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In array antenna systems, array gain is the measure of the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved by the array. It is calculated as the SNR
Array_gain
Measure of how much of an antenna's signal is transmitted in one direction
D_{\text{max}}\approx 4N\pi } . The directivity of a planar array is the product of the array gain, and the directivity of an element (assuming all of the
Directivity
The relative gain array (RGA) is a classical widely used[citation needed] method for determining the best input-output pairings for multivariable process
Relative_gain_array
Topics referred to by the same term
many variants thereof Wi-Fi array, a wireless networking device Antenna array Array gain, a telecommunications parameter Array processing of multichannel
Array
Set of multiple antennas which work together
gain and the narrower the beam. Some antenna arrays (such as military phased array radars) are composed of thousands of individual antennas. Arrays can
Antenna_array
Multi-element, directional antenna useable over a wide band of frequencies
A log-periodic antenna (LP), also known as a log-periodic array or log-periodic aerial, is a multi-element, directional antenna designed to operate over
Log-periodic_antenna
Array of antennas creating a steerable beam
the size of an antenna array must extend many wavelengths to achieve the high gain needed for narrow beamwidth, phased arrays are mainly practical at
Phased_array
Type of radio antenna
of the band of frequencies having a gain within 3 dB (one-half the power) of its maximum gain. The Yagi–Uda array in its basic form has a narrow bandwidth
Yagi–Uda_antenna
Telecommunications performance metric
which applies to aperture antennas such as a parabolic reflector or phased array, or antenna/aperture illumination efficiency, which relates the maximum
Radiation_efficiency
Signal processing technique for sensor arrays
technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that
Beamforming
Device that transmits and receives radio waves
dipole arrays) as television antennas. Gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of the antenna's radiation pattern. A high-gain antenna
Antenna_(radio)
expected diversity gain has been shown to be ∑ k = 1 N 1 k {\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{N}{\frac {1}{k}}} , expressed as a power ratio. Array gain Diversity combining
Diversity_gain
Group of sensors used to increase gain or dimensionality over a single sensor
example an array of radio antenna elements used for beamforming can increase antenna gain in the direction of the signal while decreasing the gain in other
Sensor_array
Optical axis of a directional antenna
telecommunications and radar engineering, the antenna boresight is the axis of maximum gain (maximum radiated power) of a directional antenna. For most antennas the
Antenna_boresight
Radio aerial composed of directly-connected and passive elements
In an antenna array made of multiple conductive elements (typically metal rods), a driven element or active element (also called driven radiator or active
Driven_and_parasitic_elements
Formula in telecommunications engineering of antenna performance
his transmission formula was to dispense with the usage of directivity or gain when describing antenna performance. In their place is the descriptor of
Friis_transmission_equation
Radio antenna which has greater performance in specific alignments
medium wavelength frequencies, tower arrays are used in most cases as directional antennas. When transmitting, a high-gain antenna allows more of the transmitted
Directional_antenna
Use of multiple antennas in radio
receiver's antenna array, each having a different spatial signature—gain phase pattern at the receiver’s antennas. These distinct array signatures allow
MIMO
System of linked seismometers
class of design is considered to provide the best overall array gain. With a seismic array, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a seismic signal can be
Seismic_array
Transfer of information or power that does not require the use of physical wires
plane Characteristics Array gain Directivity Efficiency Electrical length Equivalent radius Factor Friis transmission equation Gain Height Radiation pattern
Wireless
Class of directive antennas
gain, by moving the elements about. If the antenna is properly aligned with the signal, at any given instant in time, all of the elements in an array
Reflective_array_antenna
Directional variation in strength of radio waves
pattern), the power per unit solid angle (power pattern), and the directive gain (gain pattern). Very often, only the relative amplitude is plotted, normalized
Radiation_pattern
Antenna system type
collinear; that is, they are located along a common axis. Collinear arrays are high gain omnidirectional antennas. Both dipoles and quarter-wavelength monopoles
Collinear_antenna_array
Tax on investment profits
and state legislation often has a large array of fiscal obligations that must be respected regarding capital gains. The CGT can be considered a cost of selling
Capital_gains_tax
Type of surface-mount packaging for integrated circuits
The land grid array (LGA) is a type of surface-mount packaging for integrated circuits (ICs) that is notable for having the pins on the socket (when a
Land_grid_array
Family of wireless network protocols
semi-parabolic antenna (15 dB gain) with a similarly equipped receiver at the far end might have a range of over 32 km. Higher gain rating (dBi) indicates deviation
Wi-Fi
System of hydrophones
Hydrophones in a towed array system are placed at specific distances along the cable, the end elements far enough apart to gain a basic ability to triangulate
Towed_array_sonar
Acoustic sensing method
is the target strength, NL is the noise level, AG is the array gain of the receiving array (sometimes approximated by its directivity index) and DT is
Sonar
Antenna capable of modifying its frequency and radiation properties dynamically
(dielectric liquid or liquid metal). Antenna (radio) Beam steering Phased array RF MEMS Smart antenna Rodrigo, D.; Cetiner, B.A.; Jofre, L. (2014). "Frequency
Reconfigurable_antenna
radiation pattern to concentrate energy over a smaller range and increase gain. "47 CFR 73.316 -- FM antenna systems". eCFR. Retrieved 2026-03-14. "47 CFR
Vertical and horizontal (radio propagation)
Vertical_and_horizontal_(radio_propagation)
Regions of an electromagnetic field
Alternatively, multiple active elements can also be combined to form an antenna array, with lobe shape becoming a factor of element distances and excitation phasing
Near_and_far_field
WiFi option
the highly scattering environment, substantial capacity gains are enabled when antenna arrays are used at both ends of a link. An alternative approach
Space–time_block_code
Antenna used with a television to receive television programs
elements, the higher the gain and the more directional. Another design used mainly for UHF reception is the reflective array antenna, consisting of a
Television_antenna
the size of a city block. Instead of a cell tower, each cell will use an array of multiple small antennas mounted on existing buildings and utility poles
Wireless device radiation and health
Wireless_device_radiation_and_health
Lobes of far field radiation pattern of antenna
of phase to each other. For discrete aperture antennas (such as phased arrays) in which the element spacing is greater than a half wavelength, the spatial
Sidelobes
High bandwidth channel access method
channel access method, developed for multi-transceiver systems such as active array antennas. WSDMA is a beamforming technique suitable for overlay on the latest
WSDMA
Radio astronomy observatory in New Mexico, US
The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) is a centimeter-wavelength radio astronomy observatory in the southwestern United States built in the 1970s
Very_Large_Array
Characteristic of a radio antenna
terminals of an antenna is not the actual field intensity due to actual antenna gain, aperture characteristics, and loading effects.[clarification needed] For
Antenna_factor
Type of parabolic antenna
Waterloo in 2004. The theoretical gain (directive gain) of a dish increases as the frequency increases. The actual gain depends on many factors including
Satellite_dish
azimuth and the elevation components of the direction of an antenna system or array. Such antenna configurations are used in, for example, amateur radio satellite
Antenna_rotator
Region of the radiation pattern of an antenna
transducers like microphones and loudspeakers. Antenna boresight Antenna gain Beam radio navigation Beam waveguide antenna Beamwidth Side lobe Software
Main_lobe
Cable or conductor connecting a radio transmitter to an antenna
the radio waves waveguide switches waveguide rotary joints An array antenna or antenna array consists of multiple antennas which are connected to a single
Antenna_feed
Type of antenna
the IEEE definition of "Log-Periodic Antenna". The "Log-Periodic Dipole Array" or "Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna" (LPDA), is a practically modified self-complementary
Self-complementary_antenna
General proclamation to defend the state in the Kingdom of England
royal assent. Both decrees tried to gain control of existing militia and to raise further troops. The Commission of Array issued by the king thus sought to
Commission_of_array
Antenna with a fractal shape
extra components such as inductors or capacitors. Log-periodic antennas are arrays invented in 1952 and commonly seen as TV antennas. This was long before
Fractal_antenna
Electrically conductive surface, usually connected to electrical ground
play major roles in determining its radiation characteristics including gain. To function as a ground plane, the conducting surface must be at least a
Ground_plane
Aspect of a lens or reflector
cloud can render a satellite dish less efficient, resulting in a reduced gain. The imperfections of the antenna lead to two problems: On the one hand the
Focal_cloud
Type of radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil
higher gain in the two favored horizontal directions. Additional gain (and a uni-directional radiation pattern) is usually obtained with an array of such
Loop_antenna
Area dedicated to radio transmitting
technicians Telecommunications facility manager Security guards Antenna array Ham radio Earth station Echelon (signals intelligence) "MSN Encarta - antenna
Antenna_farm
Telecommunications networks transmitted by radio waves
plane Characteristics Array gain Directivity Efficiency Electrical length Equivalent radius Factor Friis transmission equation Gain Height Radiation pattern
Cellular_network
Type of directional antenna
serves to provide broad bandwidth gain at the lower end of the UHF band, while the Yagi array is cut to give extra gain at the high end of the band. Monopole
Corner_reflector_antenna
Antenna consisting of two rod-shaped conductors
standalone low-gain antennas, dipoles are also employed as driven elements in more complex antenna designs such as the Yagi antenna and driven arrays. Dipole
Dipole_antenna
Changing the direction of the main lobe of a radiation pattern
reflectors and phased arrays are now complemented by Reflectarray (RA) and Transmitarray (TA) antennas. These designs serve as high-gain, planar alternatives
Beam_steering
arrays. The equation is named after John Ruze, who introduced the equation in a paper he wrote in 1952. The equation states that the antenna's gain is
Ruze's_equation
Search algorithm finding the position of a target value within a sorted array
of a target value within a sorted array. Binary search compares the target value to the middle element of the array. If they are not equal, the half in
Binary_search
Antenna constructions for different applications
antenna; most compact but highly directional / "high gain" / beam antennas are some type of an array antenna Aperture antennas Aperture antennas are made
Antenna_types
Telecommunications device
increase the signal in the target area. Adjustment of the ATUs in a multitower array is a complex and time-consuming process requiring considerable expertise
Antenna_tuner
Method to evaluate biological samples
altered Cy3:Cy5 ratio this indicates a loss or a gain of the patient DNA at that specific genomic region. Array CGH has been implemented using a wide variety
Comparative genomic hybridization
Comparative_genomic_hybridization
Class of large multielement directional wire radio transmitting antennas
curtain array may have a gain of 20 dB greater than a simple dipole antenna. Because of the strict phase requirements, earlier curtain arrays had a narrow
Curtain_array
Receiving device on satellite dishes
polarization, low/vertical and high/horizontal) to a multiswitch or an array of multiswitches, which then delivers to each connected tuner whichever
Low-noise_block_downconverter
Type of antenna with a low profile
image) called microstrip antennas, can be used to make high gain array antennas, and phased arrays in which the beam can be electronically steered. A variant
Patch_antenna
Digital information reflecting an individual's karyotype
disrupted DNA have emerged, such as array comparative genomic hybridization (arrayCGH) and SNP arrays. Conceptually, the arrays are composed of hundreds to millions
Virtual_karyotype
1995 edition of the Fortran programming language standard
tar%u ! array section (structure component) tar(1, 1)%u ! component of an array element Vector and matrix multiply Array reduction Array inquiry Array construction
Fortran_95_language_features
Problem in computer science
contiguous subarray with the largest sum, within a given one-dimensional array A[1...n] of numbers. It can be solved in O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} time
Maximum_subarray_problem
Parameter characterizing an AC conductor
radiation pattern; it does not radiate as much power, and therefore has lower gain than a full-sized antenna. Conversely, an antenna longer than resonant length
Electrical_length
open area test sites for measurements of high gain, electrically large antennas or antenna arrays (gain > 20 dBi, diameter > 5λ) in an indoor, controlled
Near-field_scanner
Technique for detecting polymorphisms in a genome
In molecular biology, SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect polymorphisms within a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism
SNP_array
Stacked combination of two or more standard RAID levels
(where "RAID" stands for "redundant array of independent disks" or "redundant array of inexpensive disks") to gain performance, additional redundancy or
Nested_RAID_levels
Institute of Technology in Tokyo, Japan
Engineers (IEEE) for his contributions to high-gain and high-efficiency millimeter-wave planar waveguide slot arrays. "2012 elevated fellow" (PDF). IEEE Fellows
Jiro_Hirokawa
Shortwave transmitting antenna
are modest-gain single-band curtain array antennas. They are named after Ernest J. Sterba, who developed a simple shortwave curtain array for Bell Labs
Sterba_antenna
Microwave network module
phased arrays. Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy. Active: Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA)
Phase_shift_module
Device in neurophysiology
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) (also referred to as multielectrode arrays) are devices that contain multiple (tens to thousands) microelectrodes through
Microelectrode_array
High-level programming language
using the bind method. Like in many scripting languages, arrays and objects (associative arrays in other languages) can each be created with a succinct
JavaScript
Noise pattern on digital imaging sensors
conditions in an imaging array. This problem arises from small differences in the individual responsitivity of the sensor array (including any local postamplification
Fixed-pattern_noise
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
Scope Arrays Indexed arrays: size is unlimited. Associative arrays: via declare -A. In February 2009, Bash 4.0 introduced support for associative arrays. Associative
Bash_(Unix_shell)
American physicist (born 1925)
in transducer source and receive arrays (1977) Economical computation of array gain of large lattice acoustic arrays in anisotropic sea noise (1977) Effects
Gordon_Eugene_Martin
Physical transmission device
to direct or collect microwave radiation. An array antenna is a high gain antenna consisting of an array of smaller antenna elements. A leaky wave antenna
Microwave_antenna
Digital imaging circuit
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit
Charge-coupled_device
Project to analyze the ionosphere
operating in 1999 as a 6 × 8 (= 48) antenna array at 0.96 MW, expanding in 2007 to a 12 × 15 (=180) array of 180 antennas with 360 radio transmitters
High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
Defunct American computer company
Post: 6B – via Newspapers.com. Rosen, Carol (January 1995). "Ball grid arrays gain respectability". Electronic Business Buyer. 21 (1). Reed Business Information:
Panda_Project
Object detection system using radio waves
The amount of reinforcement is antenna gain. The amount of cancellation is side-lobe suppression. Phased array radars have been in use since the earliest
Radar
General-purpose programming language
as an array. Since arrays are always accessed (in effect) via pointers, array accesses are typically not checked against the underlying array size, although
C_(programming_language)
Indian journalist
Ideas' on Doordarshan's cultural channel, DD3. The show featured a wide array of authors, historians, novelists, poets, and scholars.[citation needed]
Tarun_Tejpal
American crime drama television series by David Chase
more influence on what kind of fare we've been offered by an ever-growing array of television networks." Hal Boedeker stated in PopMatters in 2007 that
The_Sopranos
Belfast-based activist group
Array Collective is the alias of 11 Belfast-based artists and activists. In 2021 they became the first Northern Irish winners of the Turner Prize. Array
Array_Collective
1960s US Navy sonar research project
R. J. (4 November 1974). Signal Coherence in the Sea and the Gain of a Receiving Array (Report). Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center
Project_Artemis
Early warning radar
separate elements combine in front of the antenna to form a beam. The array has a gain of 38.6 dB, and the width of the beam is only 2.2°. The drive current
PAVE_PAWS
KF-21 Boramae fire-control radar
APY-016K is a gallium nitride (GaN) based active electronically scanned array (AESA) fire-control radar designed by Agency for Defense Development (ADD)
APY-016K
Country in East Asia
and Labor Thanksgiving Day on November 23. Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties that use traditional recipes and local ingredients
Japan
Process of analyzing data produced by a test for DNA copy number variation
data point can be declared an indication of a copy number gain or a copy number loss in BAC arrays. Bioinformatics DNA microarray Sebat, J.; et al. (2007)
Copy_number_analysis
Soviet over-the-horizon early-warning radar system
documentary, which won numerous awards, also includes drone video footage of the array and handheld video footage of the surroundings as well as a climb to the
Duga_radar
Country in South Asia
made fundamental contributions to number theory. India contains a wide array of musical practices, including many different folk musics from different
India
Signal processing system
beamformer is a system that performs adaptive spatial signal processing with an array of transmitters or receivers. The signals are combined in a manner which
Adaptive_beamformer
Acoustic technology to locate the source of a sound in three-dimensional space
an Acoustic Vector Sensor (AVS) array Scanning techniques Offline methods (according to timeliness) Microphone Array Approach This approach utilizes eight
3D_sound_localization
Data structure for approximate set membership
surpassed by the deterministic bit array, which requires only one bit for each potential element. Hash tables gain a space and time advantage if they
Bloom_filter
American singer (born 1984)
Journal's intrepid star spotter Richard Mineards, along with the usual array of celebrity media outlets. Katsilometes, John (April 10, 2023). "Katy Perry
Katy_Perry
Active antennas that are designed to resist radio jamming
Beamforming: The antenna array combines signals from multiple elements to create a directional reception pattern that enhances the gain toward legitimate GPS
Controlled reception pattern antenna
Controlled_reception_pattern_antenna
Effort to find civilizations not from Earth
an Earth-based radio telescope array with 1,500 dishes known as "Project Cyclops". The price tag for the Cyclops array was US$10 billion. Cyclops was
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence
Reconfigurable computer design
known as reconfigurable datapath arrays (rDPA), organized in a two-dimensional array of ALU's similar to the KressArray. The Xputer architecture is data-stream-based
Xputer
American musician and YouTube personality (born 1962)
exceptions such as fair use. Beato has conducted interviews with a diverse array of notable musicians on his channel, spanning various genres and eras. These
Rick_Beato
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