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Splitting of a chemical bond
In chemistry, bond cleavage, or bond fission, is the splitting of chemical bonds. This can be generally referred to as dissociation when a molecule is
Bond_cleavage
Dissociation of molecular ions
of bond cleavage patterns are simple bond cleavage reactions and rearrangement reactions. Majority of organic compounds undergo simple bond cleavage reactions
Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)
Fragmentation_(mass_spectrometry)
Technique to describe progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms
breaking of a chemical bond. These processes are known as homolytic cleavage and heterolytic cleavage. Homolytic bond cleavage is a process where the
Arrow_pushing
Method of identifying trace chemicals
corresponding alcohols or alkanes. There are two common cleavage modes. α-cleavage and C-O bond cleavage. Aromatic ethers can generate the C6H5O+ ion by loss
Mass_spectral_interpretation
Breaking a molecular bond such that both fragments retain an electron
the two electrons involved in the original bond are distributed between the two fragment species. Bond cleavage is also possible by a process called heterolysis
Homolysis_(chemistry)
Breaking a molecular bond such that both electrons remain with one species
covalent bond where one previously bonded species takes both original bonding electrons from the other species. During heterolytic bond cleavage of a neutral
Heterolysis_(chemistry)
Substances that can repair themselves
other homolytic cleavages which can in turn lead to more damage. Polymers have also been observed to undergo heterolytic bond cleavage through isotope
Self-healing_material
Tendency of crystalline materials to split along favored planes
weaker van der Waals bond. This gives graphite a single direction of cleavage, parallel to the basal pinacoid. So weak is this bond that it is broken with
Cleavage_(crystal)
Topics referred to by the same term
controlled break in an optical fiber Bond cleavage, in chemistry and biochemistry, the splitting of chemical bonds Cleavage factor, a protein complex that helps
Cleavage
Standard enthalpy change when a chemical bond is cleaved by homolysis
ε0 holds. The bond dissociation energy is an enthalpy change of a particular chemical process, namely homolytic bond cleavage, and "bond strength" as measured
Bond_dissociation_energy
Method in mass spectrometry
information by activation of higher charged proteins. Moreover, disulfide bond cleavage takes place by ECD of multiply charge proteins or peptides produced
Electron-capture_dissociation
Chemical compound
with the molecular motions of Mn2(CO)10, as well as the Mn-Mn and Mn-C bond cleavage events. Mn2(CO)10 is air stable as a crystalline solid, but solutions
Dimanganese_decacarbonyl
Organic reaction
which a C–H bond, one that is typically considered to be "unreactive", interacts with a transition metal center M, resulting in its cleavage and the generation
Carbon–hydrogen bond activation
Carbon–hydrogen_bond_activation
Key enzyme of photosynthesis involved in carbon fixation
facilitates the attack of CO2 at the C2 carbon of RuBP and subsequent bond cleavage between the C3 and C2 carbon, 2 molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate are
RuBisCO
Change in chemical reaction rate due to isotopic substitution
more energy must be supplied to break the bond, resulting in a higher activation energy for bond cleavage, which in turn lowers the measured rate (see
Kinetic_isotope_effect
Chemical compound (BrCN)
Water is required for normal peptide bond cleavage of the iminolactone intermediate. In formic acid, cleavage of Met-Ser and Met-Thr bonds is enhanced
Cyanogen_bromide
Industrial process for ammonia production
product gas. However, due to the extremely high kinetic barriers to bond cleavage, high pressures and temperatures are needed to drive the reaction forward
Haber_process
Organic compounds of the form >C=O
is employed to protect ketones. With sodium amide resulting in C–C bond cleavage with formation of the amide RCONH2 and the alkane or arene R'H, a reaction
Ketone
Process by which atoms or molecules acquire charge by gaining or losing electrons
through the interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of
Ionization
Strength of a chemical bond
is called homolytic bond cleavage (homolytic cleavage; homolysis) and results in the formation of radicals. The strength of a bond can be estimated by
Bond_energy
Atom(s) that detach from the substrate during a chemical reaction
departs with an electron pair during a reaction step with heterolytic bond cleavage. In this usage, a leaving group is a less formal but more commonly used
Leaving_group
Chemical reaction
benzyl cyanide or acetonitrile as a cyanide source, via reductive C-C bond cleavage: Sandmeyer cyanation is a means of converting aniline derivatives to
Cyanation
Separation between human breasts
Cleavage, formally the intermammary cleft, is the narrow depression or hollow between the breasts of a woman. The superior portion of cleavage, to a greater
Cleavage_(breasts)
Chemical reaction which removes a hydrogen halide from a substrate
Uptake of HCl Molecules by Crystalline Solids Involving Coordination Bond Cleavage and Formation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (30): 9584–9585. Bibcode:2006JAChS
Dehydrohalogenation
Type of lectin
protonate N-3 of adenine and break the bond between N-9 of the adenine ring and C-1' of the ribose. Bond cleavage results in an oxycarbonium ion on the
Ricin
this case, however, is often considered as an alternative way of C–C bond cleavage while oxidative addition is the direct way. One of the examples is β-alkyl
Β-Carbon_elimination
Enzyme found in humans
coenzyme A. This ensures that the energy released from the thioester bond cleavage will drive the condensation. Citrate synthase's 437 amino acid residues
Citrate_synthase
Chemical group (–CH2–CH=CH2)
15227/orgsyn.062.0086. Nogi, Keisuke; Yorimitsu, Hideki (2021). "Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage at Allylic Positions: Retro-allylation and Deallylation". Chemical Reviews
Allyl_group
site, transferring the positive charge to this atom as a result of the bond cleavage. Todd, J. F. J. (1991). "Recommendations for nomenclature and symbolism
Inductive_cleavage
Chemical reaction
cycle of the reaction until all thiohydroxamate ester is consumed. N-O bond cleavage of the Barton ester can also occur spontaneously upon heating or by
Barton_decarboxylation
Oxidative attack site
initial C-H bond cleavage step should be energetically more difficult and therefore more sensitive to isotopic substitution than the second C-H bond breaking
Cryptoregiochemistry
Process of breaking bonds between carbon atoms
result, the cleavage of unstrained compounds that have been achieved is mainly focused on ketone substrates. This is because the C–C bond adjacent to
Carbon-carbon_bond_activation
Chemical compound
methyl benzoate, followed by hydrolysis. Alternatively, oxidative C-C bond cleavage of 3-nitroacetophenone to the corresponding aryl carboxylic acid, has
3-Nitrobenzoic_acid
Bacterial protein
conserved residues at Asp84, Asp86, Asp206, and His208. The most common bond cleavage by OmpT is between two arginine residues because their positive charge
OmpT
Organic cation
the E- and Z-vinyl triflates form after heterolytic carbon-iodine bond cleavage and subsequent trapping of the cation by triflate. The presence of both
Vinyl_cation
Chemical compound
C-C bond cleavage to form two W=C=B bond motifs. The latter two products are hypothesized to be formed from H2 generated from the C-C bond cleavage.
Tetrakis(trimethylphosphine)tungsten(II) trimethylphospinate hydride
Tetrakis(trimethylphosphine)tungsten(II)_trimethylphospinate_hydride
Chemical compound and chemical warfare nerve agent
reactions: cleavage of either the P–O or P–S esters. Although the P–S cleavage is the dominant pathway, the product of P–O bond cleavage is the toxic
VX_(nerve_agent)
Protein found in humans
(Cys-163) and histidine residue (His-121) that stabilize the peptide bond cleavage of a protein sequence to the carboxy-terminal side of an aspartic acid
Caspase_3
Use of metal-based Lewis acids to catalyze organic reactions
heterolytic bond cleavage, or cycloaddition with 1,3-dienes and 1,3-dipoles. Many classical reactions involving carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation
Lewis_acid_catalysis
Chemical reaction in which a C–C or C–R bond is cleaved by hydrogen
Burton Adkins and Ralph Connor were the first to call the carbon–oxygen bond cleavage "hydrogenolysis". In petroleum refineries, catalytic hydrogenolysis
Hydrogenolysis
Aspect of women's cultural history
cultural norms, and artistic depictions regarding cleavage and clothes that accentuate or flaunt cleavage. From the absolute modesty of the 16th century
History_of_cleavage
Ion
January 2022). "Determining the charge distribution and the direction of bond cleavage with femtosecond anisotropic x-ray liquidography". Nature Communications
Triiodide
Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae
molten cellulose) existing for only a fraction of a second. Glycosidic bond cleavage produces short cellulose chains of two-to-seven monomers comprising
Cellulose
Type of organic chemistry oxidation
Glycol cleavage is a specific type of organic chemistry oxidation. The carbon–carbon bond in a vicinal diol (glycol) is cleaved and instead the two oxygen
Glycol_cleavage
Protein-coding gene in humans
11-cis-retinol through a proposed SN1 O-alkyl bond cleavage. RPE65's combination of an O-alkyl ester cleavage, geometric isomerization, and water addition
RPE65
Resin that cures when exposed to light of appropriate wavelengths
case, excitation of a metal center is followed by either heterolytic bond cleavage or electron transfer generating the active anionic initiator. Generally
Photopolymer
Proteolytic enzyme that digests keratin
for compact substrates and exposed active sites. Additional disulfide bond cleavage by other means is often required for complete degradation. Keratinases
Keratinase
Overview of history and methods to produce NH3
product gas. However, due to the extremely high kinetic barriers to bond cleavage, high pressures and temperatures are needed to drive the reaction forward
Ammonia_production
Mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase
fragmentation is bond dissociation where each of the fragments retains one of the originally-bonded electrons. Heterolytic fragmentation is bond cleavage where the
Collision-induced dissociation
Collision-induced_dissociation
Molecule composed of three interlocked rings
true Borromean system as cleavage of just one imine bond (to an amine and an acetal) in this structure breaks the mechanical bond between the three constituent
Molecular_Borromean_ring
Chemical reaction
Hung-Wei; Wang, Li-Fang; Hsu, Mei-Hui (1998). "A new and novel amide bond cleavage of N-methoxymethylpyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-5,11-diones by hydride
Grob_fragmentation
Production of peptides
removed using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride during the final cleavage step (with simultaneous cleavage of the peptide from the solid support). Fmoc/tBu SPPS
Peptide_synthesis
Type of reaction in organometallic chemistry
intramolecular ligand bond cleavage of the ligand (probably by donation of electron pair into the sigma* orbital of the inter ligand bond) to form the oxidized
Oxidative_addition
Class of enzymes
reactions. For instance, carbon-carbon bond cleavage, fatty acid hydroperoxidation, carbon-sulfur bond cleavage, and thiol oxidation are all reactions
Dioxygenase
the breaking of a peptide bond. The existence of this seventh catalytic type of proteases, in which the peptide bond cleavage occurs by self-processing
Asparagine_peptide_lyase
Chemical reaction
cleavage of the C-O bond is uncommon in the absence of specialized reagents or under extreme conditions. In organic chemistry, ether cleavage is an acid catalyzed
Ether_cleavage
Heterocyclic aromatic organic compound
202506288. M. Retbøll, Y. Ishii, and M. Hidai, "Synthesis and reductive N−N bond cleavage of neutral and cationic titanium (1-pyridinio)imido complexes", Organometallics
Pyridine
Topics referred to by the same term
the free dictionary. Scission may refer to: Scission (chemistry), bond cleavage, the splitting of chemical bonds Chain scission, the degradation of
Scission
Restriction enzyme
the vector for subsequent DNA cloning. BglII catalyses phosphodiester bond cleavage at the DNA backbone through a phosphoryl transfer to water. Studies
BglII
Chemical compound
Sokolova, Olga O.; Bower, John F. (2021). "Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage of Cyclopropylamine Derivatives" (PDF). Chemical Reviews. 121 (1): 80–109
Cyclopropylamine
Topics referred to by the same term
enzymes from surrounding cells Heterolysis (chemistry), a chemical bond cleavage of a neutral molecule generating a cation and an anion Homolysis (disambiguation)
Heterolysis
Chemical compound
Methylcyclopropane, like many other cyclopropanes, undergoes ring-opening reactions. Bond cleavage in certain reactions is also reported in conjunction with the use of
Methylcyclopropane
Chemical compound
Su Eun; Kim, Youngsoo; Lee, Yong Ho; Lim, Hee Nam (2024-05-03). "C–C Bond Cleavage-Induced C- to N-Acyl Transfer for Synthesis of Amides". Organic Letters
TCFH
Molecular simulation method
appearance of bond cleavage in the QM system. In systems where the QM/MM boundary cuts a bond three issues must be dealt with. First, the dangling bond of the
QM/MM
Breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids
self-processing domain, cleavage of the Asn-Pro bond in Salmonella FlhB protein, Yersinia YscU protein, as well as cleavage of the Gly-Ser bond in a subset of
Proteolysis
Chemical compound
photoactivatable version of tributylphosphine has been used to induce disulfide bond cleavage and reductive stress in living cells. The main laboratory inconvenience
Tributylphosphine
Covalent bond joining a sugar molecule to another group
reactions are practically irreversible. Due to the fact that the cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond from the DNA backbone can lead to detrimental mutagenic and
Glycosidic_bond
Chemical reaction
carbonyl CO bond formation with Δ(ΔfH) ca. −25 kcal/mol (−100 kJ/mol). The Claisen rearrangement is an exothermic, concerted (bond cleavage and recombination)
Claisen_rearrangement
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
cleaving the ketose ring. Electrons delocalized in the carbon-carbon bond cleavage associate with the alcohol group. The resulting carbanion is stabilized
Glycolysis
Indian academic examination
hydrogen bonding, inductive effects, isomerism, resonance, aromaticity, hyperconjugation, mesomerism, carbocations and carbanions, bond cleavage including
Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced
Joint_Entrance_Examination_–_Advanced
NSAID analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug
Challinor VL, De Voss JJ, Ortiz de Montellano PR (May 2014). "Carbon-carbon bond cleavage in activation of the prodrug nabumetone". Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Nabumetone
Chemical compound
Swiegers, G.F.; Wild, S.B. (2000). "Mechanism of Phosphorus-Carbon Bond Cleavage by Lithium in Tertiary Phosphines. An Optimized Synthesis of 1, 2-Bis
1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane
1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane
Chemical compound
; Leitus, Gregory; Weiner, Lev; Milstein, David (2008-05-01). "B−C Bond Cleavage of BArF Anion Upon Oxidation of Rhodium(I) with AgBArF. Phosphinite
Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate
Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate
American biochemist
David (1971-05-01). "Oxygen-18 studies to determine the position of bond cleavage of acetyl phosphate in the presence of divalent metal ions". Biochemistry
Judith_Klinman
Alpha-cleavage (α-cleavage) in organic chemistry refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond adjacent to the carbon bearing a specified functional
Alpha_cleavage
Genetic disorder that causes early aging
endoprotease that recognizes the farnesylated protein catalyzes the peptide bond's cleavage between the cysteine and -aaX. In the third step, isoprenylcysteine
Progeria
Chemical synthesis of nucleic acids
that the release of the oligonucleotides occurs by the hydrolytic cleavage of a P-O bond that attaches the 3'-O of the 3'-terminal nucleotide residue to
Oligonucleotide_synthesis
Chemical compound
be formed from preakuammicine by a carbon-carbon bond cleavage. Cleavage of a second carbon-carbon bond is thought to form dehydrosecodine. The enzymes
Stemmadenine
Active region of an enzyme
protonated guanidine side chain of arginine.[citation needed] Hydrogen bond: A hydrogen bond is a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction between a partially
Active_site
Organic chemical reaction
nitrogen–oxygen bond cleavage yields an ortho-nitroso benzamide, which recyclizes to form a compound containing a nitrogen–nitrogen bond. Elimination of
Von_Richter_reaction
Chemical compound
metallacyclobutane ring break simultaneously. One bond cleavage releases a new olefin molecule, and the other bond cleavage regenerates a new metal alkylidene species
Molybdenum imido alkylidene complex
Molybdenum_imido_alkylidene_complex
Chemical compound
Computational Dissection of the Key Steps of Carboxylation, Hydration, and C−C Bond Cleavage". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (44): 10821–10829. doi:10.1021/ja011362p. PMID 11686683
Ribulose_1,5-bisphosphate
Chemical compound
di-tert-butyl disulfide to the thiosulfinate followed by disulfide bond cleavage by lithium amide. In the original scope the chiral ligand used together
Tert-Butanesulfinamide
Functional group with the chemical structure R–S–S–R′
needed to remove TCEP before modification of protein thiols. In Zincke cleavage, halogens oxidize disulfides to a sulfenyl halide: ArSSAr + Cl2 → 2 ArSCl
Disulfide
Chemical treatment procedures
mechanisms of ·OH generation: UV/H2O2: H2O2 + UV → 2·OH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2·OH radicals) UV/HOCl: HOCl +
Advanced_oxidation_process
Class of chemical compounds
which bestow on them potential to provide unique nonmetal platforms for bond cleavage reactions. The first examples of nontrigonal pnictogen compound were
Nontrigonal pnictogen compounds
Nontrigonal_pnictogen_compounds
Reaction in organic chemistry
(2008-10-01). "Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation via Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Cleavage". Synthesis. 2008 (19): 3013–3039. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1067256
Murai_reaction
Chemical compound
product gas. However, due to the extremely high kinetic barriers to bond cleavage, high pressures and temperatures are needed to drive the reaction forward
Ammonia
Chemical change induced by light
include fulgide and diarylethene. This type of compounds undergoes bond cleavage and bond creation upon irradiation with particular wavelengths of light.
Photoisomerization
Body screening device
is non-ionizing and incapable of causing cancers by radiolytic DNA bond cleavage. Due to the shallow penetration depth of millimeter waves into tissue
Millimeter_wave_scanner
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the carbon-carbon bond cleavage during alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids". Proc. Natl
HACL1
American professor of chemistry
Buda, C.; Cundari, T.R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 8262–8263. "PC Bond Cleavage of (silox)3NbPMe3 (silox = tBu3SiO) under Dihydrogen Leads to (silox)3Nb=CH2
Peter_T._Wolczanski
Coordination complexes with one or more sulfate ligands
Amminehalocobalt(III) Cations and Polythionate Anions: Hydrogen-Bonding Patterns and S–S Bond Cleavage Reactions". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2000:
Transition metal sulfate complex
Transition_metal_sulfate_complex
Type of mass spectrometry
{He^{0}->fragments}}} Initial reports are that CTD causes backbone Cα-C bond cleavage of peptides and provides a•- and x-type product ions. The energy required
Tandem_mass_spectrometry
depend on kinetic access to the middle P-P bond. Bulky substituents on CpR kinetically hinder the P-P bond cleavage and transformation into the butterfly-structured
Pnictogen-substituted tetrahedranes
Pnictogen-substituted_tetrahedranes
Process for selectively separating of hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic
concentrate. The detachment of a particle and bubble requires adsorption bond cleavage driven by shear forces. Depending on the flotation cell type, shear
Froth_flotation
Chemical radical
resulting in weak bonding. Consequently, many Bi(III) compounds are unstable at room temperature and prone to homolytic cleavage, which readily occurs
Organobismuth_radical
When a polymer has a very high ceiling temperature, it degrades via bond cleavage reactions instead of depolymerization. A similar effect explains the
Ceiling_temperature
Enzyme that repairs DNA damage
five highly conserved motifs that collectively catalyze glycosidic bond cleavage: Water-activating loop: 63-QDPYH-67 Pro-rich loop: 165-PPPPS-169 Uracil-binding
Uracil-DNA_glycosylase
Mammalian protein found in humans
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme is commonly referred to as P450scc, where "scc" is an abbreviation for side-chain cleavage, and more properly named
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme
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