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Molecular property
attachment of a substance to the surface of another substance. Note 1: Adhesion requires energy that can come from chemical and/or physical linkages, the
Adhesion
Lizards belonging to the suborder Gekkota
would to a living-room wall, although adhesion varies with humidity. However, a 2014 study suggests that gecko adhesion is in fact mainly determined by electrostatic
Gecko
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up adhesion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Adhesion is the tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together. Adhesion may also refer
Adhesion_(disambiguation)
Industrial testing process
In the paint and coating industries, paint adhesion testing is often used to determine if the paint or coating will adhere properly to the substrates to
Paint_adhesion_testing
Locomotive ability evolved in arthropods
smooth types of adhesion have evolved separately numerous times in insects. Few comparative studies between the two types of adhesion mechanisms have
Arthropod_adhesion
Stefan adhesion is the normal stress (force per unit area) acting between two discs when their separation is attempted. Stefan's law governs the flow of
Stefan_adhesion
Structures which transmit force and signals between a cell and the extracellular matrix
Focal adhesions (FAs) also cell–matrix adhesions are large multiprotein complexes through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted
Focal_adhesion
Railway relying on adhesion to move trains
An adhesion railway relies on adhesion traction to move the train, and is the most widespread and common type of railway in the world. Adhesion traction
Adhesion_railway
An adhesion barrier is a medical implant that can be used to reduce abnormal internal scarring (adhesions) following surgery by separating the internal
Adhesion_barrier
Fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs, usually due to injury
Adhesions are fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs, often as a result of irritation of internal surfaces during surgery, infections or trauma
Adhesion_(medicine)
Chemical mechanism of spontaneous passivation
strength of metal oxide adhesion effectively determines the wetting of the metal-oxide interface. The strength of this adhesion is important, for instance
Metal_oxide_adhesion
Subset of cell adhesion proteins
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are single-pass transmembrane proteins, a subset of cell membrane proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with
Cell_adhesion_molecule
Process of cell attachment
Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface. This process can
Cell_adhesion
Band of tissue connecting the two halves of the thalamus
The interthalamic adhesion (also known as the massa intermedia, intermediate mass or middle commissure) is a flattened band of tissue that connects both
Interthalamic_adhesion
Movement of white blood cells out of blood vessels and towards the inflamed site
immunology, leukocyte extravasation (also commonly known as leukocyte adhesion cascade or diapedesis – the passage of cells through the intact vessel
Leukocyte_extravasation
Family of chemical substances
Adhesion promoters are a family of chemical substances used as additives aiming to improve the bonds between two substrates (typically an organic polymer
Adhesion_promoter
Adhesion between materials due to intermolecular interactions
Dispersive adhesion, also called adsorptive adhesion, is a mechanism for adhesion which attributes attractive forces between two materials to intermolecular
Dispersive_adhesion
functionality, adhesions and adhesion molecules have been a topic of study within the scientific community. Specifically, it has been found that adhesions are involved
Role of cell adhesions in neural development
Role_of_cell_adhesions_in_neural_development
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that
VCAM-1
Medical condition
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by immunodeficiency resulting in recurrent infections. LAD is
Leukocyte_adhesion_deficiency
Human medical condition
Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) is a human medical condition where the vitreous gel (or simply vitreous, AKA vitreous humour) of the human eye adheres to
Vitreomacular_adhesion
Structural support for biological cells
composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of
Extracellular_matrix
Protein-coding gene in humans
also known as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PTK2 gene. PTK2 is a focal adhesion-associated protein kinase
PTK2
Multiprotein complex that forms a point of contact or adhesion in animal cells
structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix
Cell_junction
Non-metallic material used to bond various materials together
objects during testing. Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion followed by reactive or non-reactive, a term which refers to whether the
Adhesive
Protein family
A junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) is a protein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and is expressed in a variety of different tissues
Junctional_adhesion_molecule
Component of blood aiding in coagulation
First, platelets attach to substances outside the interrupted endothelium: adhesion. Second, they change shape, turn on receptors and secrete chemical messengers:
Platelet
Protein involved in attachment of cells
Cell adhesion molecule 1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CADM1 gene. Cell adhesion molecule 1 has been shown to interact with EPB41L3
Cell_adhesion_molecule_1
Protein family
are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually in the host they are
Bacterial_adhesin
Differential adhesion hypothesis (DAH) is a hypothesis that explains cellular movement during morphogenesis with thermodynamic principles. In DAH tissues
Differential adhesion hypothesis
Differential_adhesion_hypothesis
Protein found in humans
Mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MADCAM1 gene. The protein encoded by this
Addressin
Mammalian protein found in humans
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) also known as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the
CD31
Medical condition
inflammation caused by chronic urine exposure. In severe cases, labial adhesions can cause complete obstruction of the urethra, leading to anuria and urinary
Labial_fusion
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM1 gene
ICAM-1
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
forming multiple heterodimers, which play significant roles in cellular adhesion and cell surface signaling, as well as important roles in immune responses
Integrin_beta_2
Cell-surface glycoprotein
is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell–cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. In humans, the CD44 antigen is encoded by the CD44 gene
CD44
Vehicle used on a rail adhesion system
A rail adhesion car or rail adhesion train is a modified vehicle used on a rail adhesion system where the standard equipment does not have locomotives'
Rail_adhesion_car
Protein domain
is found in mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 proteins (MAdCAM-1). These are cell adhesion molecules expressed on the endothelium in mucosa
Adhesion molecule (immunoglobulin-like)
Adhesion_molecule_(immunoglobulin-like)
Transmembrane glycoprotein
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), also known as CD326 among other names, is a transmembrane glycoprotein mediating Ca2+-independent homotypic
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule
Epithelial_cell_adhesion_molecule
Study of the deformation of solids that touch each other
focuses on normal stresses caused by applied normal forces and by the adhesion present on surfaces in close contact, even if they are clean and dry. Frictional
Contact_mechanics
Protein domain
In molecular biology, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily
Intercellular adhesion molecule
Intercellular_adhesion_molecule
First stage of pregnancy
The five stages are migration and hatching, pre-contact, attachment, adhesion, and invasion. The two pre-implantation stages are associated with the
Implantation_(embryology)
Protein domain
cell biology, the focal adhesion targeting domain is a conserved protein domain that was first identified in focal adhesion kinase (FAK), also known
Focal adhesion targeting region
Focal_adhesion_targeting_region
Chemical compound
responsible for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), found in species ranging from Drosophila to humans. Cell adhesion proteins called integrins
Arginylglycylaspartic_acid
Synthetic adhesive tape
achieve macroscopic shear adhesion and to translate the weak van der Waals interactions into high shear forces. The shear adhesion allows the tape to be easily
Nano_tape
Curve in a liquid's surface due to adhesion to the container walls
the attraction between the particles of the liquid and the container (adhesion) is more than half the attraction of the particles of the liquid to each
Meniscus_(liquid)
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), also called CD56, is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle
Neural_cell_adhesion_molecule
American immunologist
immunologist, and biophysicist known for his foundational work on cell adhesion, protein allostery, vascular biology, and immune regulation. He is the
Timothy_A._Springer
Electric pickup truck
Structure Trunk bed trim sail can come loose, creating a road hazard Tape or adhesion replacement June 18, 2024 Visibility Windshield wiper can fail, reducing
Tesla_Cybertruck
Interactions between groups of atoms that do not arise from chemical bonds
capillary adhesion might play a role, but that hypothesis has been rejected by more recent studies. A 2014 study has shown that gecko adhesion to smooth
Van_der_Waals_force
UK academic journal
Cell Communication & Adhesion (formerly Cell Adhesion & Communication) is an academic journal that publishes review articles on intercellular communication
Cell_Communication_&_Adhesion
Type of contract between two parties
A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as a contract of adhesion, a leonine contract, a take-it-or-leave-it contract, or a boilerplate contract)
Standard_form_contract
Integrin found on lymphocytes
influence T cell differentiation. LFA-1 belongs to the integrin superfamily of adhesion molecules. LFA-1 is a heterodimeric glycoprotein with non-covalently linked
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
Lymphocyte_function-associated_antigen_1
Class of 33 human protein receptors
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (adhesion GPCRs) are a class of 33 human protein receptors with a broad distribution in embryonic and larval cells
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor
Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor
Medical condition
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1 (LAD1) is a rare and often fatal genetic disorder in humans. The main sign of the disease is life-threatening, recurrent
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1
Leukocyte_adhesion_deficiency-1
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
gene. CD11a functions in the immune system. It is involved in cellular adhesion and costimulatory signaling. It is the target of the drug efalizumab. ITGAL
Integrin_alpha_L
Protein found in humans
also known as the melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) or cell surface glycoprotein MUC18, is a 113kDa cell adhesion molecule currently used as a marker
CD146
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Junctional adhesion molecule C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JAM3 gene. This gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q25) on
JAM3
Biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape
same adhesion molecule can sort out. The molecules responsible for adhesion are called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Several types of cell adhesion molecules
Morphogenesis
Natural polymeric materials that act as adhesives
urchins and seastars and sea anemones. Biofouling, can be defined as the adhesion and subsequent growth of organisms on a substrate in an aquatic environment
Bioadhesive
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule
Cadherins (named for "calcium-dependent adhesion") are cell adhesion molecules important in forming adherens junctions that let cells adhere to each other
Cadherin
Form of thermoplastic adhesive
adhesive and the substrate. More polar compositions tend to have better adhesion due to their higher surface energy.[citation needed] Amorphous adhesives
Hot-melt_adhesive
Island country in the Caribbean
306. Scheina 2003, p. 349. Scheina 2003, p. 348. "NEWS FROM MEXICO.; The Adhesion of Vidaurri not yet Declared --The French General's Ultimatum--Gen. Ghilardi
Dominican_Republic
Motorsport championship held worldwide
repair damage. Three dry tyre compounds, with different durability and adhesion characteristics, are available to drivers. Under wet conditions, drivers
Formula_One
Mammalian protein involved in blood clotting
glycoprotein that promotes primary hemostasis, specifically, platelet adhesion. It is deficient and/or defective in von Willebrand disease and is involved
Von_Willebrand_factor
Contractile actin bundles found in non-muscle cells
contractility, providing force for a number of functions such as cell adhesion, migration and morphogenesis. Stress fibers are primarily composed of actin
Stress_fiber
Protein-coding gene in humans
Junctional adhesion molecule A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the F11R gene. It has also been designated as CD321 (cluster of differentiation
F11_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
from a metastasizing melanoma. CD166 plays an important role in mediating adhesion interactions between thymic epithelial cells and CD6+ cells during intrathymic
ALCAM
Cell junction involved in cell-to-cell adhesion
structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides
Desmosome
Small unit of liquid
is unknown. The drop adhesion to a solid can be divided into two categories: lateral adhesion and normal adhesion. Lateral adhesion resembles friction (though
Drop_(liquid)
Condition involving social and behavioral differences
neuronal processes such as protein synthesis, synaptic activity, cell adhesion, and the formation and remodeling of synapses, as well as the regulation
Autism
External genitalia of the female mammal
treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Labial fusion, also called labial adhesion, is the fusion of the labia minora. This affects a number of young girls
Vulva
Scar formation in the uterus
syndrome (AS) is an acquired condition that occurs when scar tissue (adhesions) forms inside the uterus and/or the cervix. It is characterized by variable
Asherman's_syndrome
Medical intervention
Epidural lysis of adhesions (LOA), also known as percutaneous adhesiolysis or the Racz procedure, is a minimally invasive spine surgery which involves
Epidural_lysis_of_adhesions
Medical condition
a complex clinical condition, is characterized by excessive fibrous adhesions and scarring in the abdominal cavity, often resulting from previous surgeries
Hostile_abdomen
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
adhesive cells is mainly focal adhesions. Integrin beta-1 mutants lose the ability to target to sites of focal adhesions. Three novel isoforms of integrin
Integrin_beta_1
This is a list of steep grades along adhesion railways, the most common type of railway that relies on the friction between the drive wheels and the tracks
List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways
List_of_steepest_gradients_on_adhesion_railways
Loss of traction in locomotives
Slippery rail, or low railhead adhesion, is a condition of railways (railroads) where contamination of the railhead reduces the traction between the wheel
Slippery_rail
Adhesion procedure, adhesive procedure or ancillary proceedings is a procedure through which a court of law can rule on compensation for the victim of
Adhesion_procedure
Japanese biologist
Japanese cell biologist known for his identification of the cadherin class of adhesion molecules, which plays important roles in the construction of tissues.
Masatoshi_Takeichi
Erectile female sexual organ
cancer, although at a much lower rate. Clitoral phimosis (or clitoral adhesions) is when the prepuce cannot be retracted, limiting exposure of the glans
Clitoris
Medical condition
disorder of glycosylation type IIc or Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-2 (LAD2) is a type of leukocyte adhesion deficiency attributable to the absence of neutrophil
Congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIc
Congenital_disorder_of_glycosylation_type_IIc
Method of microscopy which measures chemical bonding between the probe and surface
F_{ad}} (see Figure 2). The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory of adhesion mechanics predicts this value as (1) F a d = 3 2 π R W S T M {\displaystyle
Chemical_force_microscopy
Preparatory coating put on materials before painting
preparatory coating put on materials before painting. Priming ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface, increases paint durability, and provides additional
Primer_(paint)
remarkable adhesion is produced due to the accumulation of adhesion of each individual setule interacting with a substrate. The adhesion may be due to
Scopulae
Rail accident in Powys, Wales
investigation found evidence of low wheel/rail adhesion and that the sanders, which help increase adhesion when braking, may not have been working. A formal
2024 Talerddig train collision
2024_Talerddig_train_collision
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on the cell surface of leukocytes, and the blastocyst. It is coded for in humans by
L-selectin
Study of the deformation of bodies in the presence of frictional effects
is called micro-slip. This subdivision of the contact area into stick (adhesion) and slip areas manifests itself a.o. in fretting wear. Note that wear
Frictional_contact_mechanics
Part of the female reproductive tract
organs can result in damage to the nerves and leave behind scarring or adhesions. Sexual function may also be impaired as a result, as in the case of some
Vagina
Ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces
glass tube is placed in a liquid, such as water, a concave meniscus forms. Adhesion occurs between the fluid and the solid inner wall pulling the liquid column
Capillary_action
Study of friction, wear, adhesion and lubrication phenomena at the nanoscale
Nanotribology is the branch of tribology that studies friction, wear, adhesion and lubrication phenomena at the nanoscale, where atomic interactions and
Nanotribology
Mammalian protein found in humans
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (biliary glycoprotein) (CEACAM1) also known as CD66a (Cluster of Differentiation 66a), is a human
CEACAM1
Adhesion or bonding to enamel or dentin of teeth
which deals with adhesion or bonding to the natural substance of teeth, enamel and dentin. It studies the nature and strength of adhesion to dental hard
Dental_bonding
Communist International's membership conditions
the conditions, most of which were suggested by Vladimir Lenin, to the adhesion of the socialist parties to the Third International (Comintern) created
Twenty-one_Conditions
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
alpha IIb chain in platelets. Integrins are known to participate in cell adhesion as well as cell-surface-mediated signaling. Defectively expressed β3 integrin
Integrin_beta_3
Clade containing animals and some protists
possess genes that encode proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix adhesion (e.g. cadherin and integrin, respectively). Other genes, however
Holozoa
Metallic filament
laminate) and design rules (i.e. via spacing) can help reduce CAF risk. Poor adhesion between the resin and glass fibers in the PCB can create a path for CAF
Conductive_anodic_filament
Soluble cell adhesion molecules (sCAMs) are a class of cell adhesion molecule (CAMs - cell surface binding proteins) that may represent important biomarkers
Soluble cell adhesion molecules
Soluble_cell_adhesion_molecules
Hormonal disorder in women
wedge resection is no longer used as much due to complications such as adhesions and the presence of frequently effective medications. As a final treatment
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome
Polyendocrine_metabolic_ovarian_syndrome
Railway company in Brazil
adhesion railway at the coast from Santos to Piaçaguera near Cubatão The 8 km (5 mi) long steep grade from Piaçaguera to Paranapiacaba The adhesion railway
São_Paulo_Railway_Company
ADHESION
ADHESION
Male
Hebrew
(לֵוִי) Hebrew name derived from the word lewi, LEVIY means "adhesion, joined to" or "crown, garland." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including the third son of Jacob.
Male
Greek
(Λευί) Greek form of Hebrew Leviy, LEUI means "adhesion, joined to" or "crown, garland." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including the third son of Jacob.
Male
English
 English short form of English Levi, LEV means "adhesion, joined to" or "crown, garland." Compare with other forms of Lev.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Jamaican, Portuguese
United; Combined; Attached; Possibly Governor; Guide; Joined; Governor; Adhesion; Joined to; Crown; Garland
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Greek Leui, LEEVI means "adhesion, joined to" or "crown, garland."
Biblical
associated with himjoined, to adhere,adhesion
ADHESION
ADHESION
Girl/Female
Danish, Dutch, French, German, Polish, Swedish, Teutonic
Battle Fight; Female Warrior; Happy Battle; Warfare; Struggle; Strife; Contention in War
Boy/Male
Muslim
Mighty, Powerful (1)
Boy/Male
Hindu
Song
Girl/Female
Christian, Finnish, Greek, Hindu, Indian, Tamil, Telugu
Pearl; Variant Form of Rita; Sings Praises
Girl/Female
Greek
A Fury.
Male
Norse
Old Norse name composed of the name of the fertility god Ing and the word *mariR "famous," hence "Ing-famous."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Sprung from a Lotus
Girl/Female
English French
Divine.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly West Midlands)
English (chiefly West Midlands) : from the medieval female personal name Bibb, a pet form of Isabel (see Isbell).
Boy/Male
Indian, Modern, Telugu
Trust
ADHESION
ADHESION
ADHESION
ADHESION
ADHESION
n.
A large, thick, clumsy, marine fish (Cyclopterus lumpus) of Europe and America. The color is usually translucent sea green, sometimes purplish. It has a dorsal row of spiny tubercles, and three rows on each side, but has no scales. The ventral fins unite and form a ventral sucker for adhesion to stones and seaweeds. Called also lumpsucker, cock-paddle, sea owl.
n.
Any one of numerous species of cestode worms belonging to Taenia and many allied genera. The body is long, flat, and composed of numerous segments or proglottids varying in shape, those toward the end of the body being much larger and longer than the anterior ones, and containing the fully developed sexual organs. The head is small, destitute of a mouth, but furnished with two or more suckers (which vary greatly in shape in different genera), and sometimes, also, with hooks for adhesion to the walls of the intestines of the animals in which they are parasitic. The larvae (see Cysticercus) live in the flesh of various creatures, and when swallowed by another animal of the right species develop into the mature tapeworm in its intestine. See Illustration in Appendix.
n.
That from of attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass, whether like or unlike; -- distinguished from adhesion, which unites bodies by their adjacent surfaces.
v. i.
To become one; to be cemented or consolidated; to combine, as by adhesion or mixture; to coalesce; to grow together.
a.
Uniting, as glue; causing, or tending to cause, adhesion.
v. t.
To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance; to unite by causing an adhesion of substances.
n.
A growing together of parts; specifically, a morbid adhesion of the eyelids to each other or to the eyeball.
a.
Cementing together; uniting closely; causing to adhere; promoting healing, as of a wound or a broken bone, by adhesion of the parts.
n.
Adhesion of the tail of a sheep to the wool from excoriation produced by contact with the feces; -- called also tagbelt.
n.
The tendency in fluids to mix, or become equably diffused, when in contact. It was first observed between fluids of differing densities, and as taking place through a membrane or an intervening porous structure. The more rapid flow from the thinner to the thicker fluid was then called endosmose, and the opposite, slower current, exosmose. Both are, however, results of the same force. Osmose may be regarded as a form of molecular attraction, allied to that of adhesion.
n.
Want of adhesion.
n.
The adhesion or cohesion of different floral verticils or sets of organs.
n.
Impeded motion of the tongue because of the shortness of the fraenum, or of the adhesion of its margins to the gums.
n.
The action of sticking; the state of being attached; intimate union; as, the adhesion of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, or the like.
n. pl.
An extensive order of parasitic worms. They are found in the internal cavities of animals belonging to all classes. Many species are found, also, on the gills and skin of fishes. A few species are parasitic on man, and some, of which the fluke is the most important, are injurious parasites of domestic animals. The trematodes usually have a flattened body covered with a chitinous skin, and are furnished with two or more suckers for adhesion. Most of the species are hermaphrodite. Called also Trematoda, and Trematoidea. See Fluke, Tristoma, and Cercaria.
n.
Adherence; steady or firm attachment; fidelity; as, adhesion to error, to a policy.
n.
A species of gecko having the toes expanded into large lobes for adhesion. The Egyptian fanfoot (Phyodactylus gecko) is believed, by the natives, to have venomous toes.
a.
Pertaining to agglutination; tending to unite, or having power to cause adhesion; adhesive.
v. t.
To fasten with a seal; to attach together with a wafer, wax, or other substance causing adhesion; as, to seal a letter.
n.
The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance; the state of being thus united; adhesion of parts.