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Layer of rock that forms the continents and continental shelves
Continental crust is the layer of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks that forms the geological continents and the areas of shallow seabed close
Continental_crust
Earth's outer shell of rock
locally in the upper part of the crust. Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of the atomic number
Earth's_crust
Outermost solid shell of astronomical bodies
terrestrial planets have fairly uniform crusts. Earth, however, has two distinct types: continental crust and oceanic crust. These two types have different chemical
Crust_(geology)
Large geographical region identified by convention
including both dry land and continental shelves". The geological continents correspond to seven large areas of continental crust that are found on the tectonic
Continent
Movement of Earth's lithosphere
of the oceanic lithosphere and the thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent plate boundaries, the process
Plate_tectonics
Part of a continent broken from its main mass
Continental crustal fragments, partly synonymous with microcontinents, are pieces of continents that have broken off from main continental masses to form
Continental_fragment
Uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate
lithosphere. Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima, which is rich in iron and magnesium. It is thinner than continental crust, or sial, generally
Oceanic_crust
Movement of Earth's continents relative to each other
by a process of "continental creep", later proposing a mechanism of increased tidal forces during the Cretaceous dragging the crust towards the equator
Continental_drift
Consolidation of the Earth's crust
Earth which contains both oceanic and continental plates. This unique property reflects the complex series of crustal processes that have taken place throughout
Earth's_crustal_evolution
Type of volcanic arc occurring along a continental margin
formed at an active continental margin where two tectonic plates meet, and where one plate has continental crust and the other oceanic crust along the line
Continental_arc
Relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed
thermal swells. Other oceanic plateaus, however, are made of rifted continental crust, for example the Falkland Plateau, Lord Howe Rise, and parts of Kerguelen
Oceanic_plateau
Transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin
transition between the continental and oceanic crust is a broad transition known as transitional crust. The subsided continental crust is marked by normal
Passive_margin
Zone of the ocean floor
A continental margin is the outer edge of continental crust abutting oceanic crust under coastal waters. The continental margin consists of three different
Continental_margin
Formation of mountains from converging tectonic plates
(different bits of continental crust), separated across a tract of ocean (and oceanic crust), approach each other, while the oceanic crust is slowly consumed
Continental_collision
Geologic eon, 4567–4031 million years ago
the Hadean, it would have formed continental crust. Different models predict different amounts of continental crust during the Hadean. The work of Dhiume
Hadean
principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminium). The
List_of_tectonic_plates
Metamorphic or igneous rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover
called a "cover" or "sedimentary cover". Basement rock consists of continental crustal rock which has been modified several times through tectonic events
Basement_(geology)
Formation of mountain ranges
include both structural deformation of existing continental crust and the creation of new continental crust through volcanism. Magma rising in the orogen
Orogeny
C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby C3 — Crust: Greenwood C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor) C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke) C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver)
Abundances of the elements (data page)
Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)
the composition of the upper and lower crust are quite different, and (b) the composition of the continental crust can vary drastically by locality. The
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth's_crust
Region of active deformation between colliding tectonic plates
oceanic-continental lithosphere, and continental-continental lithosphere. The geologic features related to convergent boundaries vary depending on crust types
Convergent_boundary
Changes of rock due to pressure and heat near a subduction zone
Earth's crust where one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate; oceanic crust gets recycled back into the mantle and continental crust gets produced
Subduction_zone_metamorphism
Interior of the earth
crust (an outer layer chiefly of silicate minerals—more specifically, dense basaltic oceanic crust and slightly less dense granitic continental crust)
Internal_structure_of_Earth
Volcanic rock intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite
is formed by the subduction of young oceanic crust under a thick felsic continental plate. Oceanic crust is hydrothermally altered causing addition of
Dacite
Third planet from the Sun
Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, which is predominantly located within Earth's land hemisphere in the form of continental landmasses
Earth
Geologic basin under the sea
lies below sea level is known as the oceanic crust, while on land it is known as the continental crust. The former is thinner and is composed of relatively
Oceanic_basin
Part of the Indian Shield in south India
The Dharwar Craton is an Archean continental crust craton formed between 3.6 and 2.5 billion years ago (Ga), which is located in southern India and considered
Dharwar_Craton
Outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite
approximately 30 to 50 kilometres (19 to 31 mi) of typical continental lithosphere is crust. The crust is distinguished from the upper mantle by the change
Lithosphere
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere
(kratos) 'strength') is an old and stable part of continental lithosphere (the Earth's two topmost layers, the crust and the lithospheric mantle). Having often
Craton
Life arising from non-living matter
smoker hydrothermal vent; or, life may have originated inside the continental crust or in water at Earth's surface. Although Earth is the only place known
Abiogenesis
Geological process at tectonic plate boundaries
adjacent plate. When oceanic and continental plates converge, normally the denser oceanic crust sinks under the continental crust in the process of subduction
Obduction
Boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle
seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, the Moho separates both the oceanic crust and continental crust from the underlying mantle. The Mohorovičić discontinuity was
Mohorovičić_discontinuity
Geological process at tectonic plate boundaries
complex. The process of subduction has created most of the Earth's continental crust. Rates of subduction are typically measured in centimeters per year
Subduction
Rock formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
of a crustal rock in continental crust thickened by compression at a plate boundary. The plate boundary between the Indian and Asian continental masses
Igneous_rock
Underwater ridge of continental crust in the Arctic Ocean
Ломоносова, Danish: Lomonosovryggen) is an unusual underwater ridge of continental crust in the Arctic Ocean. It spans 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) between
Lomonosov_Ridge
Rocks rich in aluminium silicate minerals
upper layer of Earth's crust, namely rocks rich in aluminium silicate minerals. It is sometimes equated with the continental crust because it is absent
Sial
Type of volcanic rock
average composition of the continental crust is andesitic. Along with basalts, andesites are a component of the Martian crust. The name andesite is derived
Andesite
Repeated joining and separation of Earth's continents
aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental crust. There are varying opinions as to whether the amount of continental crust is increasing, decreasing, or
Supercontinent_cycle
Geology of continental crust containing New Zealand and New Caledonia
for other than Continent Zealandia is an area of mostly submerged continental crust that contains New Zealand and New Caledonia. The Zealandia continent
Geology_of_Zealandia
Earth's dry surface
architecture, can also be considered part of land. Land is formed from the continental crust, the layer of rock on which soil, groundwater, and human and other
Land
Intrusive rocks with typical granitic composition
mechanism is by the crustal thickening induced partial melting of the former gabbroic underplate at the base of the continental crust. Tonalitic composition
Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite
Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite
Uplifted and exposed oceanic crust
Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted and exposed, and often emplaced onto continental crustal rocks. The Greek
Ophiolite
Type of igneous rock
that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the continental crust of Earth, where it is found in igneous intrusions. These range in
Granite
Loss of lithosphere from a tectonic plate
buoyancy of the lower continental crust and mantle lithosphere drive delamination. Delamination occurs when the lower continental crust and mantle lithosphere
Delamination_(geology)
Geological process by which material is added to a tectonic plate at a subduction zone
continental crust on the upper plate, increasing the continental landmass. Continental crust differs significantly from oceanic crust. Oceanic crust is
Accretion_(geology)
throughout its entire history. During this time, Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because
Geological_history_of_Earth
Fringe theory about the origin of petroleum
mantle peridotite, and the primitive mantle than with oceanic or continental crust, and shows no correlation with seawater. Sir Robert Robinson studied
Abiogenic_petroleum_origin
Geologic uplift of Earth's surface that is attributed to plate tectonics
pressure-temperature studies. Crustal thickening has an upward component of motion and often occurs when continental crust is thrust onto continental crust. Basically nappes
Tectonic_uplift
Layer of silicate rock
mid-ocean ridges produces oceanic crust, and partial melting of the mantle at subduction zones produces continental crust. Earth's upper mantle is divided
Earth's_mantle
Scales to describe earthquake strength
(everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains) because of differences in the continental crust. All these problems prompted the development of other scales. Most
Seismic_magnitude_scales
Formation of an ocean after continental rifting
idea of continental drift was different from that of oceanisation which was "the mysterious metasomatism or transformation of continental crust into oceanic
Oceanisation
Geologic eon, 4031–2500 million years ago
The Earth during the Archean was mostly a water world: there was continental crust, but much of it was under a superocean deeper than today's oceans
Archean
Formation of serpentinite by hydration and metamorphic transformation of olivine
ribbon chert. In addition to ophiolites, ultramafic rocks in the continental crust are a key location for abiotic methane formation related to serpentinization
Serpentinization
Group of rock-forming minerals
feldspars. Feldspars make up about 60% of the Earth's crust and 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight. Feldspars crystallize from magma as both
Feldspar
Chain of volcanoes parallel to the Pacific coastline from Mexico to Panama
oceanic and continental crust fragments. Gazel et al. (2021) define four domains of the CAVA: North American plate slivers (continental crust), the Guatemala
Central_America_Volcanic_Arc
the boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust on a passive margin or the zone of transition between these two crustal types. The identification
Continent-ocean_boundary
Surface magma that becomes igneous rock
through to continental collision and its immediate aftermath. The subduction of oceanic crust, whether beneath oceanic or continental crust, is associated
Magmatism
cores of the mountain ranges are, in most places, formed of pieces of continental crust that are over one billion years old. In the south, an older mountain
Geology of the Rocky Mountains
Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains
Topics referred to by the same term
dispersal of Earth's continental crust. Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis, where the axis of rotation of a planet may have shifted or the crust may have shifted
Earth_crust_displacement
Slab of oceanic crust
of oceanic crust, made of volcanic rocks and ultramafic rocks from the Earth's upper mantle that was overthrust onto the continental crust. This ophiolite
Samail_Ophiolite
Mostly submerged continental crust area in Oceania
Tasmantis (from the Tasman Sea), is an almost entirely submerged mass of continental crust in Oceania that subsided after breaking away from Gondwana 83–79 million
Zealandia
Mountain range in Asia
of basalt, the principal igneous rock on Earth. In contrast, the continental crust underlying dry land has an average thickness of 35 km (22 mi) and
Himalayas
Supercontinent from the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic eras
of most of the continental crust into one landmass reduced the extent of sea coasts. Increased erosion from uplifted continental crust increased the importance
Pangaea
Oldest-surviving crustal material from the Hadean eon
high value of Hadean heat production and impact flux proved that continental crust did not exist, which is very different from the modern process. In
Hadean_zircon
Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous landmass
Antarctica, respectively. Eventually, Gondwana became the largest piece of continental crust of the Paleozoic Era, covering an area of some 100,000,000 km2 (39
Gondwana
continental mantle lithosphere, also known as continental lithospheric mantle that resides below the crust and above the asthenosphere. The term subcontinental
Subcontinental lithospheric mantle
Subcontinental_lithospheric_mantle
Type of peridotite with less than 5% clinopyroxene and less than 90% olivine.
are fragments of oceanic crust and the underlying oceanic mantle obducted and exposed during collision with continental crust. Examples of ophiolites with
Harzburgite
Category of coarse-grained igneous rocks
the Earth's exposed surface and constituting a large part of the continental crust. These rocks are primarily composed of quartz, plagioclase, and alkali
Granitoid
History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
Wayback Machine – Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago Accessed Jan. 10, 2006 Wilde,
Precambrian
Geologic eon, 2500–539 million years ago
cratons is why we find continental crust ranging up to a few billion years in age. It is believed that 43% of modern continental crust was formed in the Proterozoic
Proterozoic
fragment of the ancient Tethys Ocean) rather than lying entirely over continental crust as all other lakes do. Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are conventionally
List_of_lakes_by_area
Where tectonic plates meet at a convergent boundary
of orogeny involving folding and thrust faulting as the blocks of continental crust pile up above the subduction zone. This includes the Eastern Anatolian
Collision_zone
Strongest part of the Earth's crust
lower, more ductile crust. For quartz and feldspar-rich rocks in continental crust, the transition zone occurs at an approximate depth of 20 km, at temperatures
Brittle–ductile transition zone
Brittle–ductile_transition_zone
Coastal and oceanic landform
where the forward edge of an advancing oceanic plate dives beneath continental crust in an offshore subduction zone such as off the coast of Chile or the
Continental_shelf
Third and last era of the Proterozoic Eon
the fossil record. According to Rino and co-workers, the sum of the continental crust formed in the Pan-African orogeny and the Grenville orogeny makes
Neoproterozoic
Landmass comprising more than one continental core, or craton
proposed in which a continent must include at least about 75% of the continental crust then in existence in order to qualify as a supercontinent. Moving
Supercontinent
Volcanic ridge and oceanic plateau between the Northern and Central Indian Ocean
basins by fault scarps made of thick, high-density crust. It is made of thinned continental crust marked by the volcanism that occurred near the K-Pg
Chagos–Laccadive_Ridge
Piece of continental crust in the Penninic nappes of the Alps
continental crust rocks derived from the Briançonnais terrane. The Briançonnais terrane or continental ribbon was a narrow strip of continental crust
Briançonnais_zone
Linear lowland created by a tectonic rift or fault
from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust. They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary
Rift_valley
Zone affected by mountain formation
orogen, or mobile belt is a zone of Earth's crust affected by orogeny. An orogenic belt develops when a continental plate crumples and is uplifted to form
Orogenic_belt
in Earth's crust. The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust—the part that
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Continental tectonic plate comprising most of the Anatolian Peninsula (Asia Minor)
compressive features within the oceanic crust beneath the Mediterranean as well as within the continental crust of Anatolia itself, and also by what are
Anatolian_plate
Tectonic boundary between the North American and Eurasian Plates
Gakkel Ridge (Mid-Arctic Ridge) into the continental crust of Siberia. It starts offshore in the continental shelf and continues onshore to a point located
Laptev_Sea_Rift
Large area of land
island. In the field of geology, a landmass is a defined section of continental crust extending above sea level. Continents are often thought of as distinct
Landmass
continental margins and the exhumation of all UHP terrains has been ascribed principally to buoyancy caused by the low density of continental crust—even
Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
Ultra-high-pressure_metamorphism
Island in the Philippines
they are deep marine rocks marginal to the continental crust. They were accreted to the Chinese continental crust in the Mesozoic at a time when an Andean-type
Palawan_(island)
borehole reached a depth of 9,101 m (29,859 feet) in the Earth's continental crust. The Federal Ministry of Research funded the project with 528 million
German Continental Deep Drilling Programme
German_Continental_Deep_Drilling_Programme
Marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean
during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds. Secondly, the continental crust was stretched and thinned as rifting progressed
Gulf_of_Mexico
Rate of temperature increase with depth in Earth's interior
a rate of about 25–30 °C/km (72–87 °F/mi) near the surface in the continental crust. However, in some cases the temperature may drop with increasing depth
Geothermal_gradient
Major landmass in the geological past
A paleocontinent or palaeocontinent is a distinct area of continental crust that existed as a major landmass in the geological past. There have been many
Paleocontinent
Hypothetical Neoarchaean supercontinent from about 2.8 billion years ago
by the accretion of Neoarchaean cratons and the formation of new continental crust. It comprised what later became Laurentia (the core of today's North
Kenorland
overlying continental crust heated and melted, producing large molten masses (magma). Being lighter and hotter than the ancient continental crust above it
Gold_in_California
Mythical lost continent
Earth's crust consists of lighter "sial" rocks (continental crust rich in aluminium silicates) that float on heavier "sima" rocks (oceanic crust richer
Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)
Partitioning of elements in a mineral
implied. Thus incompatible elements are those that are enriched in the continental crust and depleted in the mantle. Examples include: rubidium, barium, uranium
Compatibility_(geochemistry)
Large continental mass mainly undersea
A submerged continent or a sunken continent is a region of continental crust, extensive in size but mainly undersea. The terminology is used by some paleogeologists
Submerged_continent
American geologist
supervisor, Stuart Ross Taylor, studied the upper continental crust. Rudnick was inspired to study the deep crust below, and chose to investigate granulites
Roberta_Rudnick
German geologist (1939–2019)
problems around the world. His research focused on the tectonics of the continental crust, geochronology, geochemistry, palaeomagnetism, structural geology
Alfred_Kröner
Mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock
igneous material. It typically occurs in the deeper parts of the continental crust, commonly within Precambrian cratonic blocks, and represents a transitional
Migmatite
Layer in a newly formed planet
formation of early continental crust. The chemical composition of the primitive mantle contains characteristics of both the crust and the mantle. One
Primitive_mantle
Second era of the Archean Eon
some evidence of being above the surface, over 90 percent of Archean continental crust has been destroyed, making the existence of exposed land practically
Paleoarchean
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