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Rate of increase in wind strength per unit increase in height
In common usage, wind gradient, more specifically wind speed gradient or wind velocity gradient, or alternatively shear wind, is the vertical component
Wind_gradient
Vector difference of geostrophic wind movement at high and low altitudes
thermal wind balance, a term generalizable also to more complicated horizontal flow balances such as gradient wind balance. Since the geostrophic wind at a
Thermal_wind
Difference in wind speed or direction over a short distance
Wind shear (/ʃɪər/; also written windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short
Wind_shear
Lowest part of the atmosphere directly influenced by contact with the planetary surface
there is a wind gradient in the wind flow ~100 meters above the Earth's surface—the surface layer of the planetary boundary layer. Wind speed increases
Planetary_boundary_layer
Natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface
over time. The gradient wind is similar to the geostrophic wind but also includes centrifugal force (or centripetal acceleration). Wind direction is usually
Wind
Concept in atmospheric science
-ˈstroʊ-/) is the theoretical wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. This condition is called
Geostrophic_wind
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
is a wind gradient; the fact that sound is carried along by the wind is not important. For sound propagation, the exponential variation of wind speed
Speed_of_sound
Flying technique
the boundary between air masses of different velocity. Such zones of wind gradient are generally found close to obstacles and close to the surface, so
Dynamic_soaring
Study of the effects of wind on natural and built environments
{\displaystyle \ v_{z}} = speed of the wind at height z {\displaystyle \ z} v g {\displaystyle \ v_{g}} = gradient wind at gradient height z g {\displaystyle
Wind_engineering
Gradient whose components are spatial derivatives
Pressure gradient Temperature gradient Geothermal gradient Sound speed gradient Wind gradient Lapse rate Grade (slope) Image gradient Time derivative Material
Spatial_gradient
California weather phenomenon
stability of the Great Basin High, causing a pressure gradient that turns the synoptic scale winds southward down the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada
Santa_Ana_winds
Space rate of variation of pressure in a given direction
above, the pressure gradient constitutes one of the main forces acting on the air to make it move as wind. Note that the pressure gradient force points from
Pressure_gradient
Family of large seabirds
soaring involves repeatedly rising into wind and descending downwind, thus gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient. The only effort expended is in the
Albatross
Rate at which air moves from high- to low-pressure areas
the pressure gradient, Rossby waves, jet streams, and local weather conditions. There are also links to be found between wind speed and wind direction,
Wind_speed
Rate of change of speed of sound with distance
ISBN 0-415-23870-6. Everest, F. (2001). The Master Handbook of Acoustics. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 262–263. ISBN 0-07-136097-2. SOFAR channel Wind gradient
Sound_speed_gradient
Intensity indicator of tropical cyclone
water, maximum sustained winds over land average 8% lower. More especially, over a city or rough terrain, the wind gradient effect could cause a reduction
Maximum_sustained_wind
Model of atmospheric motion
pressure charts supporting gradient-wind conditions Each balanced-flow idealisation gives a different estimate for the wind speed in the same conditions
Balanced_flow
1825 Category 4 Atlantic hurricane
documentation on the island began. The storm had an unusually sharp wind gradient and was small in size. This may have played a role on its unusual intensity
1825_Santa_Ana_hurricane
Area impenetrable by sound waves
wind that brought it to us being the same that should bring it to them: but so it is. . — Monday 4 June 1666, The Diary of Samuel Pepys Wind gradient
Acoustic_shadow
Concept in fluid dynamics
mechanism behind this is not yet fully understood. Boundary layer Wall Slip Wind gradient Shear stress Shell balance Reynolds, Osbourne. (1876). "I. On the force
No-slip_condition
Wave where gravity is the main restoring force
shear. If the shear becomes strong enough, the stretching forces from wind gradients are more positive than the buoyant resistance which causes air layers
Gravity_wave
Meteorological phenomenon
horizontal velocity rather than by rising air. Such zones of high "wind gradient" are usually too close to the ground to be used safely by gliders, but
Lift_(soaring)
Strongest direction of wind on a region of Earth's surface
prevailing wind, but the flight of birds is less dependent on it. Prevailing winds in mountain locations can lead to significant rainfall gradients, ranging
Prevailing_winds
2002 video game
patterns and gradients. Japanese: ゼルダの伝説 風のタクト, Hepburn: Zeruda no Densetsu: Kaze no Takuto; lit. "The Legend of Zelda: Baton of Winds" Based on 80 reviews
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Wind_Waker
anemometers are commonly used to indicate wind direction. wind gradient wind gust A brief increase in the speed of the wind, usually lasting less than 20 seconds
Glossary_of_meteorology
Sustainable energy from sea and river water
wind farm. In January 2014 however Statkraft announced not to continue this pilot. Statkraft found that with existing technology, the salt gradient was
Osmotic_power
German meteorologist (1854–1939)
the previous year up to and including 31 March of the current year. Wind gradient Loraine Daston and Peter Galison (2007). Objectivity. Zone Books. pp
Gustav_Hellmann
Type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season
horizontal pressure gradient is low, and winds are rare and usually weak (except sea and land breezes in coastal areas). In tropical trade-wind climates, often
Tropical_rainforest_climate
Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 1978
progress in the strong winds of Fico. A strong trade wind gradient, increased due to the presence of the hurricane, produced winds of over 60 mph (97 km/h)
Hurricane_Fico
Architectural element for creating a draft
using the pressure of wind blowing into the windcatcher, or directing airflow using buoyancy forces from temperature gradients (stack effect). The relative
Windcatcher
potential temperature wet-bulb temperature wind wind chill wind direction wind gradient wind profiler wind shear wind speed windcatcher Windscale fire winter
Index_of_meteorology_articles
Recreational activity and competitive air sport
masses of different horizontal velocity. However, such zones of high "wind gradient" are usually too close to the ground to be used safely by gliders. Most
Gliding
Family of seabirds which includes petrels, shearweters and prions
vertical wind gradient and minimising the effort required to stay in the air. Slope soaring is more straightforward: the procellariid turns to the wind, gaining
Procellariidae
Racing trimaran
times wind speed. The measured wind velocity is taken at near sea level, and does not account for effects of wind gradient with reported true wind speed
USA_17
Mountain wind in Switzerland
Maloja Wind (German: Malojawind) is a Foehn-type mountain wind that occurs in the upper Engadin, an alpine valley located in Switzerland. The wind blows
Maloja_Wind
Mountain in France
is about 13.8 km (8.6 mi) at an average gradient of 7.9%. The last kilometres may have strong, violent winds. The ride takes 1+1⁄2 to 2+1⁄2 hours for
Mont_Ventoux
Method to determine where barometric highs and lows are based on wind direction
in the Southern Hemisphere, but the angle between the pressure gradient force and wind is not a right angle in low latitudes. A version taught to US Naval
Buys_Ballot's_law
Sandstorm Hurricane Katabatic winds Bohemian wind Bora Piteraq Gregale Anabatic wind Valley exit jet Santa Ana winds Foehn wind Williwaws Chinook Gale Monsoon
List of severe weather phenomena
List_of_severe_weather_phenomena
2025 video game
Where Winds Meet is a wuxia action-adventure role-playing game developed by Everstone Studio and published by NetEase Games. The player assumes the role
Where_Winds_Meet
Phenomenon of supersonic flight
as the required refraction depends on temperature gradient, air pressure gradient and differing wind speeds in the air column. Boom Technology Refraction
Mach_cutoff
Atmospheric and ocean flow equations
geostrophic motion refers to the wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and horizontal pressure-gradient forces, quasi-geostrophic
Quasi-geostrophic_equations
Process of water movement through a plant
the hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the magnitude of the pressure gradient through the soil. Both of these factors influence the rate of bulk flow
Transpiration
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
dynamics, a wind wave, or wind-generated water wave, is a surface wave that occurs on the free surface of bodies of water as a result of the wind blowing
Wind_wave
Genus and family of birds
soaring, gliding across wave fronts gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient. The diet of many storm petrels species is poorly known owing to difficulties
Northern_storm_petrel
Meteorological phenomenon
of wind (a vertically oriented rotating column of air) forms due to instabilities and turbulence created by heating and flow (current) gradients. Whirlwinds
Whirlwind
of Kauai. By July 21, a strong trade wind gradient exacerbated by the presence of Fico caused widespread winds over 60 mph (97 km/h), which resulted
1978_Pacific_hurricane_season
The Bulk Richardson Number (BRN) is an approximation of the Gradient Richardson number. The BRN is a dimensionless ratio in meteorology related to the
Bulk_Richardson_number
Distinct layer of temperature change in a body of water
water, as in an ocean or lake; or air, e.g. an atmosphere) with a high gradient of distinct temperature differences associated with depth. In the ocean
Thermocline
Natural processes removing soil and rock
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's
Erosion
California weather pattern
when pressure gradients create conditions for northerly, offshore winds across the east-west oriented Santa Ynez Mountains . The winds blow with greatest
Sundowner_winds
Relatively minor flow superimposed on the primary flow by inviscid assumptions
define an approximate geostrophic wind or gradient wind, balanced flows that are parallel to the isobars. Measurements of wind speed and direction at heights
Secondary_flow
Type of aircraft formation
respectively; Δv, Δy, Δx represent the ignored model items associated with the wind gradient and external disturbances. Denote vx = V cos(y) cos(x), vy = V cos(y)
Delta_formation
Pacific typhoon in 2021
through an area of moderate wind shear which made the system's LLC broad while moving west-northwestward: the wind gradient slowly became conducive for
Typhoon_In-fa
Strong surface-level winds that radiate from a single point
In meteorology, a downburst is a strong downward and outward gushing wind system that emanates from a point source above and blows radially, that is, in
Downburst
Weather phenomenon
determined by the vertical temperature gradient between sea level and an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The gradient plays a critical role in the arrangement
Lake-effect_rain
Atlantic tropical storm in 2007
a Hurricane Hunters flight into the storm reported a tighter wind gradient and peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Convection rapidly weakened as the storm
Tropical_Storm_Olga_(2007)
Northern California weather pattern
humid air from the ocean. The dry offshore wind, already strong because of the offshore pressure gradient, can become quite strong with gusts reaching
Diablo_wind
Charged-particle flow due to high electrostatic potential
Ion wind, ionic wind, corona wind or electric wind is the airflow of charged particles induced by electrostatic forces linked to corona discharge arising
Ion_wind
Prevailing winds from the west
The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees
Westerlies
Sound emanating from motor vehicles
Micrometeorology is significant in that sound waves can be refracted by wind gradients or thermoclines, effectively dismissing the effect of some noise barriers
Roadway_noise
Wind in the western Mediterranean
accelerating and there is often a significant pressure gradient through the Strait, the strongest winds are not observed mid-Strait, as might be expected if
Levant_(wind)
Boundary layer that forms on a wedge
on a flat plate with an imposed pressure gradient along the plate length, a situation often encountered in wind tunnel flow. It is a generalization of the
Falkner–Skan_boundary_layer
Hypothetical navigation method of homing pigeons
reliable wind-borne cues, although Papi (1990), argues the utilisation of olfactory information obtained during the outward journey. Wallraff's gradient theory
Olfactory_navigation
Pacific typhoon in 2026
and monitored the tightening pressure gradient to determine if a Strong Monsoon Signal was required as local winds veered southwesterly. The storm caused
Typhoon_Bavi_(2026)
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
back at the same time creates no gradient between the two. The characteristic polar pattern of a pure pressure-gradient microphone is a figure-8. Other
Microphone
reliably measure. These winds can be estimated from both the radius of maximum winds and the pressure gradient, but this gradient is also difficult to measure
Pressure-wind relationship calculations for tropical cyclones
Pressure-wind_relationship_calculations_for_tropical_cyclones
Astrophysical model
subscript denotes geostrophic wind. Note that in this case, the geostrophic wind is perpendicular to pressure gradient. This is due to the fact that Coriolis
Atmospheric circulation of exoplanets
Atmospheric_circulation_of_exoplanets
Change of direction of propagation due to variation of velocity
atmosphere. In the atmosphere, vertical gradients of wind speed and temperature lead to refraction. The wind speed is usually increasing with height,
Refraction_(sound)
Windstorm in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada
low center, a strong atmospheric pressure gradient was carried across Washington, with associated high winds. With a cold airflow moving toward the northeast
February_13,_1979,_windstorm
American mechanical and aerospace engineer
coefficient dependent on the pressure gradient of the flow. Nagib's research efforts have focused on enhancing wind tunnel design to achieve superior flow
Hassan_Nagib
Fast-flowing atmospheric air current
derive the thermal wind relation: the vertical gradient of the horizontal wind is proportional to the horizontal temperature gradient. If two air masses
Jet_stream
Meteorological phenomenon in Central America
Papagayo Jet, also referred to as the Papagayo Wind or the Papagayo Wind Jet, is strong intermittent winds that blow approximately 70 km north of the Gulf
Papagayo_Jet
Strong downslope wind in the Sierra Nevada
winds are strong, dry downslope winds that occur along the western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada in California. They are a type of foehn wind that
Mono_winds
Category 4 Pacific hurricane and typhoon
However, the storm's high winds south of Hawaii, together with an anticyclone to the north of Hawaii, produced strong gradient winds over the islands, which
Hurricane_Dora_(2023)
Meteorological process of producing weather fronts
the wind blows, the wheel rotates) and deform the parcel through stretching and shrinking. In the end, this can also tighten temperature gradient, but
Frontogenesis
Type of weather map
frontal zone where the gradient is very large. When a front passes over a point, it is marked by changes in temperature, moisture, wind speed and direction
Surface_weather_analysis
Assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of Euclidean space
scalar fields using the gradient operator (denoted by the del: ∇). A vector field V defined on an open set S is called a gradient field or a conservative
Vector_field
Development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere
significant Coriolis force allows the developing vortex to achieve gradient wind balance. This is a balance condition found in mature tropical cyclones
Tropical_cyclogenesis
heating causes a thermal low to develop which sets up a pressure gradient which induces the wind, pulling cooler air down from the High Sierra. The Washoe Zephyr
Washoe_Zephyr
Biological response in plants
growth and development in response to mechanical stimuli, such as touch, wind, or rain. This process begins with the perception of mechanical forces by
Thigmomorphogenesis
Rapid flow of a mass of snow down a slope
rapid crystal growth that occurs in the presence of a critical temperature gradient. Large, angular snow crystals are indicators of weak snow, because such
Avalanche
Region of rotation within a powerful thunderstorm
temperature gradients between warm and cold air cause these changes in the wind with height and over distance. The resulting sheared wind field is said
Mesocyclone
Directional mass flow of oceanic water
circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream)
Ocean_current
Vertical rate of change of temperature in atmosphere
circumstances. Lapse rate corresponds to the vertical component of the spatial gradient of temperature. Although this concept is most often applied to the Earth's
Lapse_rate
generator Wind gradient Wind power Wind power forecasting Wind resource assessment Wind shear Wind speed Wind stress Wind tunnel Wind turbine Wind turbine
Index_of_physics_articles_(W)
Theorerical model of air flow in the atmosphere
Hadley Circulation. The Walker circulation is associated with the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific
Walker_circulation
Boundary between two distinct water masses
creating a strong vertical gradient in temperature that leads to the formation of a front. As the location of the trade winds varies seasonally, the location
Front_(oceanography)
Difference between the actual wind and the geostrophic wind
geostrophy is an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force, ageostrophic flow reflects an imbalance, and thus is often implicated
Ageostrophy
Major oceanic gyre in the Indian Ocean
the winds blow from the land to the ocean. Because most of the air pressure gradient is retained behind the Tibetan Plateau, air pressure gradients over
Indian_Ocean_Gyre
Short-term state of the atmosphere
The resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions, creating a wind, and the Earth's rotation then causes
Weather
Boundary separating two masses of air of different densities
especially with parallel winds directions; They usually move in waves but not persistently. There is normally a broad temperature gradient behind the boundary
Weather_front
described as a decrease in temperature gradients between colliding air masses or can be caused by a shift in wind pattern. In contrary to areas of "Frontogenesis"
Frontolysis
Country in South Asia
extremely low gradient, caused by long-term silt deposition, leads to severe floods and course changes. Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent
India
Wind
Mediterranean Sea. It is more common in autumn and winter, when larger pressure gradients occur, but a small pressure difference along the Ebro Valley is sufficient
Cierzo
Directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus
Aerotaxis (stimulation by oxygen) Anemotaxis (by wind) Barotaxis (by pressure) Chemotaxis or "gradient search" (by chemicals) Durotaxis (by stiffness)
Taxis
Ionization of air around a high-voltage conductor
occurs at locations where the strength of the electric field (potential gradient) around a conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the air. It is often
Corona_discharge
Flow in a body of water generated by wind friction on its surface
A Wind generated current is a flow in a body of water that is generated by wind friction on its surface. Wind can generate surface currents on water bodies
Wind_generated_current
Fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that moves away from a volcano
depends upon the density of the current, the volcanic output rate, and the gradient of the slope. Upon the eruption of volcanic matter, much of the material
Pyroclastic_flow
of interstitial condensation that is independent of wind speed and direction. Under certain wind conditions a dynamically insulated building can have
Dynamic_insulation
2025 video game
parries, including Gradient Attacks, Gradient Counters, and Gradient Skills, all of which deal significant damage. The use of gradient attacks is monitored
Clair_Obscur:_Expedition_33
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