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Decomposition by living organisms
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. In contrast to biodegradation, phytodegradation, which
Biodegradation
Polymer
Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of
Polyethylene_terephthalate
Polymer resin widely used in packaging
Thanh; Roberts, Timothy K.; Lucas, Steven (August 2017). "An overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach". Critical
Polystyrene
Polymers that break down by bacterial decomposition
modified. Many of the most widely used petroleum-based plastics resist biodegradation. These recalcitrant materials include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene
Biodegradable_polymer
Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic
Microbial_biodegradation
Species of bacterium
Comamonas testosteroni is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium capable of utilizing testosterone as a carbon source, and degrading other sterols such
Comamonas_testosteroni
Degradation process
Oxo-degradation the breakdown of plastics accelerated by metal-containing additives that degrade the polymeric matrix. These plastics contrast biodegradable
Oxo-degradation
Biochemical modification of drugs or foreign compounds by living organisms
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by humans and animals, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. Drug metabolism represents a
Drug_metabolism
The biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids involves a number of enzymes. In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine
Phenylpropanoids_metabolism
environment the filters can experience biodegradation and photodegradation. The variance in rate and resistance to biodegradation in many conditions dictates environmental
Environmental impact of cigarettes
Environmental_impact_of_cigarettes
The International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society (IBBS) is a scientific society with an international membership. It is a charity registered
International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Society
International_Biodeterioration_and_Biodegradation_Society
Plastics derived from renewable biomass sources
agricultural mulch, but the concept of biodegradation is not as straightforward as many believe. Susceptibility to biodegradation is highly dependent on the chemical
Bioplastic
factors needs to be assessed on how they affect the biodegradation of the polymer. Biodegradation can be accomplished by synthesizing polymers with hydrolytically
Synthetic biodegradable polymer
Synthetic_biodegradable_polymer
Wastewater from the laundry process
readily biodegradation. A complete biodegradation under aerobic conditions consists of two steps, primary biodegradation and ultimate biodegradation. The
Laundry_wastewater
Chemical compound
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB, p-DCB, or para-dichlorobenzene, sometimes abbreviated as PDCB or para) is an aryl chloride and isomer of dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Structural phenolic polymer in plant cell walls
1016/j.copbio.2005.06.011. PMID 16023847. Vane, C. H.; et al. (2003). "Biodegradation of Oak (Quercus alba) Wood during Growth of the Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula
Lignin
Natural phenol antioxidant
Ellagic acid is a polyphenol found in numerous fruits and vegetables. It is the dilactone of hexahydroxydiphenic acid. The name comes from the French term
Ellagic_acid
Genus of bacteria
Service, senior research engineer Wei-Min Wu reported in his article "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms. 2. Role
Exiguobacterium
Chemical compound
also known as methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), has a high rate of biodegradation at over 68%, but unlike many other chelating agents can degrade without
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid
Chemical compound
finds application in the synthesis of Nifurpirinol [13411-16-0]. The biodegradation of pyridines proceeds via multiple pathways. Although pyridine is an
2,6-Lutidine
Chemical compound
Caffeic acid is an organic compound with the formula (HO)2C6H3CH=CHCO2H. It plays a key role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in energy
Caffeic_acid
Field of science that uses cells for the creation of products
providing environmentally safe processes, such as biofiltration and biodegradation. The environment can be affected by biotechnologies, both positively
Biotechnology
Plastic debris suspended in water and organisms which live in it
and algae) due to plastics' unique chemical nature and slow speed of biodegradation. In addition to microbes, insects have come to flourish in areas of
Plastisphere
Species of bacterium
PMID 9828439. Lin, HY; Yu, CP; Chen, ZL (2012). "Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of TNT by newly isolated Bacillus mycoides". Ecological Engineering
Bacillus_mycoides
Hydrocarbon composed of multiple aromatic rings
pre-and post-depositional processes such as volatilization and microbial biodegradation. Managed burning of moorland vegetation in the UK has been shown to
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
Polyester is a category of polymers that contain one or two ester linkages in every repeat unit of their main chain. As a specific material, it most commonly
Polyester
Polymer formed from a chemical reaction with no by-products
In polymer chemistry, an addition polymer is a polymer that forms by simple linking of monomers without the co-generation of other products. Addition polymerization
Addition_polymer
Polymer
synthetic polymers derived from petrochemicals. They tend to resist biodegradation. PHB-derived plastics are attractive because they are compostable and
Polyhydroxybutyrate
Chemical compound
Miller PD; Volk TJ (July 2006). "White-rot fungi demonstrate first biodegradation of phenolic resin". Environmental Science and Technology. 40 (13): 4196–9
Phenol_formaldehyde_resin
Synthetic, biodegradable polyester
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a synthetic, semi-crystalline, biodegradable polyester with a melting point of about 60 °C and a glass transition temperature
Polycaprolactone
Surfactant and antiseptic agent
then be broken down into CO2, H2O, NH3, and Cl–. The first step to the biodegradation of BAC is the fission or splitting of the alkyl chain from the quaternary
Benzalkonium_chloride
Organism capable of degrading and metabolising plastic
Song, Yiling; Gao, Longcheng; Yang, Ruifu; Jiang, Lei (2015-10-20). "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part
Plastivore
Chemical compound
Traina. 1999. Biodegradation of 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, and 2-hydroxypyridine by an Arthrobacter sp. isolated from subsurface sediment. Biodegradation 10:93-104
2-Methylpyridine
Process used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil
alternative to bioremediation. While organic pollutants are susceptible to biodegradation, heavy metals cannot be degraded, but rather oxidized or reduced. Typical
Bioremediation
Herbicide
groundwater; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. The low rates of biodegradation are attributed to atrazine's low solubility. It has been detected in
Atrazine
Chemical compound
acid and 1-butanol. Monobutyl phthalate (MBP) is its major metabolite. Biodegradation by microorganisms represents one route for remediation of DBP. For example
Dibutyl_phthalate
Chemical compound
uses. It is produced industrially by extraction from coal tars. The biodegradation of pyridines proceeds via multiple pathways. Although pyridine is an
2,4-Lutidine
Alkane formed when phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll, loses its hydroxyl group
isoprenoids are less thermally stable than linear alkanes. In contrast, biodegradation increases these ratios because aerobic bacteria generally attack linear
Phytane
Chemical compound
Fluridone is an organic compound that is used as aquatic herbicide often used to control invasive plants. It is used in the United States to control hydrilla
Fluridone
Organic compound containing C–PO(OR)2 groups
of HEDP, NTMP, EDTMP and DTPMP in standard biodegradation tests also failed to identify any biodegradation. It was noted, however, that in some tests
Phosphonate
biodegradable additives. The company states that their product enhances the biodegradation of synthetic polymers by addition of their technology. It has a capacity
BioSphere_Plastic
Plant secondary metabolite
PMID 20138891. Arunachalam M, Mohan Raj M, Mohan N, et al. (2003). "Biodegradation of Catechin" (PDF). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy
Catechin
Country in Southeast Asia
freshwater ecosystems, as parasites of some plants, and as agents of biodegradation), but have not been or have been only poorly surveyed in other habitats
Malaysia
Any ester derived from phthalic acid
pollution. Phthalates do not persist in the environment due to rapid biodegradation, as established by many studies. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria promote
Phthalates
Chemical compound
Terephthalic acid is an organic compound with the chemical structure C6H4(CO2H)2 and chemical formula C8H6O4. This white solid is a commodity chemical
Terephthalic_acid
British private technology company
2020, the privately owned company was the first to achieve certified biodegradation of the most commonly-littered forms of plastic packaging in real-world
Polymateria
Aromatic organochlorine compound
Chlorobenzene (abbreviated PhCl) is an aryl chloride and the simplest of the chlorobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chemical compound
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO. It is a reduced derivative of pyruvic acid. It is a reactive compound that is
Methylglyoxal
Release of petroleum into the environment
oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take
Oil_spill
Tar distillation byproduct used as wood preservative
Young LY (February 1999). "Anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX and gasoline in various aquatic sediments". Biodegradation. 10 (1): 15–25. doi:10.1023/a:1008303729431
Creosote
Aromatic organic compound with formula C6H4(COOH)2
In organic chemistry, phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, with formula C6H4(CO2H)2 and structure HO(O)C−C6H4−C(O)OH. Although phthalic acid
Phthalic_acid
Indian defence laboratory
vector-borne diseases, improving the quality of drinking water, waste biodegradation and management. In 2020, with an intent to make the DRDO leaner and
Defence_Research_Laboratory
Chemical compound
Nylon 6 or polycaprolactam is a polymer, in particular semicrystalline polyamide. Unlike most other nylons, nylon 6 is not a condensation polymer, but
Nylon_6
Academic journal
Biodegradation is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering biotransformation, mineralization, detoxification, recycling, amelioration or treatment of
Biodegradation_(journal)
Aquifer contamination by medical drugs
mechanisms governing solutes mobility in groundwater, biotransformation and biodegradation play a crucial role in determining the evolution of the system (as identified
Groundwater contamination by pharmaceuticals
Groundwater_contamination_by_pharmaceuticals
Study of microscopic organisms (microbes)
approach to microbial biodegradation is to use a mixture of bacterial and fungal species and strains, each specific to the biodegradation of one or more types
Microbiology
Substance that lowers surface tension
into the environment, for example laundry detergents in waters, their biodegradation is of great interest. Attracting much attention is the non-biodegradability
Surfactant
Process of breaking down organic matter
can differentiate abiotic decomposition from biotic decomposition (biodegradation); the former means "the degradation of a substance by chemical or physical
Decomposition
One of the lightest perfluoro compounds
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CF3CO2H. It belongs to the subclass of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Trifluoroacetic_acid
Species of bacteria
amount of petroleum oil entering the sea is eliminated by the microbial biodegradation activities of microbial communities. As a recently discovered hydrocarbonoclastic
Alcanivorax_borkumensis
Organic compound (C6H5OH)
Phenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline
Phenol
Organic chemical compound CH3–C(=O)–CH2–C(=O)–CH3
Acetylacetone is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3−C(=O)−CH2−C(=O)−CH3. It is classified as a 1,3-diketone. It exists in equilibrium with
Acetylacetone
Chemical compound
either. It has also been used as a blender and fixative in perfume. Biodegradation of DEP in soil occurs by sequential hydrolysis of the two diethyl chains
Diethyl_phthalate
Chemical compound
Captan is a general use pesticide (GUP) that belongs to the phthalimide class of fungicides. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow
Captan
Component of fine particulate matter
Black carbon (BC) is the light-absorbing refractory form of elemental carbon remaining after pyrolysis (e.g., charcoal) or produced by incomplete combustion
Black_carbon
French biochemistry company
three departments, all based on their application of enzymes: General biodegradation Depolymerization of plastic waste Biotechnology for the production of
Carbios
Chemical compound
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria. It is the most toxic of the microcystins. Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides. The seven
Microcystin-LR
Chemical compound
is one of the possible daughter products of methyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation. tert-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl formate at Sigma-Aldrich François, A
Tert-Butyl_formate
Caterpillar larvae of wax moths
digest beeswax as a result of gut microbes that are essential in the biodegradation process. Two strains of bacteria, Enterobacter asburiae and Bacillus
Waxworm
Species of bacterium
Enterobacter cloacae has been used in a bioreactor-based method for the biodegradation of explosives and in the biological control of plant diseases. Enterobacter
Enterobacter_cloacae
Chemical compound
Ferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative and a phenolic compound. It is an organic compound with the formula (CH3O)HOC6H3CH=CHCO2H. The name is
Ferulic_acid
Chemical compound
C6H12O6 → 3 H2O + C6H6O3 Hydroxyquinol is a common intermediate in the biodegradation of many aromatic compounds. These substrates include monochlorophenols
Hydroxyquinol
Explosive chemical compound
on thermal decomposition of PETN. In the environment, PETN undergoes biodegradation. Some bacteria denitrate PETN to trinitrate and then dinitrate, which
Pentaerythritol_tetranitrate
Coal product used in the process of making steel
1039/C5RA14198B. Lu, Y; Yan, L; Wang, Y; Zhou, S; Fu, J; Zhang, J (2009). "Biodegradation of phenolic compounds from coking wastewater by immobilized white rot
Coke_(fuel)
Impact-resistant high explosive
Trinitrotoluene (/ˌtraɪnaɪtroʊˈtɒljuiːn, traɪˌnaɪ-/ TRY-ny-troh-TOL-yoo-een, try-NY-), more commonly known as TNT (and more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
TNT
Class of chemical compounds
The bisphenols (/ˈbɪsfɪnɒl/) are a group of industrial chemical compounds related to diphenylmethane; commonly used in the production of plastics and epoxy
Bisphenol
Chemical compound
NMDAR-mediated ion currents. In view of phenoxyethanol's widespread use, its biodegradation has been examined. One pathway entails initial conversion to phenol
Phenoxyethanol
Explosive chemical compound
RDX (Research Department Explosive or Royal Demolition Explosive), or hexogen, also known by other names, is an organic compound with the formula (CH2N2O2)3
RDX
Genus of anaerobic bacteria found in soil
the precipitation of reduced uranium out of groundwater. Microbial biodegradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants is of great environmental significance
Geobacter
Chemical compound
metabolites may develop. Sharvelle S, Skvarenina E, Banks MK (2008). "Biodegradation of disodium cocoamphodiacetate by a wastewater microbial consortium"
Disodium_cocoamphodiacetate
Chemical compound
and formaldehyde: 2 CH2=CHCHO + CH2O + NH3 → (CH3)2C5H3N + 2 H2O The biodegradation of pyridines proceeds via multiple pathways. Although pyridine is an
3,5-Lutidine
Symbiosis of fungi with algae
Common lichen growth forms A lichen (/ˈlaɪkən/ LY-kən, UK also /ˈlɪtʃən/ LITCH-ən) is a hybrid colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among
Lichen
are especially prone to the effects of Yucatan’s climate, lending to biodegradation due to a warm, humid and generally equatorial climate. Sites in the
Degradation of Mayan archeological sites
Degradation_of_Mayan_archeological_sites
Material of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids
polysterene. This biodegradation seems to occur in some plastic degrading bacteria inhabiting the gut of cockroaches. The biodegradation products have been
Plastic
Wooly, dust-like fungal structure or substance
or slime molds, which were formerly classified as fungi. Molds cause biodegradation of natural materials, which can be unwanted when it becomes food spoilage
Mold
through dilution, evaporation, sorption onto soil or plant particles, and biodegradation; it works if only smaller amounts of contaminants are left and the actual
Natural_attenuation
Stable dispersion of polymer microparticles in an aqueous medium
Actinoplanes are capable of consuming rubber latex. However, the rate of biodegradation is slow, and the growth of bacteria utilizing rubber as a sole carbon
Latex
Species of edible mushroom
PMID 14658675. S2CID 27403919. Vane CH; Drage TC; Snape CE. (2003). "Biodegradation of oak (Quercus alba) wood during growth of the shiitake mushroom (Lentinula
Shiitake
Extraction and sale of petroleum products
areas. Hydrocarbons that comprise refined petroleum are resistant to biodegradation and have been found to remain present in contaminated soils for years
Petroleum_industry
Species of bacterium
palustris consists of a variety of genes that are responsible for biodegradation. It can metabolize lignin and acids found in degrading plant and animal
Rhodopseudomonas_palustris
Class of organic compounds used as dye
conditions, however, discoloration may be observed as a consequence of biodegradation. Many azo pigments are non-toxic, although some, such as dinitroaniline
Azo_dye
Process of using fungi to degrade or sequester contaminants in the environment
remediation process even more profitable. Some fungi are useful in the biodegradation of contaminants in extremely cold or radioactive environments where
Mycoremediation
Species of tree
Bharti, Vikash; Shahi, Amrita; Geed, Sachin; Kureel, M.K. (2017). "Biodegradation of reactive orange 16 dye in the packed bed bioreactor using seeds of
Casuarina_equisetifolia
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
environment and recycling. The rate of this degradation varies significantly; biodegradation can take decades, whereas some industrial processes can completely decompose
Polymer_degradation
Microscopic living organism
Winner hypothesis Microbial consortium Microbial cooperation Microbial biodegradation Microbial ecology Microbial cyst Microbial food web microbial loop viral
Microorganism
Chemical compound
HMX, also called octogen, is a powerful and relatively insensitive nitroamine high explosive chemically related to RDX. The compound's name is the subject
HMX
Biodegradable copolymer, chemical compound
However, because of the stability of PET, it is also highly resistant to biodegradation, posing a significant environmental problem because of the amount of
Polybutylene adipate terephthalate
Polybutylene_adipate_terephthalate
Chemical compound
its ability to act with estrogen-like activity. The estrogenicity and biodegradation heavily depends on the branching of the nonyl sidechain. Nonylphenol
Nonylphenol
"Mathematical modeling of the biodegradation of residual hydrocarbon in a variably-saturated sand column." Biodegradation 24(2): 153-163. Geng, X., M.
Marine_Unsaturated_Model
Scientific analysis of architectural finishes
Historic paint analysis, or architectural paint research, is the scientific analysis of a broad range of architectural finishes, and is primarily used
Historic_paint_analysis
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