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Total mass divided by area of wing
In aerodynamics, wing loading is the total weight of an aircraft or flying animal divided by the area of its wing. The stalling speed, takeoff speed and
Wing_loading
Paired forelimb that allows birds to fly
and wing loading. Aspect ratio is the ratio of wingspan to the mean of its chord (or the square of the wingspan divided by wing area). Wing loading is
Bird_wing
distance from the wrist to the fifth finger. Wing loading is the weight of the bat divided by the wing area and is expressed using the unit N/m2 (newtons
Bat_flight
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up loading in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Loading may refer to: Carbohydrate loading, a strategy employed by endurance athletes to maximize the
Loading
Characteristic of rotors/propellers
disk loading or disc loading is the average pressure change across an actuator disk, such as an airscrew. Airscrews with a relatively low disk loading are
Disk_loading
Aircraft wing shape
planform reduce structural stresses, allowing the wing to be made thin. For minimum drag, wing loading can be in excess of 400 kilograms per square metre
Trapezoidal_wing
Device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere
flown with lower wing loadings per square foot of area, and they glide more slowly. They typically have a lower glide ratio. Wing loading of parachutes is
Parachute
1939 fighter aircraft family by Focke-Wulf
fairly small wing planform with relatively high wing loading. This presents a trade-off in performance. An aircraft with a smaller wing suffers less drag
Focke-Wulf_Fw_190
German WWII fighter aircraft family
very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based
Messerschmitt_Bf_109
Genus of nyctosaurid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous
Nyctosaurus specimens to determine weight and total wing area, and to calculate its total wing loading. They also estimated its total available flight power
Nyctosaurus
Extinct genus of very large birds
a rule of thumb, a wing loading of 25 kg/m2 is considered the limit for avian flight. A number of estimates related to wing loading have been produced
Argentavis
1940 US medium bomber
small wing area and resulting high wing loading required a high landing speed of 120 to 135 mph (193 to 217 km/h) indicated airspeed depending on load. At
Martin_B-26_Marauder
Racing aircraft in the US
the fitting of a new set of wings of increased span, giving it a lower wing loading. On January 19, 1937, a year and a half after setting the landplane speed
Hughes_H-1_Racer
Trimming a bird's wing feathers to prevent flight
wing-loading, remain vulnerable to blood feather damage for a longer period, since they are moulting almost continually. A 'light' symmetrical wing-clip
Wing_clipping
Species of owl
small-winged larger owls and even than some smaller owls. The barred has high wing-loading. Wing-loading is related to hunting technique, with higher wing-loading
Barred_owl
Anti-stalling high-lift device on aircraft
types of flap increase the wing area in addition to changing the camber. The larger lifting surface reduces wing loading, hence further reducing the
Flap_(aeronautics)
Aircraft configuration in which a small wing is placed in front of the main wing
may adopt the canard configuration to reduce the main wing loading, to better control the main wing airflow, or to increase the aircraft's manoeuvrability
Canard_(aeronautics)
Aerial locomotion in avian dinosaurs
flight because they generate more lift. Wing loading is the ratio of weight to wing area. Most kinds of bird wing can be grouped into four types, with some
Bird_flight
Airplane wing configuration with two vertically stacked main flying surfaces
permit lighter wing structures, low wing loading and smaller span for a given wing area. However, interference between the airflow over each wing increases
Biplane
Turbulence caused by difference in air pressure on either side of wing
geometry and wing loading of aircraft, water may condense or freeze in the core of the vortices, making the vortices visible. When a wing generates aerodynamic
Wingtip_vortices
WWII Japanese fighter aircraft
Ki-60 was to be a heavily armed specialised interceptor, with a high wing loading; the Ki-61 was to be a more lightly loaded and armed general-purpose
Kawasaki_Ki-61
Measure of aerodynamic efficiency
anticipating strong thermals often load their gliders (sailplanes) with water ballast: the increased wing loading means optimum glide ratio at greater
Lift-to-drag_ratio
German strategic bomber prototype
high wing loading of the Me 264 in fully loaded conditions at some 356 kg/m2 (73 lb/sq ft). Comparable contemporary aircraft had lower wing loadings: the
Messerschmitt_Me_264
French jet fighter aircraft
similarly sized F-16, which has a wing loading of 540 kg/m2 (110 lb/ft2). At normal combat load, however, the wing loading reduces to 220 kg/m2 (45 lb/ft2)
Dassault_Mirage_2000
Type of model aircraft
reduce a paper walkalong glider's wing loading and thus its air speed. Walkalong glider designs have differing wing loadings, for example, the tumblewing type
Walkalong_glider
German two-seat glider, 1974
5 lb/sq ft) wing loading Rate of sink: 0.6 m/s (120 ft/min) at 90 km/h (49 kn; 56 mph) at 36.5 kg/m2 (7.5 lb/sq ft) wing loading Wing loading: 40 kg/m2
Schempp-Hirth_Janus
1940 fighter aircraft family by Nakajima
needed] In order to achieve its design goals, the wing area was relatively small leading to a high wing loading and a comparatively high landing speed that
Nakajima_Ki-44_Shōki
German single-seat glider, 1968
120 km/h (75 mph; 65 kn) at wing loading of 28.9 kg/m2 (5.9 lb/sq ft) g limits: +5.3 -2.65 (design envelope) +8.4 -5.4 (ultimate load factor with ballast) +9
Schleicher_ASW_15
Soviet 4th generation fighter aircraft
ordnance and stores 17,750 m (with some load) g limits: +9 Rate of climb: 300 m/s (59,000 ft/min) Wing loading: 377.9 kg/m2 (77.4 lb/sq ft) With 56% fuel
Sukhoi_Su-27
American prototype bomber (1950–1954)
000 mi (13,000 km, 7,000 nmi) Service ceiling: 53,300 ft (16,200 m) Wing loading: 57.3 lb/sq ft (280 kg/m2) Armament Guns: 2 × 20 mm (0.787 in) cannon
Convair_YB-60
Italian WWII fighter aircraft
of design choices, including the DB 605 engine and a relatively high wing loading, it was capable of achieving comparable performance to contemporary frontline
Macchi_C.205_Veltro
Executive transport aircraft by Boeing
650 nmi (6,500 mi, 10,460 km) Service ceiling: 42,000 ft (13,000 m) Wing loading: 127.88 lb/sq ft (624.4 kg/m2) Thrust/weight: 0.314 Take-off field length:
Boeing_C-32
German-Italian two-seat motor glider, 2000
however hampered by the Open Class weight limitation which limits its wing loading in gusty weather to the advantage of its opponents.[citation needed]
Eta_(glider)
Multirole and air superiority fighter family
by the combination of low wing loading and fixed leading-edge conical camber that varies with spanwise position along the wing. Airfoil thickness ratios
McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle
German high-altitude interceptor project
Service ceiling: 13,100 m (43,000 ft) Rate of climb: 26 m/s (5,100 ft/min) Wing loading: 304 kg/m2 (62 lb/sq ft) Take-off run: 830 m (2,720 ft) Armament Guns:
Messerschmitt_P.1110
Ways that fish move around
higher wing loading and lift to drag ratios for flying fish compared to a comparably sized bird. Differences in wing area, wing span, wing loading, and
Fish_locomotion
American homebuilt aircraft
economical cruise Rate of climb: 2,000 ft/min (10 m/s) at sea level Wing loading: 21 lb/sq ft (100 kg/m2) Aircraft of comparable role, configuration,
Velocity_V-Twin
Japanese carrier-based fighter aircraft
MK9 promised more horsepower. With the larger, more powerful engine, wing loading became an issue. The Navy requested at most 150 kg/m2, but wanted 130 kg/m2
Mitsubishi_A7M_Reppū
Proposed Orbital Sciences Corporation spaceplane
2011-02-28. issues of volumetric efficiency, high L/D for cross range, low wing loading for reduced landing speed, and passive stability for all abort conditions
Prometheus_(spacecraft)
Species of owl
can reach 2,503 g (5.518 lb). The wing chord length is 297–400 mm (11.7–15.7 in). The wing loading, the measured wing area compared to weight, is high
Great_horned_owl
First operational jet-powered fighter aircraft
[citation needed] The aircraft had, by contemporary standards, a high wing loading (294.0 kg/m2, 60.2 lbs/ft2) that required higher takeoff and landing
Messerschmitt_Me_262
Species of owl
measured by the weight per area of wing size, was found to be 0.72 g/cm2. Thus, they have quite high wing loading. The great horned owl has even smaller
Eurasian_eagle-owl
Cold War-era American supersonic bomber
good internal volume for support systems and fuel. It also provided low wing loading for the airframe size, permitting supersonic flight in the midstratosphere
Convair_B-58_Hustler
Four-engine propeller-driven airliner
speed Ferry range: 4,250 mi (6,840 km, 3,690 nmi) with inner wing fuel cells Wing loading: 50.1 lb/sq ft (245 kg/m2) at maximum gross weight Power/mass:
Douglas_DC-4
US twin-engined propeller-driven executive aircraft
of similar size and weight by its high wing loading, careful attention to fine aerodynamic details, a mid wing, and in early models, the absence of cowl
Piper_Aerostar
Comparison of swimming and flying, evolution and biophysics
higher wing loading and lift to drag ratios for flying fish compared to a comparably sized bird. Differences in wing area, wing span, wing loading, and
Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water
American heavy military transport aircraft
the C-5A fleet was restricted to 80% of maximum design loads. To reduce wing loading, load alleviation systems were added to the aircraft. By 1980,
Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy
U.S. military cargo aircraft (1966-2026)
500 ft (10,200 m) Rate of climb: 3,700 ft/min (19 m/s) at sea level Wing loading: 77.6 lb/sq ft (379 kg/m2) Related development Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
Grumman_C-2_Greyhound
German single-seat glider, 1933
10 kg/m2 (2.0 lb/sq ft) wing loading Lift-to-drag: 21:1 at 72 km/h (45 mph; 39 kn) and 10 kg/m2 (2.0 lb/sq ft) wing loading Wing loading: 10 kg/m2 (2.0 lb/sq ft)
Horten_H.I
1974 experimental aircraft
Bernhardt. The Sunrise's wing span was 32 ft (10 m) and the aircraft had a gross weight of 22 lb (10 kg). The wing loading was a very low 4 ounces per
AstroFlight_Sunrise
82 km/h) TAS Never exceed speed: 170 kn (200 mph, 320 km/h) g limits: +6/-3 Wing loading: 11.99 lb/sq ft (58.5 kg/m2) Aircraft of comparable role, configuration
Sport Performance Aviation Panther
Sport_Performance_Aviation_Panther
Type of rotating wing, glider or kite
Because it does not need ballast, the tumblewing design has a lower wing loading and makes a good walkalong glider which is easy to make and fly. Controllable
Tumblewing
Soviet first-generation turbojet fighter
retract into the fuselage. Low and high wing loading wing versions were considered, but the low wing loading 15-square-meter (160 sq ft) wings were chosen
Yakovlev_Yak-15
Ratio of an aircraft's wing span to its mean chord
of a wing (AR) is a measure of its length relative to its width. Mathematically, it is defined as the square of the wingspan divided by the wing area
Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)
Lifting body prototype aircraft
713 km/h) Range: 39 nmi (45 mi, 72 km) Service ceiling: 71,500 ft (21,800 m) Wing loading: 49 lb/sq ft (240 kg/m2) Thrust/weight: 1.3 Comparable aircraft: X-24
Northrop_M2-F3
Class of fighter aircraft
capability as well. Its delta wing offers high cruise and super-cruise (above Mach 1 without using after-burner), low wing-loading and high maneuverability
Light_fighter
Extinct genus of dinosaur
maniraptor model loading is typical for ducks, though these have a relatively larger wingspan and a lower aspect ratio. The bat model has a loading typical for
Yi_(dinosaur)
Russian super heavy amphibious transport aircraft currently in design and development
(33,000 ft) Range in ground effect: 10,700 km (6,600 mi; 5,800 nmi) Wing loading: 730 kg/m2 (150 lb/sq ft) Thrust/weight: 0.00025 kN/kg (0.025 lbf/lb)
Beriev_Be-2500
Patrol bomber of the US Navy, 1943
290 nmi) combat range with 2,000 lb (910 kg) bomb load Service ceiling: 21,000 ft (6,400 m) Wing loading: 62 lb/sq ft (300 kg/m2) Armament Guns: 12 × .50
Consolidated_PB4Y-2_Privateer
Experimental NASA project
was designed to examine the feasibility of towing a delta wing aircraft having high wing loading, validate the tow simulation model, and demonstrate various
Eclipse_Project
Japanese experimental fighter aircraft
bay in each wing. With a normal loaded weight of 2,890 kilograms (6,370 lb) and a gross wing area of 1.48 m2 (15.9 sq ft) the wing loading was 181.76 kg/m2
Kawasaki_Ki-60
Dedicated aerial fire fighting airplane
limits: +3.25−1.0 g Rate of climb: 5.9 m/s (1,170 ft/min) (ISA, MTOW) Wing loading: 212.5 kg/m2 (43.52 lb/sq ft) Maximum After-scooping Takeoff (ISA): 783 m
Canadair_CL-415
Experimental aircraft
ceiling: 50,000 ft (15,000 m) + Rate of climb: 50,000 ft/min (250 m/s) Wing loading: 88.2 lb/sq ft (431 kg/m2) Thrust/weight: 1.095 Related development General
General_Dynamics_X-62_VISTA
Interceptor aircraft
travelling at supersonic speeds. While flying under combat weight, its wing loading is marginal and its thrust-to-weight ratio is favorable. The MiG-31 is
Mikoyan_MiG-31
Flying hybrid sports
continuation of the practice in summer, without skis, with a slightly lower wing loading (no skiing gear + often larger wings). In 2005, a group of French pilots
Speed_flying_and_speed_riding
Single-engine turboprop developed by Epic Aircraft
15 minutes to 34,000 feet Rate of sink: 700–800 ft/min (3.6–4.1 m/s) Wing loading: 39.4 lb/sq ft (192 kg/m2) Power/mass: 6.67 lb/hp (4.06 kg/kW) Avionics
Epic_E1000
Family of utility transport aircraft
ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m) Rate of climb: 1,234 ft/min (6.27 m/s) Wing loading: 28.674 lb/sq ft (140.00 kg/m2) Avionics Garmin G1000 with GFC700 integrated
Cessna_208_Caravan
Business jet
new fly-by-wire flight controls with active load alleviation and the flexible, relatively highly loaded wing damps turbulence. The metal airframe uses aluminium–lithium
Bombardier_Global_7500
Tribe of mammals
body proportions reveal the flying squirrels' adaptation to minimize wing loading and to increase maneuverability while gliding. The consequence for these
Flying_squirrel
Relation between surface area and volume as size increases
functions would be severely burdened. In the case of flying animals, the wing loading would be increased if they were isometrically scaled up, and they would
Square–cube_law
American experimental aircraft
(45 mi, 72 km) [citation needed] Service ceiling: 74,130 ft (22,590 m) Wing loading: 42 lb/sq ft (210 kg/m2) [citation needed] Thrust/weight: 0.71[citation
Martin_Marietta_X-24
American fighter aircraft
competition with an order for 210 P-36A fighters. The aircraft's extremely low wing loading of just 23.9 lb/ft2 gave it outstanding turning performance, and its
Curtiss_P-36_Hawk
Japanese supersonic jet fighter
range: 833 km (518 mi, 450 nmi) + Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,000 ft) Wing loading: 634.3 kg/m2 (129.9 lb/sq ft) maximum Thrust/weight: 0.994 Armament Guns:
Mitsubishi_F-2
Family of Soviet strike aircraft
Sukhoi Su-17 despite substantially greater takeoff weight. Its high wing loading provides a stable low-level ride and minimal gust response. The Su-24
Sukhoi_Su-24
Family of composite gliders built by Jonker Sailplanes
performance gives a claimed best glide of around 1:60 and, with the maximum wing loading of 58.7 kg/m2 and the polar remaining flat at high cruise speeds, the
Jonker_JS-1_Revelation
Airborne command post aircraft by Boeing based on 707 airframe
maximum with multiple refuelings Service ceiling: 40,000 ft (12,000 m) Wing loading: 112.13 lb/sq ft (547.5 kg/m2) Thrust/weight: 0.281 Critical field length:
Boeing_E-6_Mercury
British WW1 biplane fighter aircraft
more manoeuvrable, especially over 15,000 ft (4,600 m) due to its low wing loading. Ace James McCudden stated that "When it came to manoeuvring, the Sopwith
Sopwith_Pup
Soviet military transport aircraft
kneel, which allows for easier loading and unloading via the front cargo door. Other features intended to ease loading including an onboard overhead crane
Antonov_An-124_Ruslan
Homebuilt aircraft
speed: 80 kn (92 mph, 150 km/h) Rate of climb: 750 ft/min (3.8 m/s) Wing loading: 3.45 lb/sq ft (16.8 kg/m2) Lifting body Aircraft of comparable role
Wainfan_Facetmobile
French WW1 fighter aircraft
larger engine of the latter aircraft made it nose heavy and increased the wing loading, especially when armed with a synchronised Vickers gun. Developed in
Nieuport_17
Disc-shaped wing
as a disc for aerodynamic reasons. The Flapjack had a large wing and very low wing loading, allowing it to take off easily from aircraft carriers. As with
Circular_wing
adaptable, capable of taking far more powerful engines and far greater loads than its original role as a short-range interceptor had allowed for. This
Supermarine Spitfire variants: specifications, performance and armament
Supermarine_Spitfire_variants:_specifications,_performance_and_armament
French multirole fighter
(60,000 ft/min) Time to altitude: 15,000 m (49,000 ft) (M2) 3 minutes Wing loading: 220 kg/m2 (45 lb/sq ft) at combat weight Thrust/weight: 1.2 Armament
Dassault_Mirage_4000
Type of aircraft
airspeed indicator, achievable in powered flight pitched for dive with 1G wing loading in smooth air. Range: 390 nmi (450 mi, 720 km) maximum, using 24.0 gal
CubCrafters CC11-160 Carbon Cub SS
CubCrafters_CC11-160_Carbon_Cub_SS
Japanese fighter aircraft
the Ki-100 was 329 kg (725 lb) lighter than the Ki-61-II, reducing the wing loading from 189 kg/m2 (38.8 lb/ft2) to 175 kg/m2 (35.8 lb/ft2). This had a positive
Kawasaki_Ki-100
Soviet/Ukrainian heavy strategic cargo aircraft
tonnes payload: 4,000 km (2,500 mi) Service ceiling: 11,000 m (36,000 ft) Wing loading: 662.9 kg/m2 (135.8 lb/sq ft) Thrust/weight: 0.234 Aviation portal Ukraine
Antonov_An-225_Mriya
Russian light combat aircraft
(41,000 ft) g limits: +8.0 −3.0 Rate of climb: 65 m/s (12,800 ft/min) Wing loading: 276.4 kg/m2 (56.6 lb/sq ft) Thrust/weight: 0.70 Armament Guns: SNPU-130
Yakovlev_Yak-130
Experimental technology demonstrator
000 m (59,000 ft) g limits: +9 Rate of climb: 233 m/s (45,900 ft/min) Wing loading: 607 kg/m2 (124 lb/sq ft) max (approx.) 458 kg/m2 (94 lb/sq ft) normal
Sukhoi_Su-47
US strategic communications system
aircraft is based on the Boeing 707. The wings were redesigned to meet new wing-loading characteristics. The tail was redesigned after a catastrophic failure
TACAMO
Proposed intercontinental bomber
* Towing speed: 192 km/h (119 mph) Landing speed: 136 km/h (85 mph) Wing loading: 213 kg/m2 (44 lb/sq ft) Thrust/weight: 0.17 Armament Guns: 4 MG151/20
Horten_H.XVIII
250 miles out. However, aircraft "wing loading", the mass of the aircraft divided by the surface area of its wing, also tended to increase, suggesting
Carrier aircraft used during World War II
Carrier_aircraft_used_during_World_War_II
Canceled experimental NASA electric aircraft
(107 km/h; 58 kn) stall speed. The optimized wing had 40% of the baseline area, reducing friction drag, and a wing loading 2.6 times higher. It would be 32.8 ft
NASA_X-57_Maxwell
Lifting body prototype
Range: 8.6 nmi (9.9 mi, 15.9 km) Service ceiling: 45,000 ft (14,000 m) Wing loading: 43.2 lb/sq ft (211 kg/m2) Thrust/weight: 1.3 Aircraft of comparable
Northrop_M2-F2
Larger turboprop version of outsize cargo aircraft Pregnant Guppy
(1,995 mi, 3,211 km) Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m) certified Wing loading: 86.5 lb/sq ft (422 kg/m2) Power/mass: 0.11 hp/lb (0.18 kW/kg) Related
Aero_Spacelines_Super_Guppy
German single-seat glider, 1984
for trimming purposes when the main wing mounted ballast tanks are in use (184 L combined) for a maximum wing-loading of 50 kg/m2 (10 lb/sq ft) The Discus
Schempp-Hirth_Discus
German aeronautical engineer (1898–1983)
and Adolf Rohrbach [de]. Lufthansa asked them to reduce the plane's wing loading from 80 kg/sqm to less than 60 kg/sqm, or they would back off from the
Kurt_Tank
Soviet prototype supersonic strategic bomber
7,400 km (4,600 mi, 4,000 nmi) Service ceiling: 16,500 m (54,100 ft) Wing loading: 602 kg/m2 (123 lb/sq ft) Thrust/weight: 0.29 Armament 30,000 kg (66
Myasishchev_M-50
Soviet heavy military transport aircraft
and 45,000 kg (99,208 lb) payload Service ceiling: 9,100 m (29,900 ft) Wing loading: 724.6 kg/m2 (148.4 lb/sq ft) max Power/mass: 0.1789 kW/kg (0.1088 hp/lb)
Antonov_An-22
Soviet single-seat WWII fighter aircraft
maneuverable in the horizontal plane than the Bf 109 due to its higher wing loading. This lack of maneuverability was exacerbated by the MiG-3's poor climb
Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-3
Japanese fighter aircraft
turning ability, which had been partially achieved via its remarkably low wing loading. The IJA promptly ordered te8 pre-production samples (Ki-27a) for further
Nakajima_Ki-27
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