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Topic of study
size of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy, biological anthropology, animal science and evolution. Measuring brain size
Brain_size
Measurement used for rough estimate of the intelligence of an animal
within species or between fairly closely related species. Brain size usually increases with body size in animals (i.e. large animals usually have larger brains
Brain–body_mass_ratio
Relative brain size measure
is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear
Encephalization_quotient
Clade of reptiles
body sizes, and that brain size in dinosaurs was not smaller than expected when compared to living reptiles. Later research showed that relative brain size
Dinosaur
Characteristics of the brain that differentiate the male brain and the female brain
"The human brain shows highly reproducible sex differences in regional brain anatomy above and beyond sex differences in overall brain size" and that these
Neuroscience of sex differences
Neuroscience_of_sex_differences
Organ central to the nervous system
that are covered in the human brain article are brain disease and the effects of brain damage. The shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species
Brain
Sex-specific adaptations
percentage of gray matter appears to be more related to brain size than it is to sex. Differences in brain physiology between sexes do not necessarily relate
Sexual_dimorphism
Neurological factors responsible for intelligence
living brain structure and function (using fMRI) made this the pre-dominant and preferred method for measuring brain volume. Overall, larger brain size and
Neuroscience_and_intelligence
and females including size and strength, bodily proportions, hair distribution, breast differentiation, voice pitch, and brain size and structure. Other
Sexual dimorphism in human physiology
Sexual_dimorphism_in_human_physiology
Central organ of the human nervous system
(modern humans) was marked by a steady increase in brain size. As brain size increased, this altered the size and shape of the skull, from about 600 cm3 in
Human_brain
Overview of animal and human brain evolution
the brain is the progressive development and complexity of neural structures over millions of years, resulting in the diverse range of brain sizes and
Evolution_of_the_brain
Subfamily of mammals
the human brain shows that the brain of a human is about more than four times the size of great apes and 20 times larger than the brain size of old world
Homininae
Intellectual capacity of cetaceans
the influence of brain size into question. Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of brain to body mass may
Cetacean_intelligence
Brain of birds
The hindbrain connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord. The size and structure of the avian brain enables prominent behaviours of birds such
Avian_brain
Intelligence and awareness in elephants
multi-purpose trunks. An elephant brain weighs around 5 kg (11 lb), which is about four times the size of a human brain and the heaviest of any terrestrial
Elephant_cognition
Species of cartilaginous fish
oceanic manta has the largest brain of any fish, weighing up to 200 g (7.1 oz) (five to ten times larger than a whale shark brain.) Their brains are surrounded
Giant_oceanic_manta_ray
intelligence, providing evidence for generalizations made regarding brain/head-size and intelligence. Additionally, PET and fMRI studies have revealed
Neuroimaging intelligence testing
Neuroimaging_intelligence_testing
Set of phenotypical features likely to occur in geographically-isolated populations
Zealand alongside Richard Owen. Moa exhibited insular gigantism, small brain size and complete loss of wings including the stylopod element. The southern
Island_syndrome
Extinct small human species found in Flores
a pygmy and that the size of its skull was even so much more small due to pathological microcephaly, which produces a small brain and skull. Professor
Homo_floresiensis
Myth regarding human brain usage
with the large brain size (and therefore skull size) of humans, there would be a strong selection pressure against such a large brain size if less than
Ten-percent-of-the-brain_myth
Suggested cognitive limit important in sociology and anthropology
found a correlation between primate brain size and average social group size. By using the average human brain size and extrapolating from the results
Dunbar's_number
Measure of cognitive ability of cephalopods
"New research finds ecological factors, not social behaviour, explain brain size in cephalopods" "Peter Godfrey-Smith, Vivienne Reiner (PhD) "Octopuses
Cephalopod_intelligence
Evolution-related timelines
ago, the hominin brain began to develop rapidly in both size and differentiation of function. There has been a gradual increase in brain volume as humans
Evolution of human intelligence
Evolution_of_human_intelligence
Extinct species of archaic human
birthing children with a maximum prenatal brain size of 315 cc (19.2 cu in), about 30–50% of adult brain size, falling between chimpanzees (~40%) and modern
Homo_erectus
Discussions and claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines
"Intelligence and brain size in 100 postmortem brains: sex, lateralization and age factors". Brain. 129 (2): 386–398. doi:10.1093/brain/awh696. PMID 16339797
Race_and_intelligence
prolongations in juvenile behavior, and reductions in both total brain size and of particular brain regions. The set of traits used to define the animal domestication
Domestication_of_vertebrates
Extinct hominid from South Africa
evolution which held that large brain size and humanlike characteristics had developed rather early on, and that large brain size evolved before bipedalism
Australopithecus_africanus
History of measurements of humans
cranium size (measured in various ways) and intelligence as measured by IQ tests, although it is a weak correlation at about 0.2. Today, brain volume as
History_of_anthropometry
Species of shark
upper and lower jaws. This species has the smallest weight-for-weight brain size of any shark, reflecting its relatively passive lifestyle. Basking sharks
Basking_shark
Area of scientific research
area (controlling for body size) which compensates for smaller brain size. Meta-analysis and studies have found that brain size explains 6–12% of variance
Sex differences in intelligence
Sex_differences_in_intelligence
Archaic human species from 2.4 to 1.65 mya
gautengensis" of which only the former has received wide support. H. habilis brain size generally varied from 500 to 900 cm3 (31–55 cu in). The body proportions
Homo_habilis
Science fiction device in Asimov's work
Law deleted; they do not have to protect themselves from harm, and the brain size can be reduced by half.[citation needed] Robots that do not require orders
Positronic_brain
White matter tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum. The size, amount of myelination, and density of the fibers in the subregions relate to the functions of the brain regions they connect
Corpus_callosum
Evolutionary process
larger brain than that of other primates—typically 1,330 cm3 (81 cu in) in modern humans, nearly three times the size of a chimpanzee or gorilla brain. After
Human_evolution
Extinct species of hominin of East Africa
enamel of any known ape. P. boisei is the most robust of this group. Brain size was about 450–550 cc (27–34 cu in), similar to other australopithecines
Paranthropus_boisei
Emergence of religious behavior discussed in terms of natural evolution
consequence of a brain that is large enough to formulate religious and philosophical ideas. During human evolution, the hominid brain tripled in size, peaking
Evolutionary origin of religion
Evolutionary_origin_of_religion
Extinct single-species genus of primate
zeuxis is thought to have been sexually dimorphic. Tooth size, craniofacial morphology, brain size, and body mass all indicate this. Due to A. zeuxis being
Aegyptopithecus
Infraorder of marine mammals
twice the size of Species A, its brain size will typically be somewhere between 60% and 70% higher. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the
Cetacean
Intellectual capacity of the domesticated cat
causal relationship between brain size and intelligence in vertebrates. Most experiments involving the relevance of brain size to intelligence hinge on the
Cat_intelligence
Hypothesis in evolutionary biology
relates brain and gut size in evolution (specifically in human evolution). It suggests that in order for an organism to evolve a large brain without a
Expensive_tissue_hypothesis
German-American paleontologist
of Brain Growth”. While Marsh argued that brain size increased from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, she postulated that one cannot compare the brain size
Tilly_Edinger
2020 studio album by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
G.L.W." Stu Mackenzie 1:37 2. "Automation" Mackenzie 3:30 3. "Minimum Brain Size" Joey Walker 4:19 4. "Straws in the Wind" Mackenzie Ambrose Kenny-Smith
K.G._(album)
Old Stone Age ''Homo sapiens''
wrinkling. Brain size in both Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans is significantly larger on average (but overlapping in range) than brain size in H
Early_modern_human
Hominid species or subspecies discovered in Dmanisi, Georgia
status of the Dmanisi hominins is somewhat unclear due to their small brain size, primitive skeletal architecture, and the range of variation exhibited
Dmanisi_hominins
Neoplasm in the brain
metastasis tumors. All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the size of the tumor and the part of the brain that is involved. Where
Brain_tumor
South African archaic human species
(88 lb) in weight, yielding a small relative brain size, encephalization quotient, of 4.5. H. naledi brain anatomy seems to have been similar to contemporary
Homo_naledi
centuries. One early suggestion was brain size (or weight, which provides the same ordering.) A second proposal was brain-to-body-mass ratio, and a third
List of animals by number of neurons
List_of_animals_by_number_of_neurons
Protein domain implicated in human brain evolution
sites for early humans, to reflect data indicating its role in human brain size and evolution. Olduvai domains form the core of NBPF genes, which first
Olduvai_domain
3.2-million-year-old fossilized hominid
supports the view of human evolution that bipedalism preceded increase in brain size. A 2016 study proposes that Australopithecus afarensis was, at least partly
Lucy_(hominid)
Archaic human species from Asia
humans and australopithecines. The cranial capacity and therefore the brain size of the Denisovans was within the range of modern humans and Neanderthals
Denisovan
Upper portion of the human body
have shown that the functional diversity of the brain means that a difference in overall brain size is only slightly to moderately correlated to differences
Human_head
Informal classification of marine mammals, closely related to whales and porpoises
[clarification needed] Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an encephalization
Dolphin
Extinct genus of mammal
with the larger-brained and more social carnivorans. However, this is questionable as studies have found little evidence of brain size and sociality among
Megistotherium
New fish species identified from Myanmar
small size and unique features of this vertebrate’s brain. In addition to its small brain size, the brain of this fish species is externally visible due to
Danionella_cerebrum
2009 book by Richard Wrangham
existed with large brain volumes during time periods with little to no evidence of fire for cooking. Little variation exists in the brain sizes of H. erectus
Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human
Catching_Fire:_How_Cooking_Made_Us_Human
Hypothesis about human childbirth
upright) decreased the size of the bony parts of the birth canal. They also believe that as hominids' and humans' skull and brain sizes increased over the
Obstetrical_dilemma
Informal group of large marine mammals
brain size scales at approximately the 2⁄3 or 3⁄4 exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size
Whale
Medical condition
without the fetal skull and a volume of brain tissue equivalent to at least one-third of the normal brain size. Recent work has identified mutations in
Acrania
Archaic human fossil
smaller brain size, averaging at 950 cm3 (58 cu in); the largest recorded being from Asian specimen, H. e. soloensis, having 1,251 cm3 (76.3 cu in) brain size
Jinniushan_human
Protein with roles in formation and stability of microtubules
microtubules from the centrosome and has been found to be linked to human brain size variation in males. Multiple transcript variants exist for this gene,
CDK5RAP2
Extinct subtribe of the Hominini tribe
and were bipedal, and they were dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than that of modern non-human apes, with lesser encephalization
Australopithecine
Extinct order of mammals
studies have found brain size have little to no correlation with sociality in carnivorans, with the relative size of the anterior brain having a larger correlation
Hyaenodonta
of DNA sequence changes that may have resulted in evolution of the human brain and may provide a better understanding of the evolution of humans. Woolfe
HCONDELs
a single set diet to any species, regional or cultural group. Larger brain sizes required a greater caloric intake.[better source needed] In colder climates
Pleistocene_human_diet
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
associations with brain size and various cognitive measures". A later 2010 study by Rimol et al. demonstrated a link between brain size and structure and
Microcephalin
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
Witmer, L. M. (July 5, 2013). "Relative size of brain and cerebrum in Tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: an analysis using brain-endocast quantitative relationships
Tyrannosaurus
Extinct species or subspecies of archaic human
~one-year-old Asian H. erectus, which had a brain at about 72–84% the size of an adult H. erectus brain, which suggests a brain growth trajectory more similar to
Homo_ergaster
Model in evolutionary anthropology
and modern humans, came under increasing selection pressure for larger brain size within the past half million years, they needed more energy in support
Female_cosmetic_coalitions
Ridge of bone along the top of a skull
George Washington University, found that the increase in brain size and reduction of tooth size were not linked, as originally hypothesized. Mountain gorilla
Sagittal_crest
Extinct genus of saber-toothed cat
have been a social animal. An analysis of brain size in living big cats found no correlation between brain size and sociality. Another argument against
Smilodon
Parvorder of cetaceans
mammalian brain size scales around the two-thirds or three-quarters exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the
Toothed_whale
sociality on the brain development, mostly focussing on non-human primate species. In primates, it has been shown that relative brain size, when controlling
Cognitive ecology of individual recognition in colonial birds
Cognitive_ecology_of_individual_recognition_in_colonial_birds
Stibel, Jeffrey M. (August 2025). "Did increasing brain size place early humans at risk of extinction?". Brain and Cognition. 188 106336. doi:10.1016/j.bandc
Timeline_of_human_evolution
Condition in which the head is small due to an underdeveloped brain
returns the head size to normal. In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced, and the prognosis for normal brain function is poor
Microcephaly
Species of rodent
size without increasing their brain size, when compared to males. There is still not enough evidence to explain the difference in body size and brain
Southern_grasshopper_mouse
Genus of reptiles (fossil)
close to the ground. The region of its brain that detected smell was underdeveloped, although its brain size was comparable to that of other dinosaurs
Nigersaurus
Kinds of learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage
Imprinted genes can have astounding effects on body size, brain size, and the process in which the brain organizes its processes. Evolutionary trends within
Imprinting_(psychology)
Theory of human behavior
more energy for further gains in brain size. This positive feedback loop is argued to have led to the rapid brain size increases seen in the Homo lineage
Dual_inheritance_theory
Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species
intelligence or in other words, an increase in brain size. This is provided and shown by Robin Dunbar's social brain hypothesis. Moreover, this can be used as
Mosaic_evolution
Part of the female primate torso that has mammary glands
buttocks and breasts. These contributed to human brain development and played a part in increasing brain size. Breast enlargement may for this purpose have
Breast
Measurement of the human cranium
race by the skull size. A large skull meant a large brain and high intellectual capacity, and a small skull indicated a small brain and decreased intellectual
Craniometry
Origin and subsequent variation and development of neurons and neural tissues and organs
brain volume and intelligence. However, modern Homo sapiens have a smaller brain volume (brain size 1250 cm3) than neanderthals; women have a brain volume
Evolution_of_nervous_systems
Family of ray-finned fishes
be popular, if challenging, aquarium species. These fish have a large brain size and unusually high intelligence. They are not to be confused with the
Mormyridae
Mammalian protein found in humans
significantly reduced brain sizes (about 50% reduction), whereas the analogous mutation in mice only results in mild brain size reduction. Ferrets also
ASPM_(gene)
Family of marine mammals
mammalian brain size scales at approximately the 2/3 or 3/4 exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected
Oceanic_dolphin
Medical condition
to have unfavorable consequences. Decreased brain size: Protein deficiency has been shown to affect the size and composition of brains in rhesus monkeys
Protein–energy_malnutrition
Aspect of human history
existed with large brain volumes during periods with little to no evidence of cooking fire. Little variation exists in the brain sizes of H. erectus dated
Control of fire by early humans
Control_of_fire_by_early_humans
Class of animals with milk-producing glands
brain size scales at approximately the 2⁄3 or 3⁄4 exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size
Mammal
American geneticist
the recent development of the human brain. His research also suggested that newly arisen variants of two brain size genes, ASPM and MCPH1, might have been
Bruce_Lahn
Former order of extinct flesh-eating placental mammals
that their large size was due to changes in the herbivore fauna rather than competition with carnivorans. Additionally, overall brain sizes have little to
Creodonta
Capacity to know oneself and to know others
larger brain size.[citation needed] The second key growth period in human brain size occurred between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, when the brain reached
Social_intelligence
Extinct genus of mammals
complex brains. However, studies have found little to no evidence of brain size correlating to sociality among carnivorans. The first fossils of Simbakubwa
Simbakubwa
Apart from intelligence tests, research relied on measurements such as brain size or reaction times. By the mid-1940s most psychologists had adopted the
History of the race and intelligence controversy
History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy
Extinct species of carnivore
(relative size of the brain compared to the body) is higher than the living lion, with the brain being the among largest in absolute size of any cat
American_lion
Extinct species of human
important is its brain size, which falls between 1,155 and 1,421 cc, with an approximate average of 1,200 cc. The average brain size of Asian H. erectus
Narmada_Human
Historically significant population of Homo erectus near Beijing
Marcellin Boule believed the Peking Man brain was insufficiently evolved for such behaviour, based on the brain size, and suggested the skulls belonged to
Peking_Man
Proposed biological phenomenon
floppy ears, altered tails, novel coat colors and patterns, reduced brain size, reduced body mass and smaller teeth. Other traits include changes in
Domestication_syndrome
Order of mammals
adaptations to the challenging environment among tree tops, including large brain sizes, binocular vision, color vision, vocalizations, shoulder girdles allowing
Primate
Body part used for neuroscience research
The mouse brain refers to the brain of Mus musculus. Various brain atlases for it exist. Despite superficial differences, especially in size and weight
Mouse_brain
Bite force normalized for body mass
comparison between species of different sizes in much the same way as an encephalization quotient normalizes data for brain size to body mass comparisons. It is
Bite_force_quotient
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