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Biased assessment of an algorithm
Algorithm aversion is defined as a "biased assessment of an algorithm which manifests in negative behaviors, and attitudes towards the algorithm compared
Algorithm_aversion
Sequence of operations for a task
Algorithm aversion Algorithm engineering Algorithm characterizations Algorithmic bias Algorithmic composition Algorithmic entities Algorithmic synthesis
Algorithm
Interactions with artificial intelligence
leads people to reject it. There has been a consistent tendency of algorithm aversion in which people prefer human advice over AI advice. However, people
Human–AI_interaction
Preference of known risks to unknown risks
In decision theory and economics, ambiguity aversion (also known as uncertainty aversion) is a preference for known risks over unknown risks. An ambiguity-averse
Ambiguity_aversion
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
combinatorial game theory, there is a minimax algorithm for game solutions. A simple version of the minimax algorithm, stated below, deals with games such as
Minimax
Search algorithm
Alpha–beta pruning is a tree search algorithm that seeks to decrease the number of nodes that are evaluated by the minimax algorithm in its search tree. It is an
Alpha–beta_pruning
Type of cryptocurrency that is reserve backed
causing loss of bank deposits. The capital outflow would be caused by risk aversion of individuals within the developing countries against sudden sharp currency
Stablecoin
Fear of penises or masculinity
narrower sense is a fear of the penis and in a broader sense an excessive aversion to masculinity. Alternative terms for this condition include ithyphallophobia
Phallophobia
Machine learning technique
reward function to improve an agent's policy through an optimization algorithm like proximal policy optimization. RLHF has applications in various domains
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
Variation of minimax game tree search
search that relies on the zero-sum property of a two-player game. This algorithm relies on the fact that min ( a , b ) = − max ( − b , − a ) {\displaystyle
Negamax
Algorithm in game theory
paranoid algorithm is a game tree search algorithm designed to analyze multi-player games using a two-player adversarial framework. The algorithm assumes
Paranoid_algorithm
Problem in process of sharing surplus
consideration of utility. Some economists have studied the effects of risk aversion on the bargaining solution. Compare two similar bargaining problems A and
Cooperative_bargaining
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
interacted with each other. Tversky and Kahneman (1995) addressed ambiguity aversion, the idea that people do not like ambiguous gambles or choices with ambiguity
Amos_Tversky
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
stable. They presented an algorithm to do so. The Gale–Shapley algorithm (also known as the deferred acceptance algorithm) involves a number of "rounds"
Stable_matching_problem
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Paradox_of_tolerance
Decision support tool
event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an algorithm that only contains conditional control statements. Decision trees are
Decision_tree
Origin of Optimism, Loss Aversion and Disappointment Aversion". SSRN 3108432. Dawson C, Johnson SG (8 April 2021). "Dread Aversion and Economic Preferences"
List_of_cognitive_biases
Mathematical model in optimal trade execution
foundational results in the modern theory of algorithmic trading and remains widely used in institutional execution algorithms. The optimal execution problem arises
Almgren–Chriss_model
Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion
examples from history and culture that evidence an aversion to hybrid entities, such as the aversion to genetically modified organisms ("Frankenfoods")
Uncanny_valley
Process of selecting a portfolio
the cost of risk, is defined as the portfolio risk multiplied by a risk aversion parameter (or unit price of risk). For return distributions that are Gaussian
Portfolio_optimization
Management concept by Laurence J. Peter
Founder(s) maintaining disproportionate control Negative selection (politics) – Aversion to the success of one's subordinates Parkinson's law – Adage that work
Peter_principle
Type of stable matching problem
science, particularly in the fields of combinatorial game theory and algorithms, the stable-roommate problem (SRP) is the problem of finding a stable
Stable_roommates_problem
Design style and Internet aesthetic
absence of humans in Frutiger Aero art, attributing it to Generation Z's aversion to the anthropocentrism and "oppressive beauty standards" prevalent on
Frutiger_Aero
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
that deals with the searching of game trees, most notably the minimax algorithm. It is straightforward to write a computer program to play tic-tac-toe
Tic-tac-toe
Standard example in game theory
those with high scores reproduce (a genetic algorithm for finding an optimal strategy). The mix of algorithms in the final population generally depends
Prisoner's_dilemma
American economist (born 1951)
instability-chaining algorithm proposed by Roth and John H. Vande Vate. The NRMP adopted the new algorithm in 1997. The algorithm is still in use in NRMP
Alvin_E._Roth
Game whose outcome can be correctly predicted
need not actually determine any details of the perfect play. Provide one algorithm for each of the two players, such that the player using it can achieve
Solved_game
Analysis of the risks and potential benefits of an action
involuntary risk (a risk over which they have no control), they make risk aversion their primary goal. Under these circumstances, individuals require the
Risk–benefit_ratio
Platforms for betting on events
accuracy of prediction markets: Steven Gjerstad (Purdue), in his paper "Risk Aversion, Beliefs, and Prediction Market Equilibrium", has shown that prediction
Prediction_market
Hand game for two players or more
that matches the last few moves in order to predict the next move of the algorithm. In frequency analysis, the program simply identifies the most frequently
Rock_paper_scissors
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Deterrence_theory
Situation where total gains match total losses
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Zero-sum_game
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
(1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision
John_von_Neumann
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
Babak; Roberts, Stephen (2023). "Guidelines for Building a Realistic Algorithmic Trading Market Simulator for Backtesting While Incorporating Market Impact:
Tit_for_tat
Financial metric
indication tool as the size of the swap spread reflects the level of risk aversion within the financial markets. Swap spreads is a term coined by economists
Swap_spread
Forex trading
become a copier and discovered that risk aversion is a deciding factor. The higher the subjects' risk aversion, the more likely they are to imitate others
Copy_trading
Game which can have any number of players
theorem that is the basis of tree searching for 2-player games. Other algorithms, like maxn, are required for traversing the game tree to optimize the
N-player_game
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
bias Conjunction fallacy Dictator game Framing (social sciences) Loss aversion Optimism bias Peak–end rule Planning fallacy Prospect theory Cumulative
Daniel_Kahneman
Interdisciplinary field
cortex. One aspect of human decision-making is a strong aversion to potential loss. Under loss aversion, the perceived cost of loss is experienced more intensely
Neuroeconomics
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
and information markets. Algorithmic game theory and within it algorithmic mechanism design combine computational algorithm design and analysis of complex
Game_theory
Swiss mathematician and physicist (1700–1782)
the St. Petersburg paradox as the basis of the economic theory of risk aversion, risk premium, and utility. Bernoulli often noticed that when making decisions
Daniel_Bernoulli
Enhancement of Alpha–Beta game tree search
is a negamax algorithm that can be faster than alpha–beta pruning. Like alpha–beta pruning, NegaScout is a directional search algorithm for computing
Principal_variation_search
Concept in game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Shapley_value
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Concept in game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Search heuristic for combinatorial games
alpha-beta search to compete in the terms of efficiency against other pruning algorithms. Alpha-beta pruning achieves its performance by using cutoffs from its
Aspiration_window
Fair division class using unique allocation methods
polynomial-time algorithm for connected proportional cake-cutting among any number of agents, when there is a single secretive agent. The algorithm is based
Online_fair_division
Mathematical framework for investment risk
investors will evaluate the trade-off differently based on individual risk aversion characteristics. The implication is that a rational investor will not invest
Modern_portfolio_theory
Two-person zero-sum game
framework for searching an unbounded domain, as in the case of an online algorithm, is to use a normalized cost function (called the competitive ratio in
Search_game
Factors influencing economic decisions
concepts later popularized by modern Behavioral Economic theory, such as loss aversion. Jeremy Bentham, a Utilitarian philosopher in the 1700s conceptualized
Behavioral_economics
Structured parent/caregiver interview used to diagnose autism spectrum disorders
calculated for each of the interview's content areas. When applying the algorithm, a score of 3 drops to 2 and a score of 7, 8, or 9 drops to 0 because
Autism_Diagnostic_Interview
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
level. Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2009), Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations, New York: Cambridge University
Nash_equilibrium
Portfolio optimization model in finance
investor's utility function is concave and increasing, due to their risk aversion and consumption preference. Analysis is based on single period model of
Markowitz_model
Topics referred to by the same term
breast milk and infant formula The Arrow-Pratt measure of absolute risk aversion Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), a GZK neutrino detector based on the Askaryan
ARA
Level of information in economics and game theory
is available to all participants. The utility functions (including risk aversion), payoffs, strategies and "types" of players are thus common knowledge
Complete_information
Global decentralized trading of international currencies
February 2010). "Global markets – US stocks rebound, dollar gains on risk aversion". Reuters. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Stewart, Heather (9 April 2008)
Foreign_exchange_market
Conformance of AI to intended objectives
repeat users' preferred answers (sycophancy). RLHF also led to a stronger aversion to being shut down. One aim of alignment is "corrigibility": systems that
AI_alignment
Game theory scenario
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Win–win_game
Tendency to give more importance to negative experiences than positive ones
domain of decision-making, specifically as it relates to risk aversion or loss aversion. When presented with a situation in which a person stands to either
Negativity_bias
Military euphemism
S2CID 108643385. Lacquement, Richard A. Jr. (March 2004). "The Casualty-Aversion Myth". Naval War College Review. Archived from the original on 5 November
Acceptable_loss
Sub-field of reinforcement learning
in single-agent reinforcement learning is concerned with finding the algorithm that gets the biggest number of points for one agent, research in multi-agent
Multi-agent reinforcement learning
Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning
International game show franchise
within each game (i.e. their aversion to risk would change), depending on the state of play and relative risk aversion of their confidant on the show
Deal_or_No_Deal
Resource distribution game
of the Colonel Blotto game. This solution, which includes a graphical algorithm for characterizing all the Nash equilibrium strategies, includes previously
Blotto_game
Discrepancy of the lack of evidence for alien life despite its apparent likelihood
that aliens are in secret contact with governments, David Brin writes, "Aversion to an idea, simply because of its long association with crackpots, gives
Fermi_paradox
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Conflict_resolution
Bidding less than an item is worth in an auction
20160675. Nautz, D.; Wolfstetter, E. (October 1997). "Bid shading and risk aversion in multi-unit auctions with many bidders". Economics Letters. 56 (2): 195–200
Bid_shading
Game in economic experiments
et al. (2012) found that, although women generally exhibit greater risk aversion than men, they tended to make lower offers and were more likely to reject
Ultimatum_game
Overview of finance and finance-related topics
based on risk aversion Optimization models Black–Litterman model – Financial model for portfolio allocation Universal portfolio algorithm – Portfolio selection
Outline_of_finance
In board games that cannot end in a draw, one of the two players has a winning strategy
win, or both sides can force at least a draw". Zermelo's algorithm is a cornerstone algorithm in game-theory; however, it can also be applied in areas
Zermelo's theorem (game theory)
Zermelo's_theorem_(game_theory)
Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
has better algorithms and heuristics could make more rational (closer to optimal) decisions than one that has poorer heuristics and algorithms. And many
Bounded_rationality
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
or battleship. The term strategy is typically used to mean a complete algorithm for playing a game, telling a player what to do for every possible situation
Strategy_(game_theory)
Overuse of a shared resource
these leader types are more successful in enforcing cooperation. A general aversion to autocratic leadership exists, although it may be an effective solution
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Thought experiment in ethics
selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (40): 17433–17438
Trolley_problem
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Pareto_efficiency
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Chicken_(game)
Financial market
the leading source of long-term finance in 2009, which reflects the risk aversion and bank regulation due to the 2008 financial crisis. Compared to the United
Capital_market
Probability puzzle
Knetsch, J. L.; Thaler, R. H. (1991). "Anomalies: The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 5: 193–206. doi:10
Monty_Hall_problem
Combinatorial game theory theorem
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Sprague–Grundy_theorem
American science fiction writer (1947–2006)
204–228. Shaw, Heather. "Strange Bedfellows: Eugenics, Attraction, and Aversion in the Works of Octavia E. Butler Archived March 25, 2006, at the Wayback
Octavia_E._Butler
Tendency to overestimate in auctions
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Winner's_curse
Measure of network community structure
Leiden algorithm which additionally avoids unconnected communities. The Vienna Graph Clustering (VieClus) algorithm, a parallel memetic algorithm. Complex
Modularity_(networks)
Diplomatic policy of concessions
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Appeasement
Condition in economics and game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Perfect_information
Notion in combinatorial game theory
a solution algorithm must work for every possible state of the game. It will be upper-bounded by the complexity of any particular algorithm that works
Game_complexity
Type of perfect Bayesian equilibrium
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Separating_equilibrium
doctrine from weapon platform-centric to cyber-centric. This may include algorithmically generated narratives, AI-coordinated social media accounts, and targeted
Chinese information operations and information warfare
Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare
Insects of the order Blattodea
cockroaches the most, even more than mosquitoes, due to an evolutionary aversion. The Blattodea include some thirty species of cockroaches associated with
Cockroach
Personality construct
abnormally low in individuals with psychopathy and may underlie their impaired aversion learning and disinhibited behavior. High testosterone levels combined with
Psychopathy
Hand game for two or more players
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Chopsticks_(hand_game)
Situation where all parties are worse off
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
No-win_situation
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Symmetric_equilibrium
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
distinction in emphasis: while economic game theory tends to focus on practical algorithms—such as the alpha–beta pruning strategy commonly taught in AI courses—combinatorial
Combinatorial_game_theory
scene, but investors cited a lack of larger-scale growth capital, risk aversion among existing UK investors, and insufficient uptake of pension fund investment
Artificial intelligence industry in the United Kingdom
Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom
Game theory case weighing own/others' sacrifice
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Volunteer's_dilemma
Concept in conflict studies
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Conflict_escalation
Simple mathematical game
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Pirate_game
Paradox of combining strategies
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Parrondo's_paradox
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
9 June 2016. Benartzi, Shlomo; Thaler, Richard H. (1995). "Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics
Homo_economicus
Concept in game theory
Drives Failure to Maximize Payoffs in the Lab? A Test of the Inequality Aversion Hypothesis". doi:10.2139/ssrn.1895287. S2CID 219374150. SSRN 1895287. {{cite
Non-credible_threat
Conflict between safety and cooperation
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Stag_hunt
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
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ALGORITHM AVERSION
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ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION