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Computational problem
The circuit value problem (or circuit evaluation problem) is the computational problem of computing the output of a given Boolean circuit on a given input
Circuit_value_problem
Classic NP-complete problem in computer science
computer science, the circuit satisfiability problem (also known as CIRCUIT-SAT, CircuitSAT, CSAT, etc.) is the decision problem of determining whether
Circuit satisfiability problem
Circuit_satisfiability_problem
Model of computation
The circuit value problem — the problem of computing the output of a given Boolean circuit on a given input string — is a P-complete decision problem. Therefore
Boolean_circuit
Model of computation
science, a circuit is a model of computation in which input values proceed through a sequence of gates, each of which computes a function. Circuits of this
Circuit_(computer_science)
Class in computational complexity theory
following problems that are P-complete under at least logspace reductions, either as given, or in a decision-problem form: Circuit value problem (CVP) –
P-complete
comparator circuit value problem (CCVP) is the problem of evaluating a comparator circuit given an encoding of the circuit and the input to the circuit. The
CC_(complexity)
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
find the values a = TRUE and b = FALSE, which make (a AND NOT b) = TRUE. In contrast, "a AND NOT a" is unsatisfiable. SAT is the first problem that was
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Game and demonstration of logic gates
sufficiently large. This follows because the game is P-complete by the circuit value problem and PSPACE-complete if an exponential number of marbles is allowed
Turing_Tumble
Logical operation
typewriter publications, e.g. Richard E. Ladner (January 1975). "The circuit value problem is log space complete for P". ACM SIGACT News. 7 (101): 18–20. doi:10
Negation
circuits and algorithms for learning such circuits. AC0 Boolean circuit Circuit satisfiability Circuit value problem Parity function Håstad, Johan (1986).
Switching_lemma
Programming language construct
the overall value must be true. In programming languages with lazy evaluation (Lisp, Perl, Haskell), the usual Boolean operators short-circuit. In others
Short-circuit_evaluation
Topics referred to by the same term
Customer value proposition Centerview Partners, an American independent investment banking firm Content Vectoring Protocol Closest vector problem Circuit value
CVP
Cryptographic protocol for two-party computation
The term "garbled circuit" was first used by Beaver, Micali, and Rogaway in STOC'90. Yao's protocol solving Yao's Millionaires' Problem was the beginning
Garbled_circuit
Resistor Inductor Capacitor Circuit
conditions of the specific problem being analysed. That is, they are set by the values of the currents and voltages in the circuit at the onset of the transient
RLC_circuit
Type of computational problem
Boolean formula, is there a truth-value assignment such that it evaluates to True?". The corresponding counting problem, called #SAT, asks: "Given a Boolean
Counting_problem_(complexity)
Engineering process
certain value of a component may be calculated for use in some location in a circuit; if that value cannot be purchased from a supplier, then the problem has
Circuit_design
Mathematical topics based on the works of George Boole
circuit, a mathematical model for digital logical circuits. Boolean expression, an expression in a programming language that produces a Boolean value
Boolean
Type of computational algorithm
true for the standard proof showing that the SAT problem is NP-complete, and that the circuit value problem is P-complete. This is also often the case for
Log-space_reduction
Subfield of cryptography
circuit is computed as follows. The main ingredient is a double-keyed symmetric encryption scheme. Given a gate of the circuit, each possible value of
Secure multi-party computation
Secure_multi-party_computation
Concept in economics
Theories of Surplus Value (which was subsequently published as Capital, Volume IV), and features in his Capital, Volume I (1867). The problem of explaining
Surplus_value
Theory in classical and Marxian economics
neo-Ricardian economics, which focus on the "transformation problem" of reconciling values with prices. The LTV continues to be a foundation of Marxian
Labor_theory_of_value
Electrical wiring technique
for all types of circuit topologies, in which the cable is at a higher amperage loading than the protective device's (breaker) value. In the United Kingdom
Ring_circuit
System including an indeterminate value
the problem of future contingents to represent the truth value of statements about the undetermined future. Bruno de Finetti used a third value to represent
Three-valued_logic
When a system's behavior depends on timing of uncontrollable events
thesis "The synthesis of sequential switching circuits". Race conditions can occur especially in logic circuits or concurrent or distributed software programs
Race_condition
Unsolved problem in computer science
Unsolved problem in computer science If the solution to a problem can be checked in polynomial time, must the problem be solvable in polynomial time? More
P_versus_NP_problem
Type of logic circuit
automata theory, sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose output depends on the present value of its input signals and on the sequence of past inputs
Sequential_logic
needed to retrieve an expectation value of the cut circuit which is close to the result expected from the uncut circuit scales as O ( κ 2 ) {\displaystyle
Quantum_circuit_cutting
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization
The problem is of considerable practical importance, apart from evident transportation and logistics areas. A classic example is in printed circuit manufacturing:
Travelling_salesman_problem
Problem in computer science
Because this problem assumes the existence of a highly-structured "black box" oracle to achieve its speedup, this problem has little practical value. However
Simon's_problem
Task of computing complete subgraphs
In computer science, the clique problem is the computational problem of finding cliques (subsets of vertices, all adjacent to each other, also called complete
Clique_problem
Electronic circuit with two stable states
flip-flops and latches are circuits that have two stable states that can store state information – a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made to change
Flip-flop_(electronics)
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from
Problem_solving
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
quicksort addresses the problem of sorting a list of integers. The worst-case is when the pivot is always the largest or smallest value in the list (so the
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Misaligned timing signals from different paths
each memory element reaches its final value in time for the next clock tick so that the behavior of the whole circuit can be predicted exactly. The maximum
Clock_skew
Motorsport track in Bahrain
strip. The circuit posed a unique problem. Positioned in the middle of a desert, there were worries that sand would blow onto the circuit and disrupt
Bahrain_International_Circuit
Skolem problem: can an algorithm determine if a constant-recursive sequence contains a zero? The values of g(k) and G(k) in Waring's problem Do the Ulam
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
Fault in a computer system that presents different symptoms to different observers
failed. The term takes its name from an allegory, the "Byzantine generals problem", developed to describe a situation in which, to avoid catastrophic failure
Byzantine_fault
Electronic design automation method
lines in a circuit is assumed to be stuck at a fixed logic value, regardless of what inputs are supplied to the circuit. Hence, if a circuit has n signal
Automatic test pattern generation
Automatic_test_pattern_generation
Processes by which design concepts are developed
that has been developed about how people reason when engaging with design problems. Design thinking is also associated with prescriptions for the innovation
Design_thinking
Study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set
Mathematical_optimization
Process in digital electronics and integrated circuit design
ultimately produce the same results as the original one. The problem with having a complicated circuit (i.e. one with many elements, such as logic gates) is
Logic_optimization
Measure of how well an object, per unit of area, resists conductive flow of heat
R-values is especially a problem when defining the energy efficiency of an existing building. Especially in older or historic buildings the R-values defined
R-value_(insulation)
Electronic circuit that behaves chaotically
Chua's circuit (also known as a Chua circuit) is a simple electronic circuit that exhibits classic chaotic behavior. This means roughly that it is a "nonperiodic
Chua's_circuit
short-circuit current is the value of the alternating current component of a prospective current, which a switch without integral short-circuit protection
Conditional short-circuit current
Conditional_short-circuit_current
Philosophical paradox regarding free will
electric circuit must decide between two states based on an input that is in itself undefined (neither zero nor one). Metastability becomes a problem if the
Buridan's_ass
Branch of computational complexity theory
because the problem can be solved efficiently (i.e., in polynomial time) for constant values of the fixed parameter. A parameterized problem that allows
Parameterized_complexity
Engineering process for electronic hardware
Integrated circuit design, semiconductor design, chip design or IC design, is a sub-field of electronics engineering, encompassing the particular logic
Integrated_circuit_design
Optimization algorithms using quantum computing
{\displaystyle X} to be smaller than a specified value b k {\displaystyle b_{k}} (given as an input). Finally, the SDP problem can be written as: min X ∈ S n ⟨ C
Quantum optimization algorithms
Quantum_optimization_algorithms
Operation in Boolean circuit theory
formula. This reduces the problem of circuit satisfiability on any circuit (including any formula) to the satisfiability problem on 3-CNF formulas. It was
Tseytin_transformation
Racing circuit in Indonesia
a MotoGP circuit in Mandalika Special Economic Zone, Lombok with an investment value of 6.5 trillion Rupiah. The construction of the circuit was expected
Mandalika International Street Circuit
Mandalika_International_Street_Circuit
Subroutine for testing independence
elements, and returns as output a Boolean value, true if the given set is a circuit and false otherwise. The circuit-finding oracle of Edmonds (1965) takes
Matroid_oracle
Electronic systems with a continuously variable signal
long as the signal stays inside a range of values, it represents the same information. In digital circuits the signal is regenerated at each logic gate
Analogue_electronics
Concept in theoretical computer science
3, 4, 5, 6 of Chapter 9, p. 396. Problem 3 is to "show that the busy beaver problem is unsolvable... for all values of n." Ben-Amram, A. M.; Petersen
Busy_beaver
Device that routes electric current around a point in a circuit
would be considered series resistors in this circuit. An ammeter shunt allows the measurement of current values too large to be directly measured by a particular
Shunt_(electrical)
Undesirable effect in digital logic
synchronous[citation needed] and asynchronous circuits. Logic hazards are manifestations of a problem in which changes in the input variables do not
Hazard_(logic)
Type of electronic amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor
is another problem associated with such high-gain circuits due to any unintentional positive feedback that may be present. Other problems associated with
Common_emitter
Instrument used for measuring voltage
an electric circuit. It is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance so that it takes negligible current from the circuit. Analog voltmeters
Voltmeter
Propositional calculus in which there are more than two truth values
implementation using many-valued circuits. However, the practicality of these potential advantages heavily depends on the availability of circuit realizations, which
Many-valued_logic
Circuit used to measure inductance
inductance in the circuit components, so locate the circuit remotely from any of these. The frequency dependence of inductance values gives rise to other
Maxwell_bridge
Intense period of design or planning activity
collaborative process by which a group of designers draft a solution to a design problem, and in a broader sense can be applied to the development of public policy
Charrette
Digital circuit without clock cycles
engineering. Asynchronous circuits are contrasted with synchronous circuits, in which changes to the signal values in the circuit are triggered by repetitive
Asynchronous_circuit
List of quantum computing algorithms
including algorithms, algorithmic techniques, computational models, and problem frameworks used in quantum computing. A quantum algorithm is an algorithm
List_of_quantum_algorithms
Test to ensure electrical sub-systems have a specified level of resistance
acceptable resistance value is usually specified (typically in the mega ohm (MΩ) range per circuit tested). Multiple circuits having a common return
Electrical_isolation_test
Class in computational complexity theory
constraint that the circuit family must be uniform (see below). Just as the class P can be thought of as the tractable problems (Cobham's thesis), so
NC_(complexity)
Electrical safety device used in household wiring
circuit breaker (RCCB) or ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is an electrical safety device, more specifically a form of earth-leakage circuit breaker
Residual-current_device
other NP-completeness results. Circuit satisfiability problem Conjunctive Boolean query Cyclic ordering Exact cover problem. Remains NP-complete for 3-sets
List_of_NP-complete_problems
Types of electrical circuits
can be near short circuit conditions and high circulating currents for both positive and negative values of M, which can cause problems. More than three
Series_and_parallel_circuits
Combinatorial optimization problem
same non-zero (constant) value and all distances are equal to the respective distances of the TSP instance. Many other problems of standard combinatorial
Quadratic_assignment_problem
Planned operator–machine interaction
involves assessing matters from the target audience's viewpoint, defining a problem statement, ideating potential solutions, prototyping wireframes, and testing
User_interface_design
Set of problems solved by small circuits
two areas. In the perspective of circuit complexity, P/poly is the class of problems that can be solved by small circuits. More precisely, it is the set
P/poly
Electronic component
leakage, a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits, particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used. In many vacuum tube circuits, interstage
Capacitor
Management paradigm
Gain agreement on the problem Gain agreement on the direction for a solution Gain agreement that the solution solves the problem Agree to overcome any
Theory_of_constraints
Art of designing and creating jewellery
Usage-centered Use-centered User-centered Empathic User innovation Value-driven Value sensitive Privacy by Quality by Secure by Design choice computing
Jewellery_design
Mathematical problem
problem (also referred to as the Frobenius coin problem or Frobenius problem, after the mathematician Ferdinand Frobenius) is a mathematical problem that
Coin_problem
Reverse-engineering without infringing copyright
until Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240 (3rd Circuit Court 1983). The three settlements by IBM, and the legal clean-room PC
Clean-room_design
Electrical device used to detect the presence of trains on rail tracks
the departing track circuit before it appears in the arriving track circuit, allowing false clear signals to be given. This problem can be overcome by
Track_circuit
Any logic with four truth values
cases. A four-valued logic was established by IEEE with the standard IEEE 1364: It models signal values in digital circuits. The four values are 1, 0, Z
Four-valued_logic
Framework for systems engineering
engineering process. The concept is an example of value sensitive design, i.e. taking human values into account in a well-defined manner throughout the
Privacy_by_design
Law of electrical current and voltage
are circuit elements that impede the passage of electric charge in agreement with Ohm's law, and are designed to have a specific resistance value R. In
Ohm's_law
Impossible task in computing
mathematics and computer science, the Entscheidungsproblem (German for 'decision problem'; pronounced [ɛntˈʃaɪ̯dʊŋspʁoˌbleːm]) is a challenge posed by David Hilbert
Entscheidungsproblem
Overarching scheme that guides the design of a complement of products
Usage-centered Use-centered User-centered Empathic User innovation Value-driven Value sensitive Privacy by Quality by Secure by Design choice computing
Design_language
2001 video game
further value, Nintendo World Report noted performance problems, which they said were enough to hinder gameplay. Critics enjoyed Super Circuit's gameplay
Mario_Kart:_Super_Circuit
Mental process of problem solving
Creative problem-solving is the mental process of searching for an original and previously unknown solution to a problem. To qualify, the solution must
Creative_problem-solving
Approach for designing software
unacceptable input values or types, and their meanings Return values or types, and their meanings Error and exception condition values or types that can
Design_by_contract
Design principle preferring simplicity
Animation: The Illusion of Life, a considerable work of the genre. The problem faced is that inexperienced animators may "over-animate" in their works;
KISS_principle
Digital circuit optimisation
has a value corresponding to the delay through the combinational circuit it represents. After doing this, one can attempt to optimize the circuit by pushing
Retiming
Problem easily dividable into parallel tasks
others. Amdahl's law defines value P, which would be almost or exactly equal to 1 for embarrassingly parallel problems. Cellular automaton Connection
Embarrassingly_parallel
Maximum number of disjoint dominating sets
computationally hard. Specifically, the following decision problem, known as the domatic number problem, is NP-complete: given a graph G {\displaystyle G} and
Domatic_number
Very general problem in computer science
that the hidden subgroup problem is solvable using a polynomial number of evaluations of the oracle. However, the circuits that implement this may be
Hidden_subgroup_problem
Approach to design that considers human needs at every step of development
Human-centered design, as used in ISO standards, is an approach to problem-solving commonly used in process, product, service and system design, management
Human-centered_design
Overall strategy utilized to carry out research
meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research problem, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design,
Research_design
Approach to web design for making web pages render well on a variety of devices
May 21, 2015. Young, James (August 13, 2012). "Top responsive web design problems... testing". .net Magazine. Rinaldi, Brian (September 26, 2012). "Browser
Responsive_web_design
Plan for the construction of an object or system
Traditional examples of designs are architectural and engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, sewing patterns, and less tangible artefacts such as business
Design
Passive electronic component providing electrical resistance
(c) potentiometer IEC resistor symbol The notation to state a resistor's value in a circuit diagram varies. One common scheme is the RKM code following IEC 60062
Resistor
Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false"
fundamental problem in the design of combinational logic circuits. Modern electronic design automation tools for very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits often
Boolean_algebra
Computer that uses ternary logic
have not surpassed the binary circuits. They wrote in the conclusion that Multi-valued circuits and two-valued circuits must not be seen as competitors
Ternary_computer
Electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit
diagnostic operations to verify the correct operation of a circuit or to test passive components for values in tolerance with their specifications. The first attested
Multimeter
Underwater diving using self contained breathing gas recycling apparatus
to "open circuit" and rinse the mouth out. Slow low-temperature start-up of the carbon dioxide-absorbing chemical. This is a particular problem with the
Rebreather_diving
circuits. It is a special case of zero-value time constant (ZVT) method technique when reactive elements consist of only capacitors. The zero-value time
Open-circuit time constant method
Open-circuit_time_constant_method
inhabitation problem for simply typed lambda calculus Integer circuit evaluation Word problem for linear bounded automata Word problem for quasi-realtime
List of PSPACE-complete problems
List_of_PSPACE-complete_problems
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
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