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Study of the physical processes in atmospheric clouds
Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, evolution and impacts of atmospheric clouds, including precipitation and
Cloud_physics
Visible mass of particles suspended in the atmosphere
is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology. The World Meteorological Organization uses two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers
Cloud
Weather phenomenon involving electrostatic discharge
Intra-cloud (IC) or in-cloud – Within a single thundercloud Cloud-to-cloud (CC) or inter-cloud – Between two clouds Cloud-to-ground (CG) – Between a cloud and
Lightning
Merging of droplets, bubbles or particles
coalescence has been studied with the aid of high-speed photography. In cloud physics the main mechanism of collision is the different terminal velocity between
Coalescence_(physics)
Low-altitude horizontal cloud formation
An arcus cloud is a low, horizontal cloud formation, usually appearing as an accessory cloud to a cumulonimbus. Roll clouds and shelf clouds are the two
Arcus_cloud
Short-term state of the atmosphere
May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023. Rogers, R. (1989). A Short Course in Cloud Physics. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-0-7506-3215-7. "Mean
Weather
Precipitation in the form of ice crystal flakes
cold. Snow develops in clouds that themselves are part of a larger weather system. The physics of snow crystal development in clouds results from a complex
Snow
Genus of dense, towering vertical clouds
Cumulonimbus (from Latin cumulus 'swell' and nimbus 'cloud') is a dense, towering, vertical cloud, typically forming from water vapor condensing in the
Cumulonimbus_cloud
Sub-field of physics dealing with the atmosphere's structure, composition, and motion
propagation models, cloud physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics which are highly mathematical and related to physics. It has close links
Atmospheric_physics
Fraction of the sky obscured by clouds when observed from a particular location
Cloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage, or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds on average when observed from a
Cloud_cover
Main climate class
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Temperate_climate
Act of intentionally altering or manipulating the weather
Lei, Henchi; Xiao, Hui; Hong, Yanchao (February 2015). "Advances in Cloud Physics and Weather Modification in China". Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
Weather_modification
One of Earth's four temperate seasons
Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Mist Season Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology
Autumn
Particle detector for visualizing ionizing radiation
in Physics in 1936), used cloud chambers. The discovery of the kaon by George Rochester and Clifford Charles Butler in 1947 was made using a cloud chamber
Cloud_chamber
Weather modification that condenses clouds to cause rainfall
provided cloud physics, physical chemistry, and other field support. The High Plains Cooperative Pilot Project (HIPLEX) focused on convective cloud seeding
Cloud_seeding
Form of solid precipitation
0.CO;2. JSTOR 26182470. Rogers and Yau (1989). A Short Course in Cloud Physics. Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3215-1. Jim Mezzanotte
Hail
Condensed water vapor that falls from clouds
Bibcode:2012JGRD..117.6220B. doi:10.1029/2011jd016603. Paul Sirvatka (2003). "Cloud Physics: Collision/Coalescence; The Bergeron Process". College of DuPage. Retrieved
Precipitation
Study of the Earth's atmosphere
cloud physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics, each of which incorporate high levels of mathematics and physics. Atmospheric physics has
Atmospheric_science
British manufacturing chemist (1772–1864)
that "cloud formation and destruction were visible signs of atmospheric processes and were based on the laws of physics". Howard referred to cloud formation
Luke_Howard_(meteorologist)
Return of a perturbed system into equilibrium
content grow within the cloud and will thus consume the contained moisture. The dynamics of relaxation are very important in cloud physics for accurate mathematical
Relaxation_(physics)
Type of intense dust storm
the desert, forming a wall of airborne sediment that precedes the storm cloud. This wall of dust can be up to 100 km (62 mi) wide, and several kilometers
Haboob
Form of precipitation
9 December 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2010. Paul Sirvatka (2003). "Cloud Physics: Collision/Coalescence; The Bergeron Process". College of DuPage. Archived
Rain
Storm characterized by lightning
the Netherlands, 1973 M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers, Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, 1 January 1989,
Thunderstorm
Precipitation that forms when supercooled droplets of water freeze on a falling snowflake
However, both hail and graupel are common in thunderstorms with cumulonimbus clouds, though graupel also falls in winter storms, and at higher elevations as
Graupel
Thunderstorm where little to no precipitation reaches the ground
arid areas. The shaft of precipitation that can be seen falling from a cloud without reaching the ground is called "virga". A thunderstorm does not have
Dry_thunderstorm
Meteorological phenomenon
Retrieved 2009-03-17. Raymond A. Serway; John W. Jewett (1 January 2018). Physics for Scientists and Engineers. Cengage Learning. pp. 533–. ISBN 978-1-337-67171-2
Wind_direction
NLCs Night Shining Clouds
Noctilucent clouds (NLCs), or night shining clouds, are tenuous cloud-like phenomena in the upper atmosphere. When viewed from space, they are called
Noctilucent_cloud
Climatic effect causing a planet's atmosphere to trap heat and prevent cooling
understanding of the dynamics, thermodynamics, radiative transfer and cloud physics of hot and steamy atmospheres is weak," and that we "cannot therefore
Runaway_greenhouse_effect
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List of severe weather phenomena
List_of_severe_weather_phenomena
West African dry weather season
conditions: it lowers the humidity, dissipates cloud cover, prevents rainfall formation and sometimes creates big clouds of dust which can result in dust storms
Harmattan
South African atmospheric scientist
is a professor at Colorado State University. Her research considers cloud physics and mesoscale modelling. She is a fellow of the American Meteorological
Susan_van_den_Heever
Hottest of the four temperate seasons
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Summer
Ground-level cloud of ice crystals
Diamond dust is a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals. This meteorological phenomenon is also referred to simply as ice crystals and is reported
Diamond_dust
Light liquid precipitation
in diameter. Drizzle is normally produced by low stratiform clouds and stratocumulus clouds. Precipitation rates from drizzle are on the order of a millimetre
Drizzle
American academic
Berkeley in 1969 and a Ph.D. in physics at Cornell University in 1975 under Carl Sagan. His research interests are in cloud physics, atmospheric chemistry, and
Owen_Toon
Streak or shaft of precipitation that evaporates or sublimates before reaching the ground
mechanism in which ice crystals from upper mixed-phase clouds fall into lower-lying liquid clouds and then grow larger by riming or vapour deposition through
Virga
Change of state of matter from a gas phase into a liquid phase
or insulated glazing. Air well (condenser) Bose–Einstein condensate Cloud physics Condenser (heat transfer) DNA condensation Dropwise condensation Groasis
Condensation
Mediterranean wind
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Sirocco
High intensity conflagration
generating what is known as pyrocumulus clouds ("fire clouds") or, if large enough, pyrocumulonimbus ("fire storm") clouds. For example, the black rain that
Firestorm
Short and very intense rain
millimetres (2.0 in) per hour for longer rainfalls. The associated convective cloud can extend up to a height of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) above the ground. During
Cloudburst
American meteorologist
physics of clouds and precipitation. In 1958 he was appointed professor of meteorology and associate director of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics
Louis_J._Battan
Process of ice crystal growth in clouds
total mass). For other processes affecting particle size, see rain and cloud physics. The principle of ice growth through vapor deposition on ice crystals
Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process
Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen_process
American meteorologist (1906–1998)
synoptic weather analysis (weather forecasting), severe convective storms, cloud physics, and weather modification. Byers is most well known for his work as
Horace_R._Byers
Vortex or tornado occurring over a body of water
of water, usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud in contact with the water and a cumuliform cloud. There are two types of waterspout, each formed
Waterspout
American information technology company
2020. Burke, Steven (February 23, 2021). "HPE Acquires Cloud Assessment 'Crown Jewel' CloudPhysics". CRN. Retrieved February 24, 2021. "Hewlett Packard
Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise
One of the Earth's four temperate seasons
Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Mist Season Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology
Spring_(season)
Unit of measure used in weather radar
Retrieved May 18, 2026. M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers (1989). Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 190. ISBN 0750632151. "RIDGE
DBZ_(meteorology)
Thunderstorm cloud that forms above a heat source
cumulonimbus flammagenitus cloud (CbFg), also known as the pyrocumulonimbus cloud (PyroCb), is a type of cumulonimbus cloud that forms above a source of
Cumulonimbus_flammagenitus
British meteorologist (1923–2015)
Mason CB FRS (18 August 1923 – 6 January 2015) was a British expert on cloud physics. He was Director-General of the Meteorological Office from 1965 to 1983
John_Mason_(meteorologist)
Japanese orbiter mission to Venus (2010–2024)
studied the stratification of the atmosphere, atmospheric dynamics, and cloud physics. Astronomers working on the mission reported detecting a possible gravity
Akatsuki_(spacecraft)
Phase in the formation of low-mass stars
to the physics controlling their creation. Most of our Galaxy's star formation takes place in clusters and groups within large molecular clouds. These
Pre-stellar_core
Atmospheric scientist
research on cloud physics which informs global climate models and defines the processes leading to the formation of lightning from clouds. She is the
Marcia_Baker
Type of tornado not originating from a mesocyclone
occurring with a parent cloud in its growth stage and with its vorticity originating in the boundary layer. The parent cloud does not contain a preexisting
Landspout
Type of interstellar cloud
A molecular cloud—sometimes called a stellar nursery if star formation is occurring within—is a type of interstellar cloud of which the density and size
Molecular_cloud
Coldest of the four temperate seasons
January 2010. Kenneth G. Libbrecht (2001). "Morphogenesis on Ice: The Physics of Snow Crystals" (PDF). Engineering & Science (1): 12. Archived from the
Winter
Weather phenomenon viewed from distance
shaft is mostly found underneath convective clouds, such as cumulonimbus cloud or cumulus congestus cloud during a downpour storm, as these have well
Precipitation_shaft
Yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics
Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Mist Season Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology
Dry_season
Irish atmospheric physicist (1927–2012)
1927–2012) was an Irish professor of atmospheric physics who made contributions to remote sensing, cloud physics and inversion mathematics. The Twomey effect
Sean_A._Twomey
Australian geophysicist (1930–2022)
North Sydney Boys High School and Sydney University. He then joined the Cloud Physics Group, CSIRO Division of Radiophysics as a Research Officer. He was
Stewart_Turner
Thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone
circulates into the warm, moisture laden inflow, the cloud base will frequently form a wall, and the cloud base often experiences a lowering, which, in extreme
Supercell
Canadian physicist and meteorologist
1945 until his retirement in 1979, he was renowned for his research in cloud physics and precipitation, but especially for being a pioneer of weather radar
J._Stewart_Marshall
Precipitation consisting of small, translucent balls of ice
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Ice_pellets
Fast-flowing atmospheric air current
heat in the atmosphere. That vapor also condenses as droplets we know as clouds, which themselves trap more heat. The vapor is a big part of the amplification
Jet_stream
Mixture of snow and liquid water
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Slush
Strong wind
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Gale
Seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation
Michael Pidwirny (2008). CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes. Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine Physical
Monsoon
Form of precipitation consisting of rain and melting snow
Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Mist Season Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology
Rain_and_snow_mixed
Weather of freezing precipitation and extreme winds
rises up into the atmosphere, creating low pressure near the ground and clouds up in the air. The air can also be pushed upwards by hills or large mountains
Winter_storm
Academic journal
Meteorological Society. Applied research related to the physical meteorology, cloud physics, hydrology, weather modification, satellite meteorology, boundary layer
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
Journal_of_Applied_Meteorology_and_Climatology
Scottish meteorologist, physicist and marine engineer (1839–1919)
meteorologist, physicist and marine engineer. He was one of the founders of cloud physics and aerosol science, who built the first apparatus to measure the number
John_Aitken_(meteorologist)
Interstellar cloud in the Milky Way Galaxy
the heliosphere, nearby interstellar clouds, and physical processes in the inter–cloud medium". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1620 (1) 012010
Local_Interstellar_Cloud
Whirlwind induced by and often composed of fire
cumuliform cloud above. Fire whirls are not usually classifiable as tornadoes as the vortex in most cases does not extend from the surface to cloud base. Also
Fire_whirl
Meteorological research project
reports were prepared. These papers have included radar meteorology, cloud physics, hydrology/hydrometeorology, computer science, instrumentation, synoptic
Alberta_Hail_Project
Atmospheric phenomenon
air near the Earth's surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of
Fog
American scientist
atmospheric physics, especially relating to global climate change and long-range transport of aerosol material. He is Emeritus Professor of Physics and Atmospheric
Glenn_Edmond_Shaw
Disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere
of opposing forces can create winds and result in the formation of storm clouds such as cumulonimbus. Small localized areas of low pressure can form from
Storm
Division of the year
2011-05-13. Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2012). "Geometry and the physics of seasons". Physics Education. 47 (6): 680–692. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/47/6/680. S2CID 121230141
Season
Strong surface-level winds that radiate from a single point
sometimes downbursts emanate from cumulonimbus or even cumulus congestus clouds that are not producing lightning). Downbursts are most often created by
Downburst
Area of astronomical research
of atmospheric processes such as the greenhouse effect, aerosol and cloud physics, and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics. In September 2022, astronomers
Extraterrestrial_atmosphere
"greenhouse effect" in paragraph 2) cloud forest (cloud formation: see) nephology cloud physics cloud seeding cloud street cloud suck cloudburst (see "destruction"
Index_of_meteorology_articles
Type of storm
anticyclonic vortex. These cloud systems on Neptune are known as 'companion clouds' because they are formed similarly to the cloud structures on Earth that
Anticyclonic_storm
Violently rotating column of air
cumulus cloud. Tornadoes are often (but not always) visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the cloud base, with a cloud of rotating
Tornado
Yearly period of high rainfall
the AMMA 2006 wet season experiment" (PDF). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions: 17342. Archived from the original (PDF) on Feb 27, 2009. Retrieved
Wet_season
British atmosphere and climate physicist, poet (1937–2021)
droplets that begin to condense from it, rather than ice. A key problem in cloud physics was how to explain the rapid formation of droplets (something none of
John_Latham_(physicist)
Weather event characterized by freezing rain
Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Mist Season Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology
Ice_storm
Climate classification
Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Mist Season Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology
Polar_climate
Lightning produced by a volcanic eruption
volcanic lightning can also occur when there are no ice crystals in the ash cloud. The earliest recorded observations of volcanic lightning are from Pliny
Volcanic_lightning
Genus of clouds, low-level cloud
Cumulus clouds are clouds that have flat bases and are often described as puffy, cotton-like, or fluffy in appearance. Their name derives from the Latin
Cumulus_cloud
American linguist (born 2001)
Conservation. His mother studied air pollution, while his father was a cloud physics expert. His parents immigrated to the United States from Serbia in the
Adam_Aleksic
Type of whirlwind
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Dust_devil
British meteorologist and physicist (1869–1959)
physicist who shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Compton for his invention of the cloud chamber. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson was born
C._T._R._Wilson
Professor of Atmospheric Physics
form an interdisciplinary topic at the intersection of aerosol and cloud physics, solar-climate and internal-climate interactions, scientific sensor
Giles_Harrison
Scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting
and terrestrial radiation (absorption, reflection, and scattering). Cloud physics is another key area of investigation, alongside the study of aerosols
Meteorology
Swedish meteorologist (1888–1982)
Uppsala in Uppsala, Sweden who performed groundbreaking research in cloud physics. In particular, he performed both theoretical and experimental studies
Hilding_Köhler
Meteorological phenomenon
they react with other high altitude winds, causing a funnel to spin. A cloud forms over the funnel, making it visible. Minor whirlwind A minor whirlwind
Whirlwind
Sudden increase in atmospheric temperature
recognizing the events that precede them. Rain from a high convection cloud falls below cloud level and evaporates, cooling the air. Air parcels that are cooler
Heat_burst
Feedback between climate change and the effect of clouds on radiation
A cloud feedback is a climate change feedback where some aspects of cloud characteristics (e.g. cloud cover, composition or height) are altered due to
Cloud_feedback
in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics
American atmospheric scientist
work is mainly focused on hydrometeorology, mesoscale meteorology, cloud physics, land-atmosphere interaction, air pollution, wildfire modeling, and
Carmen_Nicole_Moelders
Region of rotation within a powerful thunderstorm
too large to be recognized when viewed from the ground, or may not carry clouds distinct enough from the surrounding calmer air to make the circulating
Mesocyclone
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