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Linguistics database project
The Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD) project coordinated over a dozen linguistics databases covering the languages of the world. It is hosted by the
Cross-Linguistic_Linked_Data
Method or disciplinary lens for treating linked data
(re-)using language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles. The Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud was conceived and is maintained by the Open
Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data
Database of concept lists
concept sets (i.e., standardized word meanings). It is part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD) project, which is hosted by the Max Planck Institute for
Concepticon
dispensing such data. There is a membership fee that has been increased once since its founding. Corpus linguistics Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD) – project
Linguistic_Data_Consortium
Database of the structures of many languages
Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. It is part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data project hosted by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of
World Atlas of Language Structures
World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures
Online bibliographic database of languages
3rd International Conference on Linguistic and Cultural Diversity in Cyberspace: 183–188. "Cross-Linguistic Linked Data". Retrieved 2020-02-22. "Glottolog
Glottolog
data on many languages by reading different descriptions. The project also has a wiki page APiCS wikipage. It is part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures
Atlas_of_Pidgin_and_Creole_Language_Structures
Linguistic database
PHOIBLE 2.0 in 2019, the data is taken from the Cross-Linguistic Data Formats (CLDF) dataset of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD) project. The languages
PHOIBLE
Topics referred to by the same term
support the decentralised management of development projects Cross-Linguistic Linked Data, a project coordinating over a dozen linguistics databases This
CLLD
Ontology for descriptive linguistics
inventories), to train NLP tools, or to facilitate cross-linguistic evaluation, querying or annotation of language data. At a theoretical level, the existence of
Linguistic_categories
Computational comparative linguistics program
evaluate relationships between language families. It is part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data project hosted by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of
Automated Similarity Judgment Program
Automated_Similarity_Judgment_Program
Linguistics database
families, some of which are still hypothetical. It is part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data project hosted by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of
Intercontinental Dictionary Series
Intercontinental_Dictionary_Series
Topics referred to by the same term
browser Australian Message Stick Database, a database of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data project Maritime Surveillance division of PAL Airlines Advanced
AMSD
Online resource
the current attempts to build an ontology for the morphosyntax of linguistic data. It has also produced a phonetics ontology, based upon Peter Ladefoged's
Linguist_List
Compilation of concepts primarily for the purposes of lexicostatistics
the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD) project, collects various concept lists (including classical Swadesh lists) across different linguistic areas
Swadesh_list
Linguistics database
also publicly available on GitHub. Lexibank is also part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data project. All of the datasets are released under the CC BY 4.0
Lexibank
Linguistic material used for various types of language research and processing
dictionaries, linguistic corpora, i.e., digital collections of natural language data, linguistic data bases such as the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data collection
Language_resource
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
Linguistic relativity asserts that language influences worldview or cognition. One form of linguistic relativity, linguistic determinism, regards peoples'
Linguistic_relativity
German scientist
of his research career, List has worked on projects such as Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD), Lexibank, and the Automated Similarity Judgment Program
Johann-Mattis_List
Scientific study of language
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Specific areas of linguistic description and analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences)
Linguistics
Multi-meaning encoding in words, comprising vagueness, polysemy, and homonymy
improved database of cross-linguistic colexifications assembling lexical data with the help of cross-linguistic data formats". Linguistic Typology. 22 (2):
Colexification
Linguistics project
Comparative Linguistics Cross-Linguistic Linked Data Genographic Project "Evolution of Human Languages: An international project on the linguistic prehistory of
Evolution_of_Human_Languages
Study of how language influences social life
Linguistic anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life. It is a branch of anthropology that originated from the
Linguistic_anthropology
Study of meaning in language
Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It examines what meaning is, how words get their meaning, and how the meaning of a complex expression depends
Semantics
statistical, linguistic, and structural techniques to extract and classify information from textual sources, a variety of unstructured data. All of the
Data_analysis
Sense or significance of an entity
dog and a four-legged mammal. Philosophical inquiry usually centers on linguistic meaning, studying how words, sentences, and utterances acquire content
Meaning_(philosophy)
Short name of a vocabulary for lexical resources in the web of data
vocabulary for publishing lexical data as a knowledge graph, in an RDF format and/or as Linguistic Linked Open Data. Since its publication as a W3C Community
OntoLex
Study of signs
vehicle and referent is conventional or arbitrary, which applies to most linguistic signs. Models of signs analyze the basic components of signs. Ferdinand
Semiotics
Question regarding language and thought
of color terms cross-linguistically points to more culture-specific phenomena. Because color exhibits both biological and linguistic aspects, it has
Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate
Idea of language as the principal framework in dictating human thought
Linguistic determinism is the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such
Linguistic_determinism
Lack of confidence about one's way of speaking
prestigious or context-appropriate variety or style of speech. Linguistic insecurity is linked to the perception of speech varieties in any community and
Linguistic_insecurity
tools. Researchers in language documentation often conduct linguistic fieldwork to gather the data on which their work is based, recording audiovisual files
Language documentation tools and methods
Language_documentation_tools_and_methods
Study of how society shapes language and language use
sociolinguistics is closely related to and can partly overlap with pragmatics, linguistic anthropology, and sociology of language, the latter focusing on the effect
Sociolinguistics
American scholar and linguist (born 1942)
Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspectives, co-written with Alice C. Harris) were awarded the Leonard Bloomfield Book Award by the Linguistic Society of
Lyle_Campbell
Text corpus with tree annotations
In linguistics research, annotated treebank data has been used in syntactic research to test linguistic theories of sentence structure against large
Treebank
Arrangement of interrelated elements in an object/system, or the object/system itself
used for immediate access to any data item (some programming languages require array size to be initialized). A linked list can be reorganized, grown or
Structure
State of Nigeria
state-owned radio and TV stations.[citation needed] Cross River State epitomizes the nation's linguistic and cultural plurality and, in spite of the diversity
Cross_River_State
Order of syntactic constituents
constituents of a language. Word order typology studies it from a cross-linguistic perspective, and examines how languages employ different orders. Correlations
Word_order
Branch of anthropology
more direct data that informs linguistic analysis and a greater insight into cognitive motivations, hence the field’s similarity to linguistic relativism
Cognitive_anthropology
Field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate
qualitative research, interviews conducted in cross-cultural linguistic contexts raise a number of issues. As a form of data collection, interviews provide researchers
Cross-cultural_communication
Structured system of communication
linguistics. As an object of linguistic study, "language" has two primary meanings: an abstract concept, and a specific linguistic system, e.g. "French". The
Language
Non-arbitrary attachment of sounds to object shapes
1098/rstb.2020.0390. PMC 8591387. PMID 34775818. This paper examines cross-linguistic data supporting the bouba/kiki effect and explores its potential implications
Bouba/kiki_effect
Specialization in anthropology and sister sciences
studies are surveys of ethnographic data, or involve qualitative data collection. They can also use mixed methods. Cross-cultural studies are applied widely
Cross-cultural_studies
Type of machine learning model
more linguistic data than naturally available, or that the naturally occurring data is of insufficient quality. In these cases, synthetic data might
Large_language_model
Study of language within historical and social contexts
linguistic and social behavior have been blocked by the fact that linguistic and anthropological studies are rarely based on comparable sets of data.
Anthropological_linguistics
There are several points of dispute over the ethnic and linguistic identity of several communities in Montenegro, some of them related to identity of people
Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro
Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Montenegro
Multilingual lexical database based on WordNet
may serve as free alternatives. WordNet BabelNet OpenThesaurus Linguistic Linked Open Data Vossen, Piek, ed. (1998). EuroWordNet: A Multilingual Database
EuroWordNet
(according to SIL Ethnologue), one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world. The languages of Africa belong to many distinct
Languages_of_Africa
Controversial method in historical linguistics
display a restricted subset of a language's phonemic inventory, making cross-linguistic chance resemblances more likely. Greenberg also allows for a wide semantic
Mass_comparison
American linguist
fieldworker, semanticist, and logician whose work has focused on tense and cross-linguistic typology. She is best known for her descriptive and theoretical work
Maria_Bittner
Topics referred to by the same term
activation function in data analysis Swish (slang), effeminate behaviour and interests in gay male communities Swish (Neuro-linguistic programming), a technique
Swish
Family of database software by Microsoft
perform the management operation. It is also possible to create linked Servers using T-SQL. Linked servers allow a single query to process operations performed
Microsoft_SQL_Server
Word consisting of two words
corpus data on blend formation: Psycho- and cognitive-linguistic perspectives", in Vincent Renner, François Maniez, Pierre Arnaud, eds, Cross-Disciplinary
Portmanteau
Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Caucasus
Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2400–1500 BCE), this culture exhibits substantial linguistic, genetic, and material continuities with later Armenian archaeological
Trialeti-Vanadzor_culture
Theoretical framework
developed for information system design and software engineering. Logico-linguistic modeling is another variant of SSM that uses conceptual models. However
Conceptual_model
Creation of knowledge from structured and unstructured sources
policy provides more generous assistance. As President Obama is linked to a DBpedia LinkedData resource, further information can be retrieved automatically
Knowledge_extraction
Concept in natural language processing
topic profile for Entity linking. Controlled vocabulary Explicit semantic analysis Geoparsing Information extraction Linked data Named entity Named-entity
Entity_linking
Branch of linguistics and semiotics relating context to meaning
politeness strategies and impoliteness, often drawing on cross-cultural and sociolinguistic data. This work elaborates earlier characterizations of pragmatics
Pragmatics
Transmission of information
in linguistic form, including spoken and written messages as well as sign language. Non-verbal communication happens without the use of a linguistic system
Communication
Variety of German spoken by youth in multilingual neighborhoods
1515/9783110919790. Lena Ekberg, Toril Opsahl, Heike Wiese: Functional gains: A cross-linguistic case study on three particles in Swedish, Norwegian, and German. In:
Kiezdeutsch
Non-hierarchical interaction of overlapping document markup entities
document or a corpus constitute an example of Linguistic Linked Open Data. An established technique to link arbitrary graphs with an annotated document
Overlapping_markup
Australian linguist (born 1951)
sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding Library of Congress Linked Data Service: linked authority record n85369827. Retrieved on
David_Nash_(linguist)
Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies
and values. The term sociocultural anthropology is commonly used today. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Biological (or
Anthropology
Language subgroup of Southeast Asia and Madagascar
their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD. Based on linguistic evidence, it has been suggested that Malagasy was taken to East Africa
Barito_languages
System to identify an author
texts focuses on cross-genre author profiling, whereby one genre is used for training data and another genre is used for testing data, though both need
Author_profiling
language acquisition". In Andersen, R. (ed.). Second languages: a cross-linguistic perspective. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. pp. 219–242. ISBN 978-0-88377-440-3
Theories of second-language acquisition
Theories_of_second-language_acquisition
Type of linguistic modality
exemplified by the English modals may, might, must. However, it occurs cross-linguistically, encoded in a wide variety of lexical items and grammatical structures
Epistemic_modality
Country in Northern Europe
unattractive to outsiders, including traders, which accounts for its separate linguistic, cultural and religious identity and delayed integration into general
Lithuania
Degradation of AI models trained on synthetic data
is the degradation of machine learning models from uncurated synthetic data, or from training on the outputs of another model, such as a prior versions
Model_collapse
Province of Canada
In 1969, the federal Official Languages Act was passed to introduce a linguistic context conducive to Quebec's development. In 1973, the liberal government
Quebec
East Asian ethnic group
'Hangyeore'. The origin of Koreans has not been well clarified yet. Based on linguistic, archaeologic and genetic evidence, their place of origin is located somewhere
Koreans
Annotations on web-based resources
applications in language technology. In early 2020, the W3C Community Group "Linked Data for Language Technology" launched an initiative to harmonize these vocabularies
Web_annotation
Husband of an adulterous wife
S2CID 145004098. Hamamra, Bilal Tawfiq (2018-04-03). "The Containment of Female Linguistic, Spatial, and Sexual Transgression in Arden of Faversham: A Contemporary
Cuckold
Cognitive science and linguistic theory have played an important role in providing empirical research into the writing process and serving the teaching
Cognitive and linguistic theories of composition
Cognitive_and_linguistic_theories_of_composition
Study of relations between psychology and language
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and other aspects of mind and brain. The discipline is mainly
Psycholinguistics
Hypothetical linguistic homeland
place where speakers of the Proto-Afroasiatic language lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed
Proto-Afroasiatic_homeland
Spanish autonomous city in northwestern Africa
reaches 67 as tens of thousands cross back in to Morocco". NPR. 1 August 2026 – via Associated Press. "Economic Data of Ceuta, de ceutna digital". Ceuta
Ceuta
Concept in dialectology analyzing phonemes across dialects of a language
used the term to refer to phonemes that are equated by speakers cross-linguistically because of similarities in shape and/or distribution. For example
Diaphoneme
Social media movement of western men who date or marry women abroad
""It's a shithole, but I loved the people". Passport bros and the socio-linguistic construction of nationality in the manosphere" (PDF). Ethnography and
Passport_bros
American linguistic anthropologist
concentrated on linguistic variation, language contact, linguistic borrowing, and areal influences in Tewa. The Tewa language presents unique data for the study
Paul_V._Kroskrity
University in the city of Fribourg, Switzerland
order to socialise, drink and sing together. They tend to be organised on linguistic lines. One of them is still engaged in dueling, while the other corporations
University_of_Fribourg
1957 book by Noam Chomsky
pages, it is recognized as one of the most significant and influential linguistic studies of the 20th century. It contains the now-famous sentence "Colorless
Syntactic_Structures
group to another in Africa. Data in the table below are based on genetic research. The second column designates linguistic affiliation of the sampled population
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Sub-Saharan_Africa
2026 text-generating language model
..] offering data from ten distinct genres of written and spoken English [...] while supplying an explicit setting for evaluating cross-genre domain adaptation
GPT-1
Study of words and their formation
location missing publisher (link) Haspelmath & Sims 2002, p. 15. Haspelmath & Sims 2002, p. 16. Word : a cross-linguistic typology. Robert M. W. Dixon
Morphology_(linguistics)
Religious group
states across the country were extensively redrawn on linguistic lines at the behest of linguistic groups, the only languages not considered for statehood
Sikhs
Changing between languages during a conversation
code-switching or language alternation is the process of shifting from one linguistic code (a language or dialect) to another, depending on the social context
Code-switching
Art and science of compiling dictionaries
for presenting the data in the dictionary (i.e. frame structure, distribution structure, macro-structure, micro-structure and cross-reference structure)
Lexicography
Professor of anthropology (born 1960)
of Hong Kong. Kulick works within the frameworks of both cultural and linguistic anthropology, and has carried out field work in Papua New Guinea, Brazil
Don_Kulick
Country in West Africa
the Pan-African movement. Ghana is a multi-ethnic country with various linguistic and religious groups; while the Akan are the largest ethnic group, they
Ghana
Region of Italy
di Montalcino, and white Vernaccia di San Gimignano. Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity, it is sometimes considered "a nation within a nation"
Tuscany
Celtic ethnolinguistic group
Manchester, Birmingham, Cardiff, Leeds, Edinburgh and others. Many underwent a linguistic "Anglicisation" and eventually merged with Anglo populations. In a more
Gaels
Salim; Graff, David; Melamed, Dan (1995), Hansard French/English, Linguistic Data Consortium, doi:10.35111/JHGN-RV21, retrieved 26 February 2025 Kowsari
List of datasets for machine-learning research
List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research
Nigerian-British writer, journalist and educationist
of. "Agbenugba, Gbenga - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies
Ola_Opesan
Message sent through telegraphy
Datagram – Basic data transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network Instagram – Social media platform owned by Meta Telegram.org – Cross-platform instant
Telegram
Text with references (links) to other text that the reader can immediately access
consist of two layers of linked pages. Each layer is doubly linked sequentially and a page in the top layer is doubly linked with a corresponding page
Hypertext
Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by the distribution of blood types, and in genetic composition as reflected by molecular data, such as DNA
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Northwest Semitic language
or else [x, χ] and [ɣ, ʁ] would have to be contrastive, which is cross-linguistically rare. However, Blau argues that it is possible that lenited /k/ and
Hebrew_language
Study of survey methods
of individual units from a population and associated techniques of survey data collection, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving
Survey_methodology
Linguistic research program proposed by Noam Chomsky
while X-bar theory contains levels, such as XP, X', X BPS accounts cross-linguistically as maximal projections can be perceived at an XP level or an X' level
Minimalist_program
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