures, including cryptographic digital signatures. Article 7 of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Electronic_signatures_and_law
Number representing illegal information
specifically claims that: The Dolphin emulator operates by incorporating these cryptographic keys without Nintendo's authorization and decrypting the ROMs at or
Illegal_number
Free open-source program to decode DVDs with encryption
DeCSS is one of the first free computer programs capable of decrypting commercially produced DVD-Video discs. Before the release of DeCSS, free and open
DeCSS
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a very
Strong_cryptography
Australian cryptography policy review
The Walsh Report was an Australian cryptography policy review undertaken for the Australian government by Gerard Walsh, initially released in 1996 and
Walsh_Report_(cryptography)
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
The resistance to such search is quantified as security strength: a cryptographic hash with n {\displaystyle n} bits of hash value is expected to have
Cryptographic_hash_function
Russian software company
for DEF CON, was arrested and charged for violating the United States DMCA law by writing ElcomSoft's Advanced eBook Processor software. He was later released
ElcomSoft
Perl script
qrpff is a Perl script created by Keith Winstein and Marc Horowitz of the MIT SIPB. It performs DeCSS in six or seven lines. The name itself is an encoding
Qrpff
Technology to control access to copyrighted works and prevent unauthorized copying
within devices. DRM technologies include licensing agreements and encryption. Laws in many countries criminalize the circumvention of DRM, communication about
Digital_rights_management
Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical
History_of_cryptography
American computer scientist (born 1963)
"kid sister cryptography", writing in the Preface to Applied Cryptography that: There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will
Bruce_Schneier
2020 Third Circuit case on civil contempt duration and compelled decryption
Following the ruling, Rawls was freed from federal custody. Key disclosure law Fisher v. United States Timothy B. Lee (February 12, 2020). "Man who refused
United_States_v._Rawls
Transfer of cryptography technology from one country to another
The export of cryptography is the transfer from one country to another of devices and technology related to cryptography. In the early days of the Cold
Export_of_cryptography
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the exploiting of quantum-mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem, and
Quantum_cryptography
Institution of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
The State Cryptography Administration (SCA) is a national bureau of the State Council of China that is responsible for cryptography. It is under the Chinese
State Cryptography Administration
State_Cryptography_Administration
Techniques used to obstruct forensic analysis
for investigators, and corroborating results using multiple tools. Cryptographic hash function Data remanence DECAF Degauss Encryption Forensic disk
Anti–computer_forensics
United States federal law
464, enacted June 30, 2000, 15 U.S.C. ch. 96) is a United States federal law, passed by the U.S. Congress to facilitate the use of electronic records
Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
Electronic_Signatures_in_Global_and_National_Commerce_Act
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
encryption disclosure law takes effect". PC World. Retrieved 5 January 2009. Ward, Mark (20 November 2007). "Campaigners hit by decryption law". BBC News. Retrieved
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000
License required for importation Red: Total ban Code as speech Export of cryptography Cryptography and Liberty 1998, GILC Report Crypto-Law survey 2013
Restrictions on the import of cryptography
Restrictions_on_the_import_of_cryptography
Internet software to protect user identity
nation's government in the newsgroup soc.culture.singapore, but as Finnish law did not recognise any crime being committed, Julf was not required to reveal
Penet_remailer
Controversy regarding copyright
74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0 (commonly referred to as 09 F9), a cryptographic key for HD DVDs and Blu-ray Discs. The letters demanded the immediate
AACS encryption key controversy
AACS_encryption_key_controversy
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
In cryptography, encryption (more specifically, encoding) is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can
Encryption
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
known to the recipient. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions
Digital_signature
Below is a timeline of notable events related to cryptography. 600-500 – Hebrew scholars make use of simple monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (such as
Timeline_of_cryptography
Use of encryption technology to ensure human rights are maintained
Encryption and cryptography are closely interlinked, although "cryptography" has a broader meaning. For example, a digital signature is "cryptography", but not
Human_rights_and_encryption
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. In
Cryptanalysis
the United Kingdom that: Had provisions to regulate the provision of cryptographic services in the UK (ss.1-6); and Confirms the legal status of electronic
Electronic Communications Act 2000
Electronic_Communications_Act_2000
Encryption techniques where an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists
In cryptography and steganography, plausibly deniable encryption describes encryption techniques in which the existence of an encrypted file or message
Deniable_encryption
American computer law professor (1933–2006)
Dept. of State. ITAR required application for a license to disclose cryptographic software to "foreign persons". EAR permitted publication of software
Peter_Junger
Texas Instruments' response to a project to factorize cryptographic keys
Instruments' (TI) response to a project to factorize the 512-bit RSA cryptographic keys needed to write custom firmware to TI devices. In July 2009, Benjamin
Texas Instruments signing key controversy
Texas_Instruments_signing_key_controversy
1998 US federal law
Paperwork Elimination Act (GPEA, Pub. L. 105–277 (text) (PDF) Title XVII) is a law of the United States of America that requires that, when practicable, federal
Government Paperwork Elimination Act
Government_Paperwork_Elimination_Act
1990s legal case involving Snuffle encryption
Berkeley, challenging U.S. government restrictions on the export of cryptographic software. In the early 1990s, the U.S. government classified encryption
Bernstein_v._United_States
Cryptographic principle that states everything except the key can be public knowledge
called Kerckhoffs's desideratum, assumption, axiom, doctrine or law) of cryptography was stated by the Dutch cryptographer Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th
Kerckhoffs's_principle
Transfer from the United States to another country of technology related to cryptography
The export of cryptography from the United States to other countries has experienced various levels of restrictions over time. World War II illustrated
Export of cryptography from the United States
Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Set of cryptographic hash functions
SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published
SHA-2
Activist advocating widespread use of strong cryptography
A cypherpunk is one who advocates the widespread use of strong cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies as a means of effecting social and political
Cypherpunk
Associated Signature Containers (ASiC) specifies the use of container structures to bind together one or more signed objects with either advanced electronic
Associated Signature Containers
Associated_Signature_Containers
Educational programs combining academic and technical skills for workforce preparation
algorithm engineering, list of data structures. Cryptography - cryptography algorithms, comparison of cryptography libraries. Mathematical art - mathematical
Career and technical education
Career_and_technical_education
Key (cryptography) Key size Cryptographic key types Symmetric-key cryptography Public-key cryptography (sometimes called Asymmetric-key cryptography) Public-Key
List of cybersecurity information technologies
List_of_cybersecurity_information_technologies
Encryption device promoted by the NSA in the 1990s
were part of cryptographic software that was exported. These attempts were largely made moot by the widespread use of strong cryptographic technologies
Clipper_chip
Precedent-setting American court case about freedom to publish encryption software
"Exports" of Cryptographic Information". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 2025-06-24. Vasvari, Raymond; Scarselli, Gino (1996-08-17). "Law Professor
Junger_v._Daley
Payment protocol for Bitcoin
e Cryptography General History of cryptography Outline of cryptography Classical cipher Cryptographic protocol Authentication protocol Cryptographic primitive
Lightning_Network
Cryptography software developer
a cryptography software developer based in Anguilla. He gave up his U.S. citizenship in 1998 in protest of U.S. laws on the export of cryptography. Cate
Vince_Cate
Securing and encrypting virology
to the study of cryptography use in malware, such as ransomware and asymmetric backdoors.[citation needed] Traditionally, cryptography and its applications
Cryptovirology
Information classified since created; generally referring to nuclear weapons
although it has also been used to classify other nuclear technologies and cryptography data. The United States Department of Energy has called the born secret
Born_secret
Internet puzzle and mystery
of any unsigned puzzle. The puzzles focused heavily on data security, cryptography, steganography, and Internet anonymity. It has been called "the most
Cicada_3301
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography. Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by
Data_Encryption_Standard
Legislation that purports to cover a complete system of laws
Codification of the criminal law allows the criminal law to be more accessible and more democratically made and amended. Code (cryptography) Genetic code Language
Code_of_law
Public-key exchange protocol
has been dropped from the National Security Agency's Suite B set of cryptographic standards. Alice has a key pair ( A , a ) {\displaystyle (A,a)} with
MQV
Pseudonym of the creator of Bitcoin
but many have speculated that he is actually a British software and cryptography expert who worked on bitcoin in the United Kingdom. If Nakamoto is an
Satoshi_Nakamoto
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
entanglement of electromagnetic fields (see Quantum optics). E.g. quantum cryptography cannot be described by Maxwell theory, not even approximately. The approximate
Maxwell's_equations
authenticated public classical channel. E91 protocol (1991) is a quantum cryptography method that uses entangled pairs of photons to generate keys for secure
List of quantum key distribution protocols
List_of_quantum_key_distribution_protocols
Topics referred to by the same term
collaboration, a scientific experiment Adversary (cryptography), a malicious entity in cryptography whose aim is to prevent the users of the cryptosystem
Adversary
Aadhaar eSign is an online electronic signature service in India to facilitate an Aadhaar holder to digitally sign a document. The signature service is
ESign_(India)
Relativistic quantum cryptography is a sub-field of quantum cryptography, in which in addition to exploiting the principles of quantum physics, the no-superluminal
Relativistic quantum cryptography
Relativistic_quantum_cryptography
A secure signature creation device (SSCD) is a specific type of computer hardware or software that is used in creating an electronic signature. To be put
Secure signature creation device
Secure_signature_creation_device
Data in electronic form, which is logically associated with other data in electronic form
signatures are a legal concept distinct from digital signatures, a cryptographic mechanism often used to implement electronic signatures. While an electronic
Electronic_signature
Steganography software
ISBN 978-3-540-69019-1. Sergienko, Greg S. "Self Incrimination and Cryptographic Keys". Richmond Journal of Law and Technology. 2 (1). Retrieved 19 July 2018. Julian
OpenPuff
American mathematician, cryptologist and computer scientist (born 1971)
Berkeley (1995), where he studied under Hendrik Lenstra. The export of cryptography from the United States was controlled as a munition starting from the
Daniel_J._Bernstein
Cryptographic hash function
Wikifunctions has an SHA-1 function. In cryptography, SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte)
SHA-1
Attempts to limit access to strong cryptography
by the United States (US) and allied governments to limit access to cryptography strong enough to thwart decryption by national intelligence agencies
Crypto_Wars
In cryptography, a trusted third party (TTP) is an entity which facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party; the third
Trusted_third_party
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a digital asset that uses cryptography to control its creation and management rather than relying on central authorities.
History_of_bitcoin
American cryptographer, creator of PGP (born 1954)
reference to Moore's law. Zimmermann has received numerous technical and humanitarian awards for his pioneering work in cryptography: In 2018, Zimmermann
Phil_Zimmermann
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
work (also written as proof-of-work, and abbreviated PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the verifiers)
Proof_of_work
Secure communication method
(QKD) is a secure communication method that implements a cryptographic protocol based on the laws of quantum mechanics, specifically quantum entanglement
Quantum_key_distribution
American mathematician (1916–2001)
cryptography, with his work described as "a turning point, and marked the closure of classical cryptography and the beginning of modern cryptography"
Claude_Shannon
American legal case concerning the DMCA
violate the DMCA and this would give companies a loophole around antitrust laws as well as take away the fair use defense. By examining the structure and
Chamberlain Group, Inc. v. Skylink Technologies, Inc.
Chamberlain_Group,_Inc._v._Skylink_Technologies,_Inc.
2016 copyright infringement case
used to filter and stream films to its users was illegal under copyright law because they broke the encryption on DVDs and Blu-rays. VidAngel contended
Disney_v._VidAngel
Adages and sayings named after a person
principle of secure cryptography: A cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public. Kirchhoff's laws are named after
List_of_eponymous_laws
Projected date when quantum computers could break modern encryption
predicting Q-Day but completing post-quantum cryptography (PQC) migration before vulnerable cryptography reaches end-of-life. This concept, similar to
Quantum_Threat
Global conflict (1939–1945)
problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German
World_War_II
American cryptographer (born 1947)
scientist whose work has spanned the fields of algorithms and combinatorics, cryptography, machine learning, and election integrity. He is an Institute Professor
Ron_Rivest
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
a type of cryptographic electronic money called ecash. Later, in 1995, he implemented it through Digicash, an early form of cryptographic electronic
Cryptocurrency
Hyperbridge is a cross-chain interoperability bridge that uses cryptographic protocols to facilitate the transfer of assets and data between different
Hyperbridge
Legal term
In law, non-repudiation is a situation where a statement's author cannot successfully dispute its authorship or the validity of an associated contract
Non-repudiation
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
applications during World War II; computers played a major role in wartime cryptography, while quantum physics was essential for nuclear physics, e.g., in the
Quantum_computing
Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany
German Jews to emigrate, regardless of means, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged violence, and orchestrated a nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht
The_Holocaust
Encrypted communications firm
Geneva, Switzerland in 2014 in search of a country with "stronger privacy laws to protect its customers' information." On August 9, 2013, through their
Silent_Circle_(software)
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
In cryptography, a brute-force attack or exhaustive key search is a cryptanalytic attack that consists of an attacker submitting many possible keys or
Brute-force_attack
Пролог, dated to 1431–1435, Cyrillic but with Glagolitic employed cryptographically alongside Greek and Cyrillic in 1456 note. legal 1457 (July 10) Modruš
List of Glagolitic manuscripts (1400–1499)
List_of_Glagolitic_manuscripts_(1400–1499)
American legal case
Supreme Court precedent Hill v. Colorado, the circuit court held that some laws can restrict speech for reasons that are "justified without reference to
Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley
Universal_City_Studios,_Inc._v._Corley
Federal criminal case
such time as a future case addressing the same issue arises. Key disclosure law In re Boucher United States v. Kirschner Ingold, John (January 4, 2012).
United_States_v._Fricosu
How often each letter appears in written language
Captain Kidd.[citation needed] Herbert S. Zim, in his classic introductory cryptography text Codes and Secret Writing, gives the English letter frequency sequence
Letter_frequency
2009 court case
measures. But the court disagreed with this argument because if this is the law, then "effective" copy protection measure will have to prevent against every
RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n
RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Ass'n
Function used in computer cryptography
needed] One-way functions, in this sense, are fundamental tools for cryptography, personal identification, authentication, and other data security applications
One-way_function
Cryptographic key exchange methodology
Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise key exchange, also known as RRRT-KLJN or simply KLJN, is an approach for distributing cryptographic keys between two
KLJN_Secure_Key_Exchange
Encrypted mobile communications network
Originally developed for the BlackBerry platform, it uses elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) for encryption. One of its features was "self-destruction" of messages
Shutdown_of_Sky_Global
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
have been addressed. VeraCrypt includes optimizations to the original cryptographic hash functions and ciphers, which boost performance on modern central
VeraCrypt
American computer scientist
is an American computer scientist renowned for her contributions to cryptography, distributed computing, and algorithmic fairness. She is one of the inventors
Cynthia_Dwork
Quantum key distribution protocol
(e.g., Bob) measures them. The BB84 QKD scheme is the first quantum cryptography protocol, and has become one of the most well-studied QKD protocols.
BB84
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