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Dinoflagellates in symbiosis with coral, jellyfish and nudibranchs
Zooxanthellae (/ˌzoʊəzænˈθɛliː/; sing. zooxanthella) is a colloquial term for photosynthetic single-celled organisms capable of symbiosis with diverse
Zooxanthellae
Marine invertebrates of the subphylum Anthozoa
polyps expel the zooxanthellae in response to stress such as high water temperature or toxins. Other corals do not rely on zooxanthellae and can live globally
Coral
Species of bivalve
as a habitat for the symbiotic single-celled dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) from which the adult clams get most of their nutrition. By day, the
Giant_clam
Species of jellyfish
papua is one of the numerous marine animals living in symbiosis with zooxanthellae, photosynthetic algae within the animal's tissues. A number of Mastigias
Spotted_jelly
Species of sea anemone
coast of North America. This cnidarian hosts endosymbiotic algae called zooxanthellae that contribute substantially to primary productivity in the intertidal
Aggregating_anemone
Species of acoel
dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) vertically (from the parent host to the offspring) via eggs, regardless of the heterogeneity of the zooxanthellae. Two dinoflagellate
Waminoa_litus
Species of cnidarian
that the ova become infected with maternal zooxanthellae just before spawning takes place. The zooxanthellae are restricted to one side of the ovum and
Anthopleura_ballii
American biologist
considered corals and symbiotic algae, with a focus on the adaption of zooxanthellae. He was awarded the 1994 International Society of Endocytobiology Miescher-Ishida
Robert_K._Trench
Subspecies of jellyfish
subspecies, it derives part of its nutrition from symbiotic algae (Zooxanthellae) that live in their tissues and part of their nutrition from captured
Golden_jellyfish
Family of dinoflagellates (algae)
Symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae are sometimes colloquially referred to as Zooxanthellae, though the latter term can be interpreted to include other families
Symbiodiniaceae
Outcrop of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of stony coral skeletons
the reef, due to what is called coral drowning. Corals that rely on zooxanthellae can die when the water becomes too deep for their symbionts to adequately
Coral_reef
Marine invertebrates
provide habitat to other species, but deep-water corals do not require zooxanthellae to survive. While there are nearly as many species of deep-water corals
Deep-water_coral
that links the polyps and allow them to share nutrients and symbiotic zooxanthellae. Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate
Coenosarc
Species of coral
mutualistic relationship with the algae zooxanthellae, which acts as the cornerstone for its ecological role. Zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic dinoflagellate
Porites_cylindrica
Reef building corals
However, there are zooxanthellae in many non reef-forming corals; and not all hermatypic corals in shallow water contain zooxanthellae. Further, some hermatypic
Hermatypic_coral
Species of coral
Elkhorn coral have special algae living in their tissues known as zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae meet their nutritional requirements using photosynthesis, a process
Elkhorn_coral
Phenomenon where corals expel algae tissue
flagellate protozoa called zooxanthellae that live within their tissues and give the coral its coloration. The zooxanthellae provide the coral with nutrients
Coral_bleaching
Order of gastropods
nudibranch). They lack a mantle.[citation needed] Some are hosts to zooxanthellae. The exact systematics of nudibranchs are a topic of recent revision
Nudibranch
Genus of gastropods
Some of the species are also unusual in that they are able to utilize zooxanthellae from their prey, in a symbiotic relationship that provides them with
Phyllodesmium
Organism that harbours another organism
efficient digestion. Many corals and other marine invertebrates house zooxanthellae, single-celled algae, in their tissues. The host provides a protected
Host_(biology)
Species of coral
forms flexible, branching colonies that rely on symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae for energy through photosynthesis. They live in reef environments in
Sinularia_flexibilis
Marine animals of the order Actiniaria
from a symbiotic relationship with single-celled dinoflagellates, with zooxanthellae, or with green algae, zoochlorellae, that live within the cells. Some
Sea_anemone
Order of Hexacorallia which produce a massive stony skeleton
shallow-water corals contain symbiont unicellular organisms known as zooxanthellae within their tissues. These give their colour to the coral which thus
Scleractinia
Species of mollusc
dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae for nutrition. About 65 to 70 percent of a giant clam's nutrition is derived from zooxanthellae. These dinoflagellates
Hippopus_hippopus
called zooxanthellae for nutrient uptake through photosynthesis. Corals obtain about 60-85% of their total nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae. Slight
Resilience_of_coral_reefs
Species of bivalve
as a habitat for the symbiotic single-celled dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) from which it gets a major portion of its nutrition. By day, the clam
Tridacna_squamosa
Family of corals
stony corals. Members of the family include symbiotic algae called Zooxanthellae in their tissues which help provide their energy requirements. Members
Siderastreidae
Ring-shaped coral reef
Society Project AWARE Reef Ball Foundation Reef Check Symbiotic algae Zooxanthellae Amphidinium Symbiodinium Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral
Atoll
Species of coral
width. The colour of stony corals is largely dependent on the symbiotic zooxanthellae that lives within the corals tissue, and varies widely depending on
Staghorn_coral
Family of corals
lettuce corals. Members of the family include symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae in their tissues which help provide their energy requirements. Members
Agariciidae
Species of jellyfish
jellyfish's prosperity. These mutualistic microorganisms are also known as zooxanthellae, originating from the dinoflagellate phylum, and they commonly engage
Cotylorhiza_tuberculata
Mutually beneficial interaction between species
way corals become photosynthetic with the help of the microorganism zooxanthellae. Mutualism can be contrasted with interspecific competition, in which
Mutualism_(biology)
Genus of dinoflagellates (algae)
found in coral reef ecosystems. Symbiodinium are colloquially called zooxanthellae, and animals symbiotic with algae in this genus are said to be "zooxanthellate"
Symbiodinium
Genus of jellyfishes
Down Jellyfish (Cassiopea andromeda) Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum entry on Cassiopea andromeda A Symbiotic Lifestyle: C. xamachana and Zooxanthellae
Cassiopea
Species of sea anemone
other cnidarians. The anemone tissue contains a symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae, which is necessary for the long-term survival of the sea anemone. When
Snakelocks_anemone
Genus of bivalves
marine aquarium trade. They live in symbiosis with photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae). Some species are eaten by humans. All species in the genus Tridacna
Tridacna
Phylum of single-celled organisms
buoyant. The radiolarian can often contain symbiotic algae, especially zooxanthellae, which provide most of the cell's energy. Some of this organization
Radiolaria
Species of sea anemone
tentacles are translucent, and sometimes spotted with white. Symbiotic zooxanthellae are present in the tissues, particular in the collar. Actinostella flosculifera
Actinostella_flosculifera
Species of coral
algae called zooxanthellae. These algae undergo photosynthesis producing oxygen and sugars which are then used by the coral. The zooxanthellae also feed
Ricordea_florida
Subphylum of cnidarians without a medusa stage
many of them are hermatypic (reef-builders). Other species lack the zooxanthellae and, having no need for well-lit areas, typically live in deep-water
Anthozoa
Vanadium-rich blood cell found in tunicates
complexes. These green cells are not, as was initially believed, symbiotic zooxanthellae, although ascidians are known to have such symbiotes elsewhere. Vanadocytes
Vanadocyte
Species of sea anemone
1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long. It contains obligate symbiotic zooxanthellae, and is a host to around half the species of anemonefish and one damselfish
Stichodactyla_mertensii
Genus of hydrozoans
via their special symbiotic relationship with algae known as zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae live inside the tissues of the coral, and provide the coral
Fire_coral
Species of cnidarian
wide, over several weeks. The tiny medusae are each provided with many zooxanthellae, single-celled endosymbiotic organisms typically also found in corals
Velella
Species of sea anemone
sessile, but the ones inhabited by anemonefish are in fact motile. Zooxanthellae are obligate symbionts within the anemone. S. gigantea hosts 7 different
Stichodactyla_gigantea
Aquatic animal phylum having cnidocytes
reefs—possess polyps that are filled with symbiotic photo-synthetic zooxanthellae. While reef-forming corals are almost entirely restricted to warm and
Cnidaria
Species of jellyfish
the stomach. The mesogloea, the jelly-like tissue, contains symbiotic zooxanthellae, single-celled protists, which are photosynthetic and give the jellyfish
Cassiopea_xamachana
Species of jellyfish
relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae, zooxanthellae, and with shrimp. Zooxanthellae live in the tissues of the ventral surface of the jellyfish
Cassiopea_andromeda
Family of corals
to keep in the reef aquarium because they do not contain symbiotic zooxanthellae and therefore need to be fed on zooplankton. Others, in the genera Agaricoidea
Nidaliidae
Genus of jellyfishes
cycle of Carybdea morandinii, sp. Nov. (Cnidaria), a cubozoan with zooxanthellae and peculiar polyp anatomy". Zootaxa. 2755: 36. doi:10.11646/zootaxa
Carybdea
Species of coral
They have a maximum diameter of 10 cm and have a symbiotic bond with zooxanthellae. Despite this, S. cubensis do not create their own reefs. Their colors
Scolymia_cubensis
Species of gastropod
further aeolidacean and arminacean nudibranch molluscs with symbiotic zooxanthellae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 74, 147–196. https://dx
Aeolidiopsis_harrietae
Marine lake in Palau
jellyfish in that they derive part of their nutrition from symbiotic algae (Zooxanthellae) that live in their tissues and part of their nutrition from captured
Jellyfish_Lake
Use of a light source to simulate sunlight
lighting conditions. Most corals depend symbiotically on zooxanthellae, a type of alga. The zooxanthellae require light to perform photosynthesis, and they provide
Artificial_sunlight
Soft-bodied, aquatic invertebrates
plants) such as dinoflagellates. Others harbour mutualistic algae (Zooxanthellae) in their tissues; the spotted jellyfish (Mastigias papua) is typical
Jellyfish
Animals of the phylum Porifera
Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; McCloskey, L. R.; Muscatine, L. (April 1987). "Expulsion of zooxanthellae by symbiotic cnidarians from the Red Sea". Coral Reefs. 5 (4): 201–204
Sponge
Genus of corals
the zooxanthellae, the Cirrhipathes obtain essential molecules and in return, protection and access to sunlight are provided to the zooxanthellae. Furthermore
Cirrhipathes
Organisms that live in salt water
Radiolarian Single-celled alga, Gephyrocapsa oceanica Two dinoflagellates Zooxanthellae is a photosynthetic algae that lives inside hosts like coral. A single-celled
Marine_life
Sea of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by North, Central, and South America
unusually warm for extended periods of time, microscopic plants called zooxanthellae, which are symbiotic partners living within the coral polyp tissues
Caribbean_Sea
Species of gastropod
white. The cerata are overlaid with brown spots, which are groups of zooxanthellae. Aeolidiopsis ransoni feeds on colonial sea anemones of the genus Palythoa
Aeolidiopsis_ransoni
Species of coral
at night. Tubastraea coccinea is heterotrophic and does not contain zooxanthellae in its tissues as many tropical corals do, allowing it to grow in complete
Orange_cup_coral
Species of bivalve
photosymbiotic algae, zooxanthellae, in their tissues to provide food for them.[unreliable source?] Through photosynthesis the zooxanthellae transform carbon
Tridacna_derasa
Species of bivalve
Indo-Pacific region. It has a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae), which live within its tissues. The two valves of Corculum cardissa
Corculum_cardissa
Island formed from coral and associated material
sediments can cause a similar problem by blocking out the sun, starving the zooxanthellae that live on coral causing it to undergo a process known as coral bleaching
Coral_island
Genus of sea anemones
area. Its diet is highly varied and goes from the production of its zooxanthellae to numerous animals which find themselves trapped by the oral disk as
Amplexidiscus
Species of coral
zooxanthellae, live in the epidermis and tissue of the gut of A. xanthogrammica. In this symbiotic relationship, the zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae provide
Anthopleura_xanthogrammica
Species of coral
protists known as zooxanthellae in its tissues, and then the coral appears brown. In cooler, or low-light conditions, the zooxanthellae may no longer be
Astrangia_poculata
Australian biologist
UCLA, with a thesis focusing on the physiology of corals and their zooxanthellae under thermal stress. In 1999, Hoegh-Guldberg published a paper using
Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist)
Ove_Hoegh-Guldberg_(biologist)
Species of Anthozoa
through biomagnification or a symbiotic relationship similar to that of zooxanthellae and stony corals. Palythoa toxica has occasionally been sold to keepers
Palythoa_toxica
Marine protected area off Western Australia
corals. If the ocean water becomes too acidic, zooxanthellae algae cells will leave corals. Zooxanthellae cells are responsible for coral survival because
Bremer_Marine_Park
Genus of corals
particles from the water. Some species absorb nutrients produced by zooxanthellae, photosynthetic dinoflagellates living in their tissues in a symbiotic
Discosoma
Topics referred to by the same term
the genera Phyllodesmium and Pteraeolidia, which incorporate living zooxanthellae in their tissues This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Solar-powered_sea_slugs
Species of coral
receives its coloration from the aggregation of the yellow-brown symbiotic zooxanthellae on its hard, lobe-shaped structure. The dimensions of the typical Pavona
Pavona_duerdeni
Species of coral
T. micranthus is an azooxanthellate coral, meaning the coral lacks zooxanthellae. T. micranthus instead gets energy from filter feeding. Additionally
Tubastraea_micranthus
Monotypic subfamily of fishes
the sunlight zone where there are more photosynthetic microorganisms (zooxanthellae) for anemones to depend on. This includes coral reefs and surrounding
Clownfish
Genus of corals
family Siderastreidae, it is a zooxanthellate, living in harmony with zooxanthellae, a unicellular algae, which aids the coral in its growth and survival
Anomastraea
Species of jellyfish
primary producers. Due to lower amounts of symbiotic photosynthetic zooxanthellae, C. mosaicus is able to recycle higher amounts of inorganics than many
Jelly_blubber
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
zooxanthellae with corals is extensively studied and valued for its importance in reef ecosystems. Climate warming leads to the loss of zooxanthellae
Protist
Self-driving taxi company
technology at Stanford University. The name "Zoox" is a reference to Zooxanthellae, a marine organism that, like the Zoox robotaxi, depends on renewable
Zoox
Cultivation of coral for commercial purposes
Corals derive nutrients from zooxanthellae symbionts, as well as from plankton and other free-floating particles. Zooxanthellae require a mixture of white
Aquaculture_of_coral
Superfamily of protists
ecological relationship with the corals, serving as an alternate host to the zooxanthellae, which sometimes get expelled by the corals under stressful conditions
Soritoidea
Species of sponge
which may be white, yellow or brownish-green. The colour is due to the zooxanthellae which are present in the tissues. The exterior appearance of this sponge
Cliona_viridis
Genus of algae
for the greenish colour of sea anemone tentacles. Zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae may both be found in the Pacific coast sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima
Zoochlorella
Species of gastropod
at least 140 mm. Phyllodesmium longicirrum contains photosynthetic zooxanthellae, which allow it to draw energy from sunlight, hence its common name
Phyllodesmium_longicirrum
Species of cnidarian
tentacles (eight of each). There is no marginal ring canal. Symbiotic zooxanthellae give the bell an overall orangish-brown colour and the translucent mesoglea
Thimble_jellyfish
Genus of jellyfishes
mortality rates. Mastigias jellyfish have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae living in host gastrodermal cells where they exhibit phased division
Mastigias
Family of corals
ahermatypic (reef-building) colonial corals, both with and without symbiotic zooxanthellae. The family is made up of both branching and encrusting species which
Astrocoeniidae
Species of jellyfish
ornata are photosynthetic due to a symbiotic relationship with the zooxanthellae that live below their tentacles. These algae feed on the sun and produce
Cassiopea_ornata
Major climatic change and biotic turnover during the Triassic
diversification of scleractinian corals through the establishment of symbiotic zooxanthellae within them. The CPE also saw the extinction of many aquatic invertebrate
Carnian_pluvial_episode
Genus of corals
with this capability, the other genera being azooxanthellate (without zooxanthellae) and found in deeper waters. The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster
Turbinaria_(coral)
Disease affecting corals
as previously thought, but rather a virus that lethally affects the zooxanthellae of corals and leads to host cell death. In diseased corals, no pathologies
Stony coral tissue loss disease
Stony_coral_tissue_loss_disease
Species of gastropod
varies from translucent white to milky yellow. This species contains zooxanthellae. Phyllodesmium parangatum probably feeds on an octocoral but its food
Phyllodesmium_parangatum
Species of hydrozoan
composed. The coenosteum contains certain symbiotic microalgae called zooxanthellae. These are photosynthetic organisms which provide their hosts with energy
Millepora_alcicornis
Species of coral
in the family Symbiodiniaceae. These symbionts are commonly known as zooxanthellae and large numbers are present in the coral's living tissue. Several
Orbicella_faveolata
Large growth of a jellyfish population
depends on whether they possess the symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae. Jellyfish with zooxanthellae obtain organic C, N, and P through translocation from
Jellyfish_bloom
Hard, protective outer layers created by an animal that lives in the sea
corals are aided by a symbiotic relationship with a class of algae, zooxanthellae. Typically a coral polyp will harbor particular species of algae, which
Seashell
Species of gastropod
and Japan. The length of the slug is 4–35 mm. This species contains zooxanthellae. Phyllodesmium macphersonae feeds on an octocoral. Burn, R., 1962. Descriptions
Phyllodesmium_macphersonae
Critical thresholds in climate science
known as zooxanthellae, have a symbiotic relationship with coral such that without them, the corals slowly die. After these zooxanthellae have disappeared
Tipping points in the climate system
Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system
Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
ice. They are also common in benthic environments and sea ice. All Zooxanthellae are dinoflagellates and most of them are members within Symbiodiniaceae
Dinoflagellate
Species of coral
like many corals, contains microscopic symbiotic dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) living within its tissues. Through photosynthesis, these algae produce
Pocillopora_verrucosa
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