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Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages
delimiters. In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (sound change) that
High_German_consonant_shift
Topics referred to by the same term
German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift Vowel shift This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Consonant shift. If
Consonant_shift
Sound shift in the Germanic languages
First Germanic Consonant Shift or First Germanic Sound Shift, is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed
Grimm's_law
German dialect
Central German. It has only partly undergone the High German (HG) consonant shift but has had a different vowel development than most other German dialects
Central_Hessian
Declensions in the Latvian language
makes the trill sound (/r/) the only coronal consonant that does not undergo stem-final consonant shift. For example, the gen.pl. of cepure "hat" is cepuru
Latvian_declension
Pronunciation change in English between 1350 and 1700
today. Through this extensive vowel shift, the pronunciation of all Middle English long vowels altered. Some consonant sounds also changed, specifically
Great_Vowel_Shift
Group of languages
the fricative allophone of /b/, shifts to [v], but probably only in certain dialects, as the High German consonant shift reflects a [β] > [b] change in
West_Germanic_languages
West Germanic language
North Germanic languages, Low German has not undergone the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Standard High German, which is based on High German
Low_German
West Germanic language family
Mexico, Chile, and Namibia. High German is marked by the High German consonant shift, separating it from Low German and Low Franconian (including Dutch)
High_German_languages
German Dialect
tongue. Siegerländisch has only partially undergone the High German consonant shift. p → pf - This sound change has not occurred in Siegerländisch. See
Siegerländisch
Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation (mostly lenition but also assimilation) found
Consonant_gradation
Proto-Germanic sound law
Verner's Law must have occurred before the shift of stress to the first syllable: the voicing of the new consonant in Proto-Germanic is conditioned by which
Verner's_law
Dialect of Low German
have been shifted to /j/ and /c/ (the latter has been written as kj or tj), even if there is another consonant between the vowel and the consonant. An intervocalic
Plautdietsch
West Germanic language
between" them. Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely
Dutch_language
German dialect of Berlin, Germany
regions, Berlin German does not exhibit all features of the High German consonant shift, retaining some older features, such as geminate 'p' [pp], as in Appel
Berlin_German
Sound changes affecting each other
frontness). However, chain shifts can also occur in consonants. A famous example of such a shift is the well-known First Germanic Sound Shift or Grimm's Law, in
Chain_shift
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
spirant law Canaanite shift Cot-caught merger Dahl's law Grassmann's law Great Vowel Shift (English) Grimm's law High German consonant shift Kluge's law Onbin
Sound_change
consonant shift (High German languages) Also, second Germanic consonant shift; second consonant shift; Grimm's second sound shift; second sound shift
Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages
Glossary_of_sound_laws_in_the_Indo-European_languages
West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 10th centuries
to the advent of the High German consonant shift, which took place between 600 and 700 CE. After this consonant shift the Frankish dialect diverges, with
Frankish_language
West Germanic language
distinguish the Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The
German_language
Phonetic feature
palatization is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be
Palatalization_(phonetics)
Historical ethnic grouping of Germanic tribes
experienced the High German consonant shift that defines modern High German languages. However, before the advent of this consonant shift, the dialects of all
Suebi
German isogloss line
because Benrath is the place where it crosses the Rhine. The High German consonant shift (3rd to 9th centuries AD), in which the (northern) Low German dialects
Benrath_line
Earliest stage of the German language
West Germanic dialects that had undergone the set of consonantal changes called the Second Sound Shift. At the start of this period, dialect areas reflected
Old_High_German
Dialect group in Central Germany
Central German is distinguished by having experienced the High German consonant shift to a lesser degree than Upper German. It is spoken in the linguistic
Central_German
Language family native to Eurasia
Germanic languages, the Germanic sound shift changed the realization of all stop consonants, with each consonant shifting to a different one: *bʰ → *b → *p
Indo-European_languages
Northern Norway, leaving the palatal lateral [ʎ]. The second consonant in the consonant clusters /nd/, /ld/, and /nɡ/ has assimilated to the first across
Norwegian_dialects
Consonant sound change
lenis Apophony Begadkefat Chain shift Consonant mutation Germanic spirant law Grimm's Law High German consonant shift Historical linguistics Rendaku –
Lenition
Germanic people from the Lower Rhine
prior to the advent of the High German consonant shift, which took place in the 7th century. After this consonant shift the Frankish dialects diverged. The
Franks
Benrath line are dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the dialect continuum that connects High German to the neighboring
German_dialects
Language family
Germanic consonant shift into Low, Middle and High Franconian, with the use of Low signifying that this category did not participate in the sound shift. The
Low_Franconian
Branch of the Indo-European language family
varieties had completed the second sound shift, while the northern varieties remained unaffected by the consonant shift. The North Germanic languages, on the
Germanic_languages
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
together form the First Germanic Consonant Shift. A second, and chronologically later Second Germanic Consonant Shift ... affected only Proto-Germanic
Proto-Germanic_language
Historical category of northern European peoples
This culture existed around the same time that the First Germanic Consonant Shift is theorized to have occurred, leading to recognizably Germanic languages
Germanic_peoples
Sounds spelled with the digraph ⟨th⟩
German consonant shift, again by analogy with the way Latin represented the Greek sound. It also appeared in early modern Swedish before a final shift to
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨th⟩
Indo-European language
Franconian based on the absence or presence of the Second Germanic consonant shift. With the exception of Dutch, modern linguistic research has challenged
Old_Dutch
Consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative
IPA: Affricate consonants IPA help audio help full chart template This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Affricate
Historical form of High German
or /s/-like sound which arose from Germanic /t/ in the High German consonant shift. This character has no counterpart in the original manuscripts, which
Middle_High_German
Surname list
later evolved into the more common surname Pfister via the High German consonant shift that transformed the "p" into "pf". Hermann Pister (1885–1948), German
Pister
conquest of England in 1066) on English as well as the High German consonant shift. In recent years, however, many English words have been borrowed directly
List of German expressions in English
List_of_German_expressions_in_English
Low Franconian dialect group
distinguished from Ripuarian proper by their consonantism that has not been affected by the High German consonant shift. The scope of South Low Franconian is
South_Low_Franconian
South/Eastern branch of Low Franconian spoken in and around Limburg
definition, is their partial participation in the Second Germanic consonant shift, which spread concentrically from Cologne northwestwards, diminishing
Limburgish
Term referring to several West Germanic varieties
language, which was spoken by the Franks, is unclear. High German consonant shift, with Low Franconian (including Dutch and Afrikaans) not participating
Franconian_(linguistics)
Distinctive differences between neighbouring Rhenish dialects
of dialects, according to the differing extent of the High German consonant shift, is particularly pronounced. It is known as the Rhenish fan (German:
Rhenish_fan
Group of German dialects
consonant shift: West Germanic medial/final p, t, k shifted to f, s, ch (offen, Wasser, machen), and initial t together with medial/final tt shifted to
Hessian_dialects
Letter of the Latin alphabet; used in the German language
the voiceless s of certain accents. As a result of the High German consonant shift, Old High German developed a sound generally spelled ⟨zz⟩ or ⟨z⟩ that
ß
German language begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German consonant shift. Old High German, Middle High German, and Early New High German span
History_of_German
Isogloss in German dialectology
[ç]) (south of the line). This sound shift is the one that progressed the furthest north among the consonant shifts which characterize High German and Middle
Uerdingen_line
Italian dish
6th century AD by the invading Lombards. The shift b→p could be explained by the High German consonant shift, and it has been noted in this connection that
Pizza
Topics referred to by the same term
of the early languages except for Gothic) Great Vowel Shift (English) High German consonant shift Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (attested in Old English
Germanic_sound_shifts
Carolingian emperor from 800 to 814
German, showing varying degrees of participation in the High German consonant shift, as well as certain similarities with Old Dutch, the presumed language
Charlemagne
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant: /z/, /d/, /l/, or /n/) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment. The
Rhotacism
Dutch creole in Indonesia
Petjo has a different consonant pronunciation compared to Dutch. Below is a shift in the pronunciation of voiced consonants to voiceless in Petjo. The
Petjo
Orthography used in writing the German language
alveolo-palatal consonant [ɕ] or [ʑ] unlike the voiceless alveolar sibilant /s/ that had developed in the High German consonant shift. In the Late Middle
German_orthography
Old English (Anglo-Saxon) and related Old Frisian, the High German consonant shift, and the relatively conservative (in respect to common West Germanic)
History_of_the_Dutch_language
Language group
German consonant shift. This language family effectively joined into the greater West Germanic language continuum, from which the consonant shifts spread
Weser–Rhine_Germanic
Weather-god in Proto-Indo-European mythology
Vennemann, Theo. (2008). Lombards and consonant shift: A Unified Account of the High Germanic Consonant Shift. In: 18th International Conference on Historical
Proto-Indo-European thunder god
Proto-Indo-European_thunder_god
Phone (speech sound)
release of a denti-alveolar consonant is not abrupt, the tongue may peel off from the roof of the mouth from back to front and shift from an alveolar to a dental
Laminal_consonant
Group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family
southern parts of the Black Forest in Germany). Complete the High German consonant shift by fricativising initial /k/ to [x]. Subvariants: Bernese German Zurich
Alemannic_German
Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland
completed the High German consonant shift; exceptions are all Highest Alemanic dialects. Unlike Standard German, which has only shifted t to [t͡s] or [s] and
Swiss_German
Cyrillic letter
German ⟨z⟩ and ⟨tz⟩ (which in turn both came from the High German consonant shift), in words borrowed from German, such as цинк (Zink), плац (Platz)
Tse_(Cyrillic)
East Central Deutsch dialect
varies from place to place depending on the grade of the High German consonant shift: Meißen dialect, which remained in the former margraviate after the
Upper_Saxon_German
1983 book by Peter Sloterdijk
philosophical discussion. Repeatedly, Sloterdijk points to the etymological consonant shift from the "K" of the Greek term kunikos to the "C" of the modern cynic
Critique_of_Cynical_Reason
Phonological sound change
siga. In the High German consonant shift, voiceless stops /p, t, k/ spirantized to /f, s, x/ at the end of a syllable. The shift of /t/ to /s/ (as in English
Assibilation
Phonetic sound change
a sound change where a voiceless consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift in the opposite direction is referred
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
People of Germany
in the region near the Elbe river. It is likely that first Germanic consonant shift, which defines the Germanic language family, occurred during this period
Germans
Latin-script digraph
way was Old High German, before the final phase of the High German consonant shift, in which /θ/ and /ð/ came to be pronounced /d/. In early Old English
Th_(digraph)
German isogloss line
Pfaffenhofen and Pforzheim, lie mostly to the south. Benrath line High German consonant shift Sankt Goar line Uerdingen line Rolf Bergmann; Claudine Moulin; Nikolaus
Speyer_line
Surname list
Middle High German word phister, meaning baker, via the High German consonant shift that transformed the "p" into "pf". It is an occupational title based
Pfister_(surname)
Germanic language spoken from the 8th to 12th centuries
not participate in the High German consonant shift, and thus preserves stop consonants p, t, k that have been shifted in Old High German to various fricatives
Old_Saxon
Creative re-spelling of the word "fish"
in the spelling – gh and ti – are examples of consonant shifts, the gradual transformation of a consonant in a particular spoken context while retaining
Ghoti
Grammatical voice - Grave accent - Great consonant shift - Great Vowel Shift - Grimm's law - Guttural consonant Hacek - Heaps' law - Hermeneutics - Hiatus
Index_of_linguistics_articles
Speech sounds in several African languages
instead of the intended characters. Click consonants, or clicks, are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in
Click_consonant
North Germanic language
affricated [tsʰ] (as has happened in German with the second High German consonant shift from t to z). There is dialectal variation, and some Jutlandic dialects
Danish_language
Variety of West Central German
German, which did not fully undergo the High German consonant shift, several vowels and consonants in Pennsylvania Dutch differ when compared with Standard
Pennsylvania_Dutch_language
Family of High German languages
Langobardisch), extinct around 1000, has undergone the High German consonant shift, it is also often classified as Upper German. A competing view is that
Upper_German
Constituent duchy of the Kingdom of Germany during the 10th century
History of Modern Germany: The Reformation, 1982, p. 4. The High German consonant shift at this time was in its final phase, and would generate the so-called
Stem_duchy
Former German coin or note (9th century-2002)
pronunciation and spelling is a result of the High German consonant shift or second Germanic sound shift which affected the High German dialects of what is now
Pfennig
Variety of Central German
Amana Colonies. East Central German Limburgish language High German consonant shift Dubenion-Smith, Shannon A. (June 2010). "Verbal Complex Phenomena in
West_Central_German
Dialect of Alemannic German
of the High Alemannic dialects is the completion of the High German consonant shift, for instance chalt [xalt] 'cold' vs. Low Alemannic and standard German
High_Alemannic_German
Comparison of Scandinavian languages
Danish pronunciation of initial t as [tsʰ], similar to the High German consonant shift wherein German changed t to z/tz (cf. Danish tid, German Zeit). Meanwhile
Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish
Comparison_of_Danish,_Norwegian_and_Swedish
Latin letter Z with hook
nearly identical to ⟨ʒ⟩) in Paul (1918). Middle High German High German consonant shift Middle High German literature Ʒ (ezh) Ɀ (z with swash tail) Ⱬ (z with
Z_with_hook
Extinct Germanic language
for the High German consonant shift. The Historia Langobardorum of Paulus Diaconus mentions a duke Zaban of 574, showing /t/ shifted to /ts/. The term stolesazo
Lombardic_language
Group of West Germanic languages
neuter ending reflects a Proto-West Germanic -at with the High German consonant shift). Additionally, in North Sea Germanic the neuter plural has no ending
North_Sea_Germanic
Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in western Odisha, India
which appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart Consonant shift- shift of 'ḷ' phoneme to 'l' Word Final Vowel Deletion(Schwa deletion Apocope)-
Sambalpuri_language
Surname list
or Old Spanish origin, as the orthographic change to -ez (and the consonant shift from X to J) was revised in Spain only in the late 18th century. This
Jiménez_(surname)
Peninsula on the Baltic coast of Jutland
English than German is, since it was not affected by the High German consonant shift. Before the 9th century Angeln was inhabited by the Angles, who spoke
Angeln
Extinct language in Egypt
/ˈjaːtVj/ 'father'). In Middle Egyptian (2055–1650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. By the beginning of the Middle Kingdom period, /z/ and
Egyptian_language
Consonant which either forms a syllable by itself or is the nucleus of a syllable
A syllabic consonant, or vocalic consonant, is a consonant that forms the nucleus of a syllable on its own, like the m, n and l in some pronunciations
Syllabic_consonant
Reconstructed language
significant in the formation of the Glottalic Theory. The Armenian Consonant Shift has often been compared to the famous Grimm's Law in Germanic, because
Proto-Armenian_language
Dialects of the Pashto language
Neil MacKenzie, a consonant shift took place in the northern parts of Pashtunistan in several phases in the medieval era. During the shift, the retroflex
Pashto_dialects
Consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip
Araki, Nese), the sound shift went further in languages such as Tolomako, which shifted the linguolabials to full alveolar consonants: *b > *[p] > p̈ [t̼]
Linguolabial_consonant
Line in Dante's Inferno
Hebrew letter א (a) (compare Phoenician alep and Greek alpha). The consonant shift here is comparable to that in Giuseppe, the Italian version of the
Pape_Satàn,_pape_Satàn_aleppe
Germanic people
among the earliest testimonies of Old High German. The High German consonant shift is thought to have originated around the fifth century either in Alemannia
Alemanni
Dutch remained the most similar to Frankish, avoiding the High German consonant shift. Although few records remain in Old Dutch, Middle Dutch and extensive
Evolution_of_languages
Dialect group
have not been affected by the High German consonant shift. The areas affected by the High German consonant shift are still expanding today, especially the
East_Low_German
East Central German dialect group
highly-idiosyncratic, melodic intonation of sentences. The second German consonant shift manifested itself in a manner different from that elsewhere in the
Thuringian_dialect
Group of German varieties
before /m, n, l, r/, which is an extension of the High German consonant shift to velar consonants. Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in certain Bavarian
Bavarian_language
Developmental stage of Low German
shift; they have broken with their Low German past. But they cannot completely deny it; some remnants have also persisted in the issue of consonant shift
Middle_Low_German
Dialect of the city of Basel, Switzerland
Basel German did not complete the second Germanic sound shift (High German consonant shift). Nowadays, many speakers pronounce the /x-/ (or [χ], to be
Basel_German
CONSONANT SHIFT
CONSONANT SHIFT
Boy/Male
Latin Spanish English
Constant.
Boy/Male
Indian
Constant
Boy/Male
Latin English
Constant.
Girl/Female
Spanish Italian
Constant.
Boy/Male
Welsh
Constant.
Surname or Lastname
French and English
French and English : from a medieval personal name (Latin Constans, genitive Constantis, meaning ‘steadfast’, ‘faithful’, present participle of the verb constare ‘stand fast’, ‘be consistent’). This was borne by an 8th-century Irish martyr. This surname has also absorbed some cases of surnames based on Constantius, a derivative of Constans, borne by a 2nd-century martyr, bishop of Perugia. Compare Constantine.English : perhaps also a nickname from Old French constant ‘steadfast’, ‘faithful’.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Constant
Boy/Male
Latin
Constant.
Boy/Male
Latin Greek
Constant.
Girl/Female
Indian
Constant
Girl/Female
Latin
Constant.
Girl/Female
Irish
Constant.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nityagopal | நிதà¯à®¯à®•à¯‹à®ªà®¾à®²Â
Constant
Nityagopal | நிதà¯à®¯à®•à¯‹à®ªà®¾à®²Â
Girl/Female
Italian
Constant.
Boy/Male
Latin
Constant.
Boy/Male
Russian
Constant.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Constant
Girl/Female
Latin
Constant.
Boy/Male
English Latin
Steady; stable.
Girl/Female
Irish
Constant.
CONSONANT SHIFT
CONSONANT SHIFT
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Sweet Voice; True Saying
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
A Flower; Tree Heaven; Name of Ganesha
Male
Hindi/Indian
(पलà¥à¤²à¤µ) Hindi name PALLAV means "budding leaf."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim
Prosperous; Successful
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu, Traditional
Garden
Boy/Male
Tamil
Gopi Nath | கோபீ நாத
King of the world, Milkmaid friends of Lord Krishna or cowherd
Boy/Male
Biblical
Festive, joyful.
Girl/Female
Indian
A smile
Boy/Male
Indian
Friendly, Entertaining, Friend or companion
Boy/Male
Irish
Black raven.
CONSONANT SHIFT
CONSONANT SHIFT
CONSONANT SHIFT
CONSONANT SHIFT
CONSONANT SHIFT
n.
A nonvocal consonant.
a.
Not consonant or agreeing; inconsistent; discordant.
a.
Of or pertaining to consonants; made up of, or containing many, consonants.
a.
Discordant; contrary; -- opposed to consonant.
a.
Agreeing; correspondent; harmonious; consonant.
n.
An agreeable combination of tones simultaneously heard; a consonant chord; consonance; harmony.
a.
Concordant; musical; consonant; as, harmonic sounds.
n.
An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also, a letter or character representing such a sound.
v. t.
To change into, or use as, a consonant.
a.
Having like sounds.
a.
harmonizing together; accordant; as, consonant tones, consonant chords.
n.
Alt. of Consonancy
a.
Having agreement; congruous; consistent; according; -- usually followed by with or to.
adv.
In a consonant, consistent, or congruous manner; agreeably.
n.
A nonsonant or nonvocal consonant.
a.
Not sonant.
a.
Vocally or musically concordant; agreeably consonant; symphonious.
a.
Consonant to justice; just; as, a rightful cause.
a.
Of the nature of a consonant; pertaining to consonants.
superl.
Sonant; vocal; -- applied to any one of the sonant or vocal consonants, as distinguished from a nonsonant (or sharp) consonant.