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Pharmacological measurement
intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous, its bioavailability is lower due to
Bioavailability
they exhibit lower bioavailability. As the contact time between the contaminant and soil increases, a decrease in bioavailability is observed, termed
Bioavailability_(soil)
Integral of drug concentration in blood plasma over time
spectrometry). Bioavailability can be measured in terms of "absolute bioavailability" or "relative bioavailability". Absolute bioavailability refers to the
Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)
Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)
Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy
Schedule I EU: Fully prohibited SE: Förteckning I Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability Oral: Unknown Protein binding Unknown Metabolism Liver, CYP450 extensively
MDMA
Substances which increase efficacy of drugs
Bioenhancers or bioavailability enhancers as a term and chapter did not exist in any modern scientific literature prior to 1979. The term bioavailability enhancers
Bioenhancer
Chemical compound
magnesium gluconate showed the highest level[dubious – discuss] of bioavailability of any magnesium salt which implies its viability as a supplement,
Magnesium_gluconate
Primary male sex hormone
various factors may influence the levels of plasma SHBG, affecting bioavailability of testosterone. The effects of testosterone in humans and other vertebrates
Testosterone
Biochemical cofactor and antioxidant
absorbed, there is a concern about CoQ10 bioavailability when it is taken as a dietary supplement. Bioavailability of CoQ10 supplements may be reduced due
Coenzyme_Q10
are formed. The oral bioavailability of progesterone is very low. Studies using IA have generally measured the bioavailability of oral progesterone as
Pharmacokinetics of progesterone
Pharmacokinetics_of_progesterone
Ubiquitous antioxidant compound in living organisms
availability of orally administered glutathione is poor. It has low bioavailability because the tripeptide is the substrate of proteases (peptidases) of
Glutathione
Drugs used to achieve relief from pain
Bondesson U, Boréus LO, Hartvig P (1982). "Single-dose kinetics and bioavailability of ketobemidone". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum
Analgesic
Chemical compounds in which hydroxyl group is attached directly to an aromatic ring
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (−O H) bonded directly
Phenols
Opioid analgesic
The tablet form is only used in dogs, cats and horses due to low bioavailability in humans. It was patented in 1971 and approved for medical use in
Butorphanol
System to differentiate drugs on the basis of their solubility and permeability
paracetamol The bioavailability of those products is limited by their solvation rate. A correlation between the in vivo bioavailability and the in vitro
Biopharmaceutics Classification System
Biopharmaceutics_Classification_System
Antiretroviral medication
The absolute bioavailability in humans has not been definitively established, though animal models indicate an absolute bioavailability between 74% and
Ritonavir
Branch of pharmacology
the greatest possible bioavailability, and this method is considered to yield a bioavailability of 1 (or 100%). Bioavailability of other delivery methods
Pharmacokinetics
Phytocannabinoid discovered in 1940
The oral bioavailability of cannabidiol is approximately 6% in fasting state and 36.5—57.3% in fed-state in humans, while its bioavailability via inhalation
Cannabidiol
Dissociative anesthetic and anti-depressant
ketamine bioavailability is 100% by definition, intramuscular injection bioavailability is slightly lower at 93%, and epidural bioavailability is 77%.
Ketamine
Main polyphenol in grapefruit
dietary naringenin is generally regarded as safe, mainly due to its low bioavailability. Taking dietary supplements or consuming grapefruit excessively may
Naringenin
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
form, candesartan cilexetil, enhances the bioavailability of candesartan. However, its absolute bioavailability remains relatively low, ranging from approximately
Candesartan
Compound that is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug
metabolized, and excreted (ADME). Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
Prodrug
Chemical compound
food supplement of calcium.[citation needed] In many individuals, bioavailability of calcium citrate is found to be equal to that of the cheaper calcium
Calcium_citrate
Psychoactive component of cannabis
by only 25% and most of the increase in bioavailability is due to increased levels of THC. The bioavailability of THC when smoking or inhaling is approximately
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Pharmaceutical preparation
insoluble barium sulfate. Magnesium is absorbed orally at about 30% bioavailability from any water soluble salt, such as magnesium chloride or magnesium
Magnesium_(medication)
Psychedelic drug
potentiate MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity in rodents. The oral bioavailability of LSD was crudely estimated as approximately 71% using previous data
LSD
Anticoagulant drug
oral bioavailability is dose-dependent. Doses of rivaroxaban under 10 mg can be taken with or without food, as it displayed high bioavailability independent
Rivaroxaban
Central nervous system stimulant
medicinal use. There is some evidence that dexmethylphenidate has better bioavailability and a longer duration of action than methylphenidate. In the Ritalin
Methylphenidate
Benzodiazepine medication
Förteckning IV In general: Prescription only Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 80–90% Protein binding 80% Metabolism Liver, via cytochrome P450 3A4
Alprazolam
Reduction of average diameter of a solid's particles
poorly soluble drugs in BCS Class II and IV, can substantially improve bioavailability. Other major applications include dry powder and metered-dose inhaler
Micronization
Chemical compound
disintegration characteristics, thus improving formulas' subsequent bioavailability by bringing the active ingredients into better contact with bodily
Sodium_croscarmellose
Path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body
steroids, barbiturates, opioid analgesics with poor gastrointestinal bioavailability, enzymes and, increasingly, vitamins and minerals. Extra-amniotic administration
Route_of_administration
Chemical compound synthesized in the body via a mitochondrial enzyme
as a mineral carrier in some dietary supplements (to increase their bioavailability), most commonly for lithium orotate. Dihydroorotate is synthesized
Orotic_acid
Method of introducing a drug
has a general bioavailability range is only 20-40%, properly administered rectal use of liquid morphine has an effective bioavailability of roughly 70%
Drug_injection
Chemical compound
foods and significance for humans: Food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis" (PDF). Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
Phytic_acid
Chemical compound
at Sigma-Aldrich Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University: "Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C". Retrieved 2013-09-27. UK Food Standards
Sodium_ascorbate
Chemical compound
scientific panel of the European Food Safety Authority concluded that the bioavailability of magnesium L-aspartate was similar to that from other organic magnesium
Magnesium_aspartate
Group of chemical compounds
greater bioavailability and slower biotransformation compared to other isomers. Human studies have indicated that δ-tocotrienol has a bioavailability of 28%
Tocotrienol
Atypical opioid drug
of intraperitoneal administration, with the former having greater bioavailability, unexpectedly found significant respiratory depression with the drug
SR-17018
Chemical compound
inhibit inflammatory pathways, but its clinical use is limited by poor bioavailability and thermal instability in boiling water. Recent research highlights
Epicatechin_gallate
Catechin (polyphenol) in tea
A; Rémésy, C (January 2005). "Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies". The American Journal
Epigallocatechin_gallate
Chemical compound
Genistein (C15H10O5) is a plant-derived, aglycone isoflavone. Genistein has the highest content of all isoflavones in soybeans and soy products, such as
Genistein
Chemical compound
less bioavailable than the quercetin glycoside often found in foods, especially red onions. Ingestion with high-fat foods may increase bioavailability compared
Quercetin
Category of polyphenol compound
relatively low. The bioavailability can be affected by nutrient-nutrient interactions with foods containing polyphenol oxidase. The bioavailability of flavan-3-ols
Flavan-3-ol
Chemical compound
others. Urolithin A is not known to be found in any food source. Its bioavailability mostly depends on individual microbiota composition, as only some bacteria
Urolithin_A
Antibiotic medication
studies, bioavailability (Cmax, tmax, AUC0-24, AUC∞) increases in the following order: β, α, ε, δ, γ. Thus, structures with lower bioavailability exert their
Rifaximin
Chemical compound and gastrointestinal medication
Duration: Up to 6 hours due to high affinity for defective mucosa (PUD) Bioavailability: 5%, sucralfate is considered non-systemic, sucrose octasulfate: 5%
Sucralfate
Broad-spectrum antibiotic
humans, there were studies that evaluated the drug bioavailability in cats and reported bioavailability of 99.69% for intramuscular route and 96.52 % for
Meropenem
Medication
Bioavailability≈90%. Plasma protein binding: 58%. Excreted in the urine as 3±1% of the initial (oral) dose 4-aminoantipyrine AA Yes Bioavailability≈22
Metamizole
Chemical compound
photobioreactors). Limited studies of fucoxanthin in humans indicate low bioavailability. Chlorophyll Dembitsky VM, Maoka T (November 2007). "Allenic and cumulenic
Fucoxanthin
Medication for parasitic worm infestations
animals UK: POM (Prescription only) / P US: ℞-only Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 2–10% Protein binding 95% Metabolism Extensive liver Elimination half-life
Mebendazole
Group of chemical compounds
are analogues of vitamin B1, thiamine. They typically have improved bioavailability relative to thiamine itself, and are used to treat conditions caused
Vitamin_B1_analogues
Beta blocker drug
ingestion. Its oral bioavailability is approximately 25%. Despite complete absorption, propranolol has a variable bioavailability due to extensive first-pass
Propranolol
Chemical compound
and allows it to be absorbed more easily. Hydrocortisone has a lower bioavailability than hydrocortisone acetate when taken orally, because hydrocortisone
Hydrocortisone_acetate
Chemical compound
Saquinavir, in the Invirase formulation, has a low and variable oral bioavailability, when given alone. The Fortovase formulation at the standard dosage
Saquinavir
Gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs
its oral bioavailability; when gabapentin was co-administered with oral morphine (which slows intestinal peristalsis), the oral bioavailability of a 600 mg
Gabapentinoid
Chemical compound
attacks. Upon consumption of isoflavone-rich foods, daidzein has poor bioavailability and low water solubility. Daidzein and other isoflavone compounds,
Daidzein
Anti-parasite medication
phenytoin are reported to reduce the bioavailability of praziquantel. Chloroquine also reduces its bioavailability. Experimental evidence indicates praziquantel
Praziquantel
Antibiotic
absorption), and reaches peak concentrations in one to two hours. The bioavailability is around 62% for parenteral routes. Unlike other penicillins, which
Ampicillin
Pharmaceutical compound
Kimbara A, Osterwald A, et al. (2024). "RG7774 (Vicasinabin), an orally bioavailable cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonist, decreases retinal vascular permeability
Vicasinabin
Chemical compound
molecule and may be a significant factor behind the observed enhanced bioavailability of ubiquinol. Studies have shown that Ubiquinol, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
Ubiquinol
State in which a body lacks enough iron to supply its needs
of iron deficiency. Iron is needed for bacterial growth, making its bioavailability an important factor in controlling infection. Blood plasma as a result
Iron_deficiency
absolute bioavailability of oral micronized estradiol is approximately 5%, with a possible range of 0.1% to 12%. As such, the bioavailability of oral estradiol
Pharmacokinetics_of_estradiol
Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)
11, 2015. Yokel R.A.; Hicks C.L.; Florence R.L. (2008). "Aluminum bioavailability from basic sodium aluminum phosphate, an approved food additive emulsifying
Aluminium
Chemical compound
(22 September 2017). "Intestinal Absorption and Factors Influencing Bioavailability of Magnesium- An Update". Current Nutrition & Food Science. 13 (4):
Magnesium_citrate
Chemical compound
(shingles). It is a prodrug form of penciclovir with improved oral bioavailability. Famciclovir is marketed under the trade name Famvir (Novartis). Famciclovir
Famciclovir
Tropane alkaloid & anticholinergic drug
transdermal patch since it has been long known to have transdermal bioavailability. Scopolamine is in the muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist group of
Scopolamine
D01AE12 (WHO) Legal status Legal status US: OTC Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability low Identifiers CAS Number 69-72-7 PubChem CID 338 DrugBank DB00936
Medical uses of salicylic acid
Medical_uses_of_salicylic_acid
Medication
human body. Acamprosate's absolute bioavailability from oral administration is approximately 11%, and its bioavailability is decreased when taken with food
Acamprosate
Chemical compound
increase the oral bioavailability of gallium and iron. Maltol's strong metal binding affinity (good iron chelator), high bioavailability, and low toxicity
Maltol
Substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation
are its unknown fate and properties after digestion, and its poor bioavailability. Vella-Brincat J, Macleod AD (2007). "Adverse effects of opioids on
Anti-inflammatory
Delivery of medication via the rectum
Bypassing the first-pass effect, fast onset, and a relatively high bioavailability with some drugs. Rectal administration is sometimes thought of as a
Rectal_administration
Chemical compound
fraction of the drug that reaches the circulatory system intact (systemic bioavailability) after oral dosing is low, averaging only 0.6–0.7% in women and in
Alendronic_acid
Chemical compound
catarrhalis. Levonadifloxacin has poor oral bioavailability. A prodrug of levonadifloxacin with high oral bioavailability, alalevonadifloxacin, has been developed
Levonadifloxacin
Medication applied to body surfaces
delivery system – avoiding first pass metabolism which can increase its bioavailability, being convenient and easy to apply to a large area, being easy to
Topical_medication
Chemical compound
chrysin are reliant on its bioavailability and solubility. Following oral intake by humans, chrysin has low bioavailability and rapid excretion. As a result
Chrysin
Vitamin used in animal cell metabolism
of the vitamin for other animals, including humans. For humans, the bioavailability from eggs is less than 9%, compared to 40% to 60% from fish, fowl,
Vitamin_B12
Organic chemical compound
effectively guide the treatment of horses. Several studies have measured the bioavailability of glucosamine after oral administration to horses. When given as a
Glucosamine
Statin medication
cholesterol by 28.9% to 56.7%, and triglycerides by 14.4% to 26.6%. Absolute bioavailability of rosuvastatin is about 20% and Cmax is reached in 3 to 5 hours; administration
Rosuvastatin
Compound inhibiting the activity of renin
bioavailability. The process was difficult and took about three decades. The first and second generations faced problems such as poor bioavailability
Renin_inhibitor
Medication
names Polyoxidonium, Synpol ATC code L03AX (WHO) Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability up to 89% Elimination half-life 25.4 hours (intravenous routes) Identifiers
Azoximer_bromide
Chemical compound
can significantly increase lymphocyte GSH levels indicating systemic bioavailability, validating the therapeutic potential of GGC. Animal model studies
Γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine
Chemical compound
Gondle HP, et al. (December 2020). "Discovery of CA-4948, an Orally Bioavailable IRAK4 Inhibitor for Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies". ACS Medicinal
Emavusertib
Administration of drugs through the nose
oral administration, for the treatment of diabetes insipidus. The bioavailability of the commercial tablet is 0.1% while that of the nasal spray is 3-5%
Nasal_administration
Medication used to treat insomnia
agents. The absolute bioavailability of daridorexant is 62%. The poor aqueous solubility of daridorexant limits its bioavailability. It reaches peak concentrations
Daridorexant
Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
bioavailability". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (9): 2973S–7S. doi:10.1093/jn/133.9.2973S. PMID 12949395. Hunt JR (September 2003). "Bioavailability of
Antioxidant
Chemical compound
nucleocapsid tegumentation and hence virion assembly. It has an oral bioavailability of 80%, protein binding of >99%, metabolism sites of the GI mucosa
Leflunomide
Antibiotic
inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls. It has an oral bioavailability of approximately 50%, which is increased when taken with food. It has
Cefpodoxime
SSRI antidepressant
for the long-term therapeutic benefits of chronic SSRI exposure. The bioavailability of fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations
Fluoxetine
Pharmaceutical compound
from the gastrointestinal tract with oral administration. Its oral bioavailability appears to be almost 100%. Absorption of boric acid through intact
Boric_acid_(vaginal)
Muscle relaxant
the elderly.[medical citation needed] Metaxalone exhibits increased bioavailability when taken with food. Specifically, in one study, compared to fasted
Metaxalone
Discontinued steroid for heart treatment
aqueous suspension, or in oral tablet form. The drug has a high oral bioavailability, due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass
Stanozolol
Chemical compound and essential nutrient
acid, and others) are excreted principally in the urine. The bioavailability of thiamine in foods can be interfered with in a variety of ways. Sulfites
Thiamine
Antibiotic derived from Penicillin
only UK: POM (Prescription only) EU: Rx-only Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 50–70% Metabolism Liver Elimination half-life 0.75–1 hour Excretion
Flucloxacillin
Chemical compound
rapidly when given via the oral route and has a bioavailability of 60–65%. Food decreases the bioavailability of the aqueous solution although the effect
Pimobendan
Pharmaceutical compound
administered via intravenous injection. The oral bioavailability of testosterone is very low. The bioavailability of oral testosterone undecanoate is 3 to 7%
Pharmacokinetics of testosterone
Pharmacokinetics_of_testosterone
Chemical compound
and malic acid with variable composition. Calcium citrate malate's bioavailability stems from its water-solubility and its method of dissolution. When
Calcium_citrate_malate
Peptide used as medication
incorporates a lipid chain to extend plasma circulation and prolong bioavailability. Liraglutide is a GLP-1 agonist drug that self-assembles into an alpha-helical
Peptide_therapeutics
Medication which reduces stomach acid
MA, Shohag MH, Sultana R, Latif AH, Hasnat A (July 2010). "Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of two different enteric formulations
Esomeprazole
Pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis
sometimes treated with topical terbinafine. If the antifungal has good bioavailability, this is a common route to handle a fungal infection. An example is
Antifungal
Psychedelic drug
monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes in the liver and gut, and is thus not orally bioavailable unless a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) is taken (as is naturally
Dimethyltryptamine
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