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Concept in cryptography
In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions,
Avalanche_effect
Type of electrical breakdown in semiconductors
slope conductance of the Zener diode. The Zener effect is distinct from avalanche breakdown. Avalanche breakdown involves minority carrier electrons in
Zener_effect
Type of diode
such diode, but one usually dominates the other. Avalanche diodes are optimized for avalanche effect, so they exhibit small but significant voltage drop
Avalanche_diode
Electrical phenomenon
Avalanche breakdown (or the avalanche effect) is a phenomenon that can occur in both insulating and semiconducting materials. It is a form of electric
Avalanche_breakdown
Highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device
such that charge carriers generated by the photovoltaic effect are multiplied by an avalanche breakdown; thus they can be used to detect relatively small
Avalanche_photodiode
Computer communications authentication algorithm
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
HMAC
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Salt_(cryptography)
Process in electrical breakdown
the affected region to become an electrically conductive plasma. The avalanche effect was discovered by John Sealy Townsend in his work between 1897 and
Electron_avalanche
Idea that small causes can have large effects
killed by an avalanche a year later, or escaping." The idea that the death of one butterfly could eventually have a far-reaching ripple effect on subsequent
Butterfly_effect
Diode that allows current to flow in the reverse direction at a specific voltage
involve avalanche breakdown. Both breakdown types are present in Zener diodes with the Zener effect predominating at lower voltages and avalanche breakdown
Zener_diode
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Type of data structure
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Merkle_tree
Set of cryptographic hash functions
(with overwhelming probability) result in a different hash, due to the avalanche effect. For example, adding a period to the end of the following sentence
SHA-2
Message-digest hashing algorithm
overwhelming probability) result in a mostly different hash, due to the avalanche effect. For example, adding a period to the end of the sentence: MD5("The
MD5
Key derivation function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
PBKDF2
Class of fingerprinting algorithm
This is in contrast to cryptographic hashing, which relies on the avalanche effect of a small change in input value creating a drastic change in output
Perceptual_hashing
Block cipher
constants in the MIX functions are chosen in such a way that the overall effect is complete diffusion of all the bits in a data block.[citation needed]
Threefish
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Galois/Counter_Mode
Theory of cryptography
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Sponge_function
Cryptographic hash function
overwhelming probability) result in a mostly different hash, due to the avalanche effect. For example, adding a period to the end of the sentence: Skein-512-256("The
Skein_(hash_function)
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
2013. Retrieved 26 March 2015. "UK Data Encryption Disclosure Law Takes Effect". PC World. 1 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012
Cryptography
2015 password-based key derivation function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Argon2
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Cryptographic hash function
bit in the output to change with 50% probability, demonstrating an avalanche effect: BLAKE-512("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") =
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Rapid flow of a mass of snow down a slope
An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a slope, such as a hill or mountain. Avalanches can be triggered spontaneously, by factors such as increased
Avalanche
Activities to reduce avalanche hazards
Avalanche control or avalanche defense activities reduce the hazard avalanches pose to human life, activity, and property. Avalanche control begins with
Avalanche_control
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Brute-force_attack
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
slow execution, NIST recommends an iteration count of 10,000 or more. Avalanche effect Comparison of cryptographic hash functions Cryptographic agility CRYPTREC
Cryptographic_hash_function
Cryptographic hash function
37f332f68db77bd9d7edd4969571ad671cf9dd3b RIPEMD-160 behaves with the desired avalanche effect of cryptographic hash functions (small changes, e.g. changing d to
RIPEMD
Cryptographic hash function
overwhelming probability, result in many bits changing due to the avalanche effect. For example, changing dog to cog produces a hash with different values
SHA-1
Cryptography algorithm
traditional confidentiality-only modes. (Source: SP800-38A Table D.2: Summary of Effect of Bit Errors on Decryption) It might be observed, for example, that a one-block
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Message_authentication_code
Encryption method
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Authenticated_encryption
Algorithm
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
CCM_mode
Password-based key derivation function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Bcrypt
Cryptographic hash function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Shabal
Password cracking dataset
used for likely plaintexts, not the entire space of possible passwords. In effect R shepherds the results of prior hash calculations back to likely plaintexts
Rainbow_table
Autler–Townes effect (atomic, molecular, and optical physics) (atomic physics) (quantum optics) Autokinetic effect (vision) Avalanche effect (cryptography)
List_of_effects
Block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Blowfish_(cipher)
Russian cryptographic hash function
overwhelming probability) result in a mostly different hash, due to the avalanche effect. For example, adding a period to the end of the sentence: Streebog-256("The
Streebog
Gas ionization process
In electromagnetism, the Townsend discharge or Townsend avalanche is an ionisation process for gases where free electrons are accelerated by an electric
Townsend_discharge
Algorithmic technique using hashing
that the new hash value appears uncorrelated with the old hash value (avalanche effect). Fuzzy hashing exists to solve this problem of detecting data that
Fuzzy_hashing
Two-terminal electronic component
breakdown voltage. This effect is used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes) or to protect circuits from high voltage surges (avalanche diodes). A semiconductor
Diode
Authenticated encryption mode with resistance against nonce reuse
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
AES-GCM-SIV
Hash functions
number of hash collisions, slowing (or possibly stopping) the server with an effect similar to a packet flood of many million requests. By using a key unknown
SipHash
Type of cryptographic attack
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Birthday_attack
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Pepper_(cryptography)
Implementations of Advanced Encryption Standard
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
AES_implementations
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Proof_of_work
Properties of the operation of a secure cipher
decorrelation of the generated values is the main feature. Diffusion (and its avalanche effect) is also applicable to non-cryptographic hash functions. Confusion
Confusion_and_diffusion
Cryptographic attack
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Timing_attack
Family of authenticated ciphers
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Ascon_(cipher)
Set of cryptographic hash functions
bit in the output to change with 50% probability, demonstrating an avalanche effect: SHAKE128("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", 256)
SHA-3
Password-based key derivation function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Yescrypt
Obsolete cryptographic hash function
lazy dog") = 03d85a0d629d2c442e987525319fc471 As the result of the avalanche effect in MD2, even a small change in the input message will (with overwhelming
MD2_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
MD4
Topics referred to by the same term
of electric current multiplication Avalanche diode Avalanche effect, a concept in cryptography and hashing Avalanche photodiode, a highly sensitive semiconductor
Avalanche_(disambiguation)
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Message_authentication
2009 password-based key derivation function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Scrypt
Cryptography construction
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Feistel_cipher
Message authentication code algorithm
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
One-key_MAC
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
HKDF
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Length_extension_attack
Block cipher
rounds, and carefully chosen bit patterns allows to detect and analyze avalanche effect. The original formulation of the Corrected Block TEA algorithm, published
XXTEA
Open competition to select password hash functions
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Password_Hashing_Competition
Input to a cryptographic primitive
This is effected by selecting the IV at random or pseudo-randomly. In such schemes, the chance of a duplicate IV is negligible, but the effect of the birthday
Initialization_vector
Non-cryptographic hash function
on each step, can mitigate this but may have detrimental effects on avalanche effect or random distribution of hash values. Diffusion – The ideal secure
Fowler–Noll–Vo_hash_function
Type of cipher
half of the output bits on average, exhibiting what is known as the avalanche effect—i.e. it has the property that each output bit will depend on every
Block_cipher
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Preimage_attack
Cryptographic attack
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Collision_attack
Hash function phenomenon
sensitive to collisions, so NCHFs require just the uniform distribution and avalanche properties. Still, collision resistance is an additional feature that
Hash_collision
Ability to easily switch cryptographic primitives
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Cryptographic_agility
Digital identifier derived from the data by an algorithm
This is in contrast to cryptographic hashing, which relies on the avalanche effect of a small change in input value creating a drastic change in output
Fingerprint_(computing)
Soviet/Russian national standard block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
GOST_(block_cipher)
Cipher design construction
output bits will actually change with an input bit change (cf. Strict avalanche criterion). A P-box is a permutation of all the bits: it takes the outputs
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Key_stretching
Method of building collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions
into a smaller output hash size or to guarantee a better mixing and avalanche effect on the bits in the hash sum. The finalisation function is often built
Merkle–Damgård_construction
Block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Twofish
Tables comparing general and technical information for common hashes
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Comparison of cryptographic hash functions
Comparison_of_cryptographic_hash_functions
Block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
RC5
Block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Triple_DES
Block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Skipjack_(cipher)
Process of developing the AES standard
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Advanced Encryption Standard process
Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Differential_cryptanalysis
Chinese block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
SM4_(cipher)
Block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
SHACAL
Cryptographic hash function
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Lane_(hash_function)
Type of cryptanalytic attack
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
Integral_cryptanalysis
Cryptographic hash function
probability, result in a completely different message digest due to the avalanche effect: MD6("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog") =
MD6
Block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
FEAL
Symmetric-key block cipher
with a reduction of cryptographic strength of about 2 bits, similar to the effect of the previous bicliques attack on AES; however, this attack does not threaten
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm
Authenticated encryption mode of operation for block ciphers
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
OCB_mode
Universal hash family used for message authentication in cryptography
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Poly1305
Family of cryptographic hash functions
attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Secure_Hash_Algorithms
Cryptographic hash function
overwhelming probability) result in a mostly different hash, due to the avalanche effect. For example, adding a period to the end of the sentence: JH-256("The
JH_(hash_function)
Avalanche in Iceland
after an avalanche in Súðavík killed 14 people. The disasters had a profound effect on the nation and sparked a massive buildup of avalanche dams to protect
1995_Flateyri_avalanche
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
EAX_mode
Block cipher
scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation) Attack
RC6
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