Search references for ZERO WIDTH. Phrases containing ZERO WIDTH
See searches and references containing ZERO WIDTH!ZERO WIDTH
Special character in text processing
The zero-width space (rendered: ; HTML entity: ​ or ​), abbreviated ZWSP, is a non-printing character used in computerized typesetting
Zero-width_space
Non-printing character used in computerized typesetting
boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. The zero-width joiner (ZWJ, /ˈzwɪdʒ/; rendered: ; HTML entity: ‍ or ‍) is
Zero-width_joiner
Topics referred to by the same term
Zero width (also zero-width) refers to a non-printing character used in computer typesetting of some complex scripts: Zero-width joiner Zero-width non-joiner
Zero_width
Non-printing character that separates two normally joined characters
The zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ, rendered: ; HTML entity: ‌ or ‌) is a non-printing character used in the computerization of writing systems
Zero-width_non-joiner
Topics referred to by the same term
typesetting of some complex scripts Zero-width joiner Zero-width non-joiner Zero-width space Zero-width non-breaking space Zero waste, an environmental concept
0W
Computer text file character representing blank space
key Trimming (computer programming) Whitespace (programming language) Zero-width space "The Unicode Standard". Unicode Consortium. "Character design standards
Whitespace_character
Character in text processing
preferred. Byte order mark, which uses U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (ZWNBSP) character Zero-width space Zero-width joiner, which in scripts such as Arabic
Word_joiner
Software library for interpreting regular expressions
or subsequent text contains a pattern without consuming matched text (zero-width assertion). For example, /\w+(?=\t)/ matches a word followed by a tab
Perl Compatible Regular Expressions
Perl_Compatible_Regular_Expressions
Thai actor and model (born 1994)
China 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2026 – via YouTube. {{cite AV media}}: zero width space character in |last= at position 15 (help) 2.4K views · 197 reactions
Prachaya_Ruangroj
Unicode character
(BOM) is a particular usage of the special Unicode character code, U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, whose appearance as a magic number at the start of a text
Byte_order_mark
Complete list of the characters available on most computers
can be used, choosing the appropriate width (normal, thin, zero width, and so on). For example, 1 + ZERO WIDTH SPACE + 3 + FRACTION SLASH + 4 is displayed
Universal Character Set characters
Universal_Character_Set_characters
Symbols for emotional cues in text
For example, the sequence U+1F468 👨 MAN, U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER, U+1F469 👩 WOMAN, U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER, U+1F467 👧 GIRL (👨👩👧) could be displayed
Emoji
Geometric figure which has infinite surface area but finite volume
infinitely divisible (or can be infinitely thinned, or simply zero-width like the zero-width geometric lines that Hobbes took issue with) and capable of
Gabriel's_horn
2017). "Zero-Width Characters". Retrieved 2 January 2018. In early 2016 I realized that it was possible to use zero-width characters, like zero-width non-joiner
List of steganography techniques
List_of_steganography_techniques
Statistical confidence interval for success counts
{\displaystyle \ {\hat {p}}\ } approaching either 1 or 0, the interval narrows to zero width (falsely implying certainty). Second, for values of p ^ < 1 1 + n /
Binomial proportion confidence interval
Binomial_proportion_confidence_interval
Character encoding standard
behavior of neighboring characters. For example, U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER and U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER may be used to change the default shaping behavior
Unicode
Unicode block containing some special codepoints and two non-characters
the noncharacter to a minimal, unique primary weight. Unicode's U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE character can be inserted at the beginning of a Unicode
Specials_(Unicode_block)
Thai actor, model and singer (born 1995)
MANILA 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2026 – via YouTube. {{cite AV media}}: zero width space character in |last= at position 15 (help) ""จีเอ็มเอ็มทีวี" ส่ง
Perawat_Sangpotirat
Variant of the arrangement keyboard keys
fonts and automatic ligating for Fraktur, which can be controlled by the "zero width non-joiner"). Symbols used commonly in business texts are provided, like
Latin International keyboard layout
Latin_International_keyboard_layout
Unicode character
zero-width space, with the exception that the soft hyphen will preserve the kerning of the characters on either side when not visible. The zero-width
Soft_hyphen
Writing system used for the Persian language
adjacent letter forms. Persian is unusual among Arabic scripts because a zero-width non-joiner is sometimes entered in a word, causing a letter to become
Persian_alphabet
Unicode code point property names and their uses
Alternate: alternative names for some format characters (only U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE which has the alias "BYTE ORDER MARK"); Figment: Documented
Unicode_character_property
Special character in text processing
U+2007 FIGURE SPACE ( ) U+202F NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE is a byte order mark, whose use in text is deemed an "unsupported
Non-breaking_space
Flag used by the transgender community
U+1F3F3 🏳 WAVING WHITE FLAG, U+FE0F ️ VARIATION SELECTOR-16, U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER, U+26A7 ⚧ MALE WITH STROKE AND MALE AND FEMALE SIGN, U+FE0F ️ VARIATION
Transgender_flag
Method for exposing an information leak
of which dictionary first used them and which first duplicated them. Zero-width spaces are Unicode characters that are not visually rendered. An arbitrary
Canary_trap
Alphabet of the Arabic language
These effects are better achieved in Unicode by using the zero-width joiner and zero-width non-joiner, as these presentation forms are deprecated in Unicode
Arabic_alphabet
Electronic comparator circuit with hysteresis
{\displaystyle R_{1}} is zero or R 2 {\displaystyle R_{2}} is infinity (i.e., an open circuit), the band collapses to zero width, and it behaves as a standard
Schmitt_trigger
Representation of a signal as a rectangular wave with varying duty cycle
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), also known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM) or pulse-length modulation (PLM), is any method of representing a signal as
Pulse-width_modulation
Symbol for the LGBTQ community
U+1F3F3 🏳 WAVING WHITE FLAG, U+FE0F ️ VARIATION SELECTOR-16, U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER, U+1F308 🌈 RAINBOW produces a rainbow flag emoji 🏳️🌈, but adding
Pride_flag
Brahmic script used commonly to write the Malayalam language
differentiate a pure consonant (chillu) and a consonant with ŭ, zero-width joiner (ZWJ) and zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) were used before Unicode 5.1. However
Malayalam_script
Mathematical symbol
OPERATOR (∗) U+2062 INVISIBLE TIMES (⁢, ⁢) (a zero-width space indicating multiplication; The invisible times codepoint is used
Multiplication_sign
Private Use Area characters with negative advance widths; HTML5 approximates them with the zero-width space. black: here it seems to mean filled as opposed
List of XML and HTML character entity references
List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references
Unicode character block
or 1⁄5 em and hair space, fixed zero-width space)—and U+205F (math medium or 2⁄9 em space) differ by horizontal width, while U+2000 and U+2001 (en and
General_Punctuation
Symbol representing the number or digit 0
numerals Ø (disambiguation) Zero width (disambiguation) Bemer, Robert William (August 1967). "Towards standards for handwritten zero and oh: much ado about
Symbols_for_zero
Measurement scale for footwear
points as foot width. The origin of the grade is zero. The labeling typically includes foot length, followed by an optional foot width: a shoe size of
Shoe_size
Distance over which a wave's shape repeats
diffraction at close separations. In the analysis of the single slit, the non-zero width of the slit is taken into account, and each point in the aperture is taken
Wavelength
One-dimensional data visualization
distribution of the data. As such it is analogous to a histogram with zero-width bins, or a one-dimensional scatter plot. Rug plots are often used in combination
Rug_plot
Feature of continuing on a new line when a line is full
by breaking it across lines but without making a hyphen ever appear, a zero-width space is put at the permitted breaking point(s) in the word.) Sometimes
Wrapping_(text)
Abugida script for languages spoken in Thailand
Windows operating system Insert Zero-Width Space Character – This utility prepares Thai text by inserting the Unicode "Zero-Width Space Character" between detected
Thai_script
Metadata tag prefixed with #
and following text by spaces (e.g., '我 #爱 你' instead of '我#爱你') or by zero-width non-joiner characters before and after the hashtagged element, to retain
Hashtag
Method of drawing geometric objects
collapse. Constructed line segments and circles have infinite precision and zero width. Actual compasses do not collapse, and modern geometric constructions
Straightedge and compass construction
Straightedge_and_compass_construction
Glyph that separates written words
descriptions of redirect targets Zero-width non-joiner – Non-printing character that separates two normally joined characters Zero-width space – Special character
Word_divider
Set of alphabetic symbols that allow for special handling
from eleventh onwards it is black. Some vendors choose to include custom zero-width joiner sequences that only show up on their platform, such as WhatsApp
Regional_indicator_symbol
Writing system from the Brahmic family of scripts
character is a combination of the characters ⟨జ⟩, ⟨్⟩, ⟨ఞ⟩, and ⟨ా⟩, and the zero-width non-joiner character, which displays as ⟨జ్ఞా⟩. Apple confirmed a fix
Telugu_script
Unicode control character
be considered as two separate graphemes. However, in contrast to the zero-width joiner and similar characters, the CGJ does not affect whether the two
Combining_grapheme_joiner
2026 Thai television series
[1/4] | ตอนจบ. Retrieved 9 June 2026 – via YouTube. {{cite AV media}}: zero width space character in |last= at position 15 (help) Raymundo, Fairlane (10
Girl_Rules
Long horizontal line punctuation mark
but can be mitigated by the use of thin spaces, hair spaces, or even zero-width spaces on the sides of the em dash. This provides the appearance of an
Dash
Sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
all strings that can be made by concatenating any finite number (including zero) of strings from the set described by R. For example, if R denotes {"0",
Regular_expression
Alternative encoding for Tamil in the Unicode Private Use Area, modelled as a syllabary
render correctly. This also requires the use of invisible zero-width joiner and zero-width non-joiner characters in places where the desired grapheme
Tamil_All_Character_Encoding
Defines two sets of codes for a number of writing systems
marks and enclosing combining marks, as well as U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER and U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER." The value Inherited is described as matching
ISO_15924
Shape containing unit line segments in all directions
as it wants without sweeping any area. This is because the needle is a zero width line segment. The second trick of Pál, known as Pál joins, describes how
Kakeya_set
Hebrew punctuation mark
separated by a zero-width joiner control (ZWJ, U+200D) for the medial position (between the two parts of the hataf vowel), or by a zero-width non-joiner control
Meteg
Shape with same width in all directions
constant width. Other curves of constant width can be smooth but non-circular, not even having any circular arcs in their boundary. For instance, the zero set
Curve_of_constant_width
Names and aliases of Unicode characters
alternate name for a character. There is 1 such alias. Example: U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE has alternate BYTE ORDER MARK. Presentation: listed in
Unicode alias names and abbreviations
Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations
Form of written communication for math
sometimes included and sometimes not. Also, a "line" is straight and has zero width. Use of common words with a meaning that is completely different from
Language_of_mathematics
Thin slice of semiconductor used for the fabrication of integrated circuits
simplifying the problem so that the scribeline and saw lane are both zero-width, the wafer is perfectly circular with no flats, and the dies have a square
Wafer_(electronics)
Keyboard layout
figure space – ß U+2009 thin space – ü U+2003 em space – Ü U+200B zero width space – ö U+200D zero width joiner – Ö U+200C zero width non-joiner – m
German extended keyboard layout
German_extended_keyboard_layout
Model that describes the programmable interface of a computer processor
the operation to perform, such as add contents of memory to register—and zero or more operand specifiers, which may specify registers, memory locations
Instruction_set_architecture
Code point in a character set, that does not represent a written symbol
"<control-001A>" instead. Unicode added more characters (such as the zero-width non-joiner) that could be considered controls, but it makes a distinction
Control_character
Simplistic drawing of a person
example, the sequence U+1FBC6 🯆 STICK FIGURE WITH ARMS RAISED, U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER, U+1F457 👗 DRESS (🯆👗). 1903 – In Arthur Conan Doyle's story
Stick_figure
Earthquake impacting Myanmar and Thailand
LuduNwayOo. 26 April 2025. Retrieved 10 April 2026. {{cite news}}: zero width space character in |title= at position 10 (help) "UN expert calls for
2025_Myanmar_earthquake
Browser fingerprinting technique
of CSS animations and height/width queries, the attacker can infer the heights of the characters which are not zero-width characters making it possible
CSS_fingerprinting
Computer control characters
embeds, isolates and pops for explicit bidirectional formatting, and the zero-width joiner and non-joiner for controlling ligature use. However these are
C0_and_C1_control_codes
Pirate flag
crook. Unicode uses the sequence U+1F3F4 🏴 WAVING BLACK FLAG, U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER, U+2620 ☠ SKULL AND CROSSBONES to display the flag as a single
Jolly_Roger
Unicode character block
visible halanta by using the zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) or force the use of a non‑conjunct joining form using the zero-width joiner (ZWJ), there is no
Tibetan_(Unicode_block)
Straight figure with zero width and depth
straight line, usually abbreviated line, is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature. It is a special case of a curve and an idealization
Line_(geometry)
Topics referred to by the same term
ZWS may refer to: Zeus Web Server Zero-width space ZWS, the magic cookie for Adobe Flash format SWF PEX13, also called ZWS, the gene for encoding peroxisomal
ZWS
Unicode character block
diacritics, and contextual letter forms. The special codepoint ZWNBSP (zero width no-break space) is also here, which is only meant for a byte order mark
Arabic_Presentation_Forms-B
Electromagnetic radiation with a single constant frequency
lines — always consists of components with a range of frequencies of non-zero width. Monochromatic radiation can be produced by a number of methods. Isaac
Monochromatic_radiation
Variable-width encoding of Unicode, using one or two 16-bit code units
U+FEFF, to precede the first actual coded value. (U+FEFF is the invisible zero-width non-breaking space/ZWNBSP character). If the endian architecture of the
UTF-16
Search algorithm in computing
which meant the algorithm could only be used for moving agents with zero width, limiting its application to either real-life agents (e.g., robotics)
Jump_point_search
Concept in economics
1)>U(x,0) must hold, so the intervals [U(x,0),U(x,1)] must have a non-zero width. Moreover, since U(x,1)<U(z,1) whenever x<z, these intervals must be disjoint
Lexicographic_preferences
Topics referred to by the same term
Unicode character with two meanings: Byte order mark, previously used as zero-width no-break space Word joiner, Unicode character U+2060, a replacement for
FEFF_(disambiguation)
Standardized register of Turkish in the Ottoman Empire
connected to each other, and when they are separated with the use of Zero-width non-joiner. When a final letter is softened when followed by a vowel sound
Ottoman_Turkish
Symbols of the Olympic Games
consisted of five U+25EF ◯ LARGE CIRCLE characters joined with U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINERs, forming a joined character sequence. This was presumably part
Olympic_symbols
Quick, temporary change in amplitude of electrical signals
and its integral is the Heaviside step function. Equivalently, it has zero width and an area under the curve of unity. This is another pulse that cannot
Pulse_(signal_processing)
Evaluation of a function on its argument
mathematical notation is represented in a digital document, the invisible zero-width Unicode characters U+2061 FUNCTION APPLICATION and U+2062 INVISIBLE TIMES
Function_application
Arabic alphabet for the Uyghur language
Frequently, some Chagatai suffixes were not written joined (separated by a zero width non-joiner, in Unicode terms) while in modern Uyghur the root+suffix would
Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet
Free software package providing support for the Arabic and Hebrew alphabets
؛ ; ARABIC SEMICOLON ؟ ? ARABIC QUESTION MARK ٪ % ARABIC PERCENT SIGN SPACE . . FULL STOP - ZERO WIDTH JOINER \hspace{0ex} ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER
ArabTeX
Character-recognition technology
0x5B, 0x5E and 0xC2 and dash at 0x60, 0x7E and 0xC4, in addition to a zero-width space at 0x5A. These alternative representations were added for interoperability
Magnetic ink character recognition
Magnetic_ink_character_recognition
Visually similar letters in domain names
includes many characters which are not displayed by default, such as the zero-width space. In general, ICANN prohibits any domain with these characters from
IDN_homograph_attack
Medical imaging technique
called the line of response, or LOR). In practice, the LOR has a non-zero width as the emitted photons are not exactly 180 degrees apart. If the resolving
Positron_emission_tomography
Metadata standard
word. See also soft hyphen. ZWJ Joiner (MARC 21) In MARC-8, used for the Zero-Width Joiner, while U+200D is used in Unicode-format MARC records. N 142 8E
MARC-8
Topics referred to by the same term
Bandwidth (linear algebra), the width of the non-zero terms around the diagonal of a matrix Kernel density estimation, the width of the convolution kernel used
Bandwidth
Unicode character block
context or by manually using special characters, namely the zero-width joiner (ZWJ) and zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ), to select the specific form. The following
Mongolian_(Unicode_block)
Process of producing small rectangular items of fixed dimensions
have zero width. This does not lose much generality, since if each cut has a fixed width of d>0, then the problem can be reduced to the zero-width variant
Guillotine_cutting
Electromagnetic effect in physics
zero and transversal is finite, then det ρ ≠ 0 {\displaystyle \det \rho \neq 0} . Thus both the longitudinal conductivity and resistivity become zero
Quantum_Hall_effect
Tool used to measure dimensions of an object
both the primary reading and the zero point reading are bounded by plus/minus half the length corresponding to the width of the smallest interval on the
Calipers
Motor vehicle
The Dome Zero (童夢-零, Dōmu Zero) was a prototype sports car from DOME Co. Ltd that was exhibited at the 48th Geneva Auto Show in 1978. The Dome project
Dome_Zero
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly
Zero-point_energy
Diacritic in many Brahmic scripts
Retrieved 30 July 2022. Constable, Peter (2004). "Clarification of the Use of Zero Width Joiner in Indic Scripts" (PDF). Unicode, Inc. Retrieved 2009-11-19. Akira
Virama
Data visualization
variable-width box plots and the notched box plots. Variable-width box plots illustrate the size of each group whose data is being plotted by making the width
Box_plot
Topics referred to by the same term
Punctuation space (U+2008); see Space (punctuation) Hair space (U+200A) Zero-width space (U+200B) Mental space, a term in cognitive science Personal space
Space_(disambiguation)
Concept in physics
dependent broadening of the line width. The measured width of a single chromophore's zero phonon line, the homogeneous line width, is then γh(T) ≥ 1/T1 . The
Zero-phonon line and phonon sideband
Zero-phonon_line_and_phonon_sideband
Speculative feature of the early universe
smaller than any cosmological scale, these strings are often studied in the zero-width, or Nambu–Goto approximation. Under this assumption, strings behave as
Cosmic_string
Latin script character encoding used by LaTeX
esthetic ligatures at compound boundaries. It is mapped to the Unicode “zero-width space” (ZWSP, U+200B), defined at about the same time, whose purpose is
Cork_encoding
Topics referred to by the same term
photo-collage technique A joiner is one of various typographic control characters Zero-width joiner Combining grapheme joiner Joinery Join (disambiguation) Joyner
Joiner_(disambiguation)
marks and symbols are: Tatweel (U+0640), used to stretch characters. Zero width non-joiner (U+200C). Usage of the ZWNJ is non-standard but occurs a lot
Kurdish_typography
Scripts used to write the Azerbaijani language
not attached to the following letter, but is separated from it with a Zero-width non-joiner. For example, the word gələcəyim (gə-lə-cəy-im) 'my future'
Azerbaijani_alphabet
Invisible character in typesetting
in mathematical mode and which is defined as \vphantom ( that is as a zero-width left round bracket. Donald E. Knuth. The TeXbook (Computers and Typesetting
Strut_(typesetting)
ZERO WIDTH
ZERO WIDTH
Boy/Male
Biblical
Root, that straitens or binds, that keeps tight.
Girl/Female
Latin Greek Shakespearean
Daughter of Priam.
Male
Croatian
, a stone.
Biblical
crack; leak; distillation; balm
Boy/Male
American, Australian, German, Jamaican, Latin
Strong; Vigorous; Powerful; Wise Warrior
Biblical
root; that straightens or binds; that keeps tight
Girl/Female
African, Australian, French, Greek, Hebrew, Kurdish, Swahili
Seed
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of German Erich, EERO means "ever-ruler."Â
Male
Italian
 Short form of Italian Raniero, NERO means "wise warrior." Compare with another form of Nero.
Boy/Male
Greek
Rock.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Empty.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Indian
Rounded
Girl/Female
Latin
Mother of Asopus.
Female
Greek
(ἩÏá½¼) Greek name derived form the word hÄ“rÅs, HERO means "hero." In mythology, this is the name of the lover of Leandros (Latin Leander).
Male
African
builder; or fierce.
Male
Spanish
Spanish name derived from Latin juniperus, JUNÃPERO means "juniper tree."
Male
Finnish
Short form of Finnish Antero, TERO means "man; warrior."
Boy/Male
Australian, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese
Rock; Stone
Boy/Male
African, Finnish, German
The Lord is Exalted
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German, Greek, Kurdish
Empty; Void
ZERO WIDTH
ZERO WIDTH
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Honoured by Many
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Highest Success
Girl/Female
Tamil
Best, Noble
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for someone with golden hair, from Middle English gelden, golden (from Old English gylden).Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mag Ualghairg (see McGoldrick).
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Name of a Philosopher
Boy/Male
Basque Norse Greek
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord Rama; Lord Vishnu; The Preserver
Girl/Female
Indian
End
Female
English
(דָוִידָה) Feminine form of Hebrew David, DAVIDA means "beloved."
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Creative
ZERO WIDTH
ZERO WIDTH
ZERO WIDTH
ZERO WIDTH
ZERO WIDTH
n.
An illustrious man, supposed to be exalted, after death, to a place among the gods; a demigod, as Hercules.
n.
A cipher; nothing; naught.
n.
The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.
superl.
Able; strong; valiant; redoubtable; as, a doughty hero.
pl.
of Zero
n.
The point from which the graduation of a scale, as of a thermometer, commences.
n.
A man of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering; a prominent or central personage in any remarkable action or event; hence, a great or illustrious person.
n.
Fig.: The lowest point; the point of exhaustion; as, his patience had nearly reached zero.
a.
Resembling Achilles, the hero of the Iliad; invincible.
v. t.
To render worthy; to exalt into a hero.
n.
That which has no value; a cipher; zero.
n.
A Roman emperor notorius for debauchery and barbarous cruelty; hence, any profligate and cruel ruler or merciless tyrant.
n.
A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, -- the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis).
pl.
of Zero
pl.
of Hero
n.
The character or personality of a hero.
n.
A cipher; zero.
n.
The common cero; also, the spotted cero. See Cero.
n.
The principal personage in a poem, story, and the like, or the person who has the principal share in the transactions related; as Achilles in the Iliad, Ulysses in the Odyssey, and Aeneas in the Aeneid.