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The vibrational temperature is commonly used in thermodynamics, to simplify certain equations. It has units of temperature and is defined as θ vib = h
Vibrational_temperature
The vibrational partition function traditionally refers to the component of the canonical partition function resulting from the vibrational degrees of
Vibrational partition function
Vibrational_partition_function
Physical quantity of hot and cold
atoms: they undergo rotational and vibrational motions as well as translations. Heating results in an increase of temperature due to an increase in the average
Temperature
Speed that exceeds five times the speed of sound (Mach 5 and above)
needed] High temperatures due to a manifestation of viscous dissipation cause non-equilibrium chemical flow properties such as vibrational excitation and
Hypersonic_speed
Independent parameter describing the state of a physical system
gases. For N2 and O2, it is less than 3 K. The "vibrational temperature" necessary for substantial vibration is between 103 K and 104 K, 3521 K for N2 and
Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)
Planetary nebula in the constellation Aquarius
Asymptotic Giant Branch. The excitation temperature varies across the Helix nebula. The rotational-vibrational temperature ranges from 1800 K in a cometary knot
Helix_Nebula
Temperature above which magnetic properties change
In physics and materials science, the Curie temperature (TC), or Curie point, is the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic
Curie_temperature
10th edition, Table 12D.1, p.987 Rotational spectroscopy Vibrational temperature Vibrational spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy v t e v t
Rotational_temperature
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
defines zero-point energy as the "vibrational energy that molecules retain even at the absolute zero of temperature". ZPE is the result of all-pervasive
Thermodynamic_temperature
Physical systems hotter than any other
degrees of freedom, such as molecular vibrational, electronic and electron spin levels are at a positive temperature, so the object still has positive sensible
Negative_temperature
Type of sensory receptor
receptor found in the skin that provides information about temperature, touch (including vibration and pain), spatial orientation, pressure (stretching or
Cutaneous_receptor
Measurement of infrared radiation's interaction with matter
equation leads to the selection rule for the vibrational quantum number in the system undergoing vibrational changes: △ v = ± 1 {\displaystyle \bigtriangleup
Infrared_spectroscopy
Computer designed for harsh environments
in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures and wet or dusty conditions. They are designed and engineered
Rugged_computer
Inelastic scattering of photons by matter
the number of vibrational modes is 3N-5, whereas for a non-linear molecule the number of vibrational modes is 3N-6. Molecular vibrational energy is known
Raman_scattering
Optoelectronic temperature sensing device
Distributed temperature sensing systems (DTS) are optoelectronic devices which measure temperatures by means of optical fibres functioning as linear sensors
Distributed temperature sensing
Distributed_temperature_sensing
Ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries
ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming
Thermoregulation
Monitoring process in machinery
the process of monitoring a parameter of condition in machinery (vibration, temperature etc.), in order to identify a significant change which is indicative
Condition_monitoring
Artificial intelligence combined with the Internet of things
application is predictive maintenance, where sensors measuring vibration, temperature, current draw, and acoustic emissions feed machine learning models
Artificial intelligence of things
Artificial_intelligence_of_things
Method in physics
{\displaystyle 3N} vibrational states for N atoms. He made the assumption that in an atomic solid, the spectrum of frequencies of the vibrational states would
Debye_model
Molecule composed of any two atoms
higher electronic state and vibrational level to a lower electronic state and vibrational level (typically, many vibrational levels are involved in an excited
Diatomic_molecule
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or "rubbery" state as the temperature is increased. An amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition is
Glass_transition
Electronic oscillator circuit
that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz
Crystal_oscillator
Branch of molecular spectroscopy
Transitions involving changes in both vibrational and rotational states can be abbreviated as rovibrational (or ro-vibrational) transitions. When such transitions
Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy
Rotational–vibrational_spectroscopy
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
time the temperature must be low enough that molecular vibrational modes contribute no heat capacity (i.e., insignificant heat goes into vibration, as all
Speed_of_sound
Intensive quantity, heat capacity per amount of substance
conditions imply larger quantum vibrational energy spacing, thus many vibrational modes are "frozen out" at room temperature. Water ice close to the melting
Molar_heat_capacity
Ways of ensuring the quality of a service or product
product until it fails, often under stresses such as increasing vibration, temperature, and humidity. This may expose many unanticipated weaknesses in
Quality_assurance
Passage of an object through the gases of an atmosphere from outer space
diatomic molecules initially have a very high vibrational temperature that efficiently transforms the vibrational energy into radiant energy; i.e., radiative
Atmospheric_entry
Scanning microscopy using thin samples and transmitted electrons
order to obtain atomic resolution images in STEM, the level of vibration, temperature fluctuations, electromagnetic waves, and acoustic waves must be
Scanning transmission electron microscopy
Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
Atmospheric constituent and greenhouse gas
two infrared-active vibrational frequencies. The two wavelengths are 4.26 μm (2,347 cm−1) (antisymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 μm (667 cm−1)
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth
Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth
to temperatures as high as 120 °F (49 °C) for a few hours and not be damaged. Although anecdotal information regarding the contributions of vibration in
Storage_of_wine
Study of simultaneous change in atoms' electronic and vibration energy
electronic and vibrational wave functions) can be neglected and the energy of a vibronic level can be taken as the sum of the electronic and vibrational (and rotational)
Vibronic_spectroscopy
Laser based on differences in relaxation velocities of molecular vibrational states
vibrational states. The lasing medium gas has such properties that an energetically lower vibrational state relaxes faster than a higher vibrational state
Gas_dynamic_laser
Change in chemical reaction rate due to isotopic substitution
because heavier isotopologues have lower vibrational frequencies and, therefore, lower ground-state vibrational energies, than their lighter counterparts
Kinetic_isotope_effect
Prevention of transmission of vibration
requirement and may also have a large temperature range. Magnetism: Some experimentation which requires vibration isolation also requires a low-magnetism
Vibration_isolation
Study of the physical and chemical properties of molecules
additional quantized energy levels corresponding to vibrational and rotational states. Vibrational energy levels refer to motion of the nuclei about their
Molecular_physics
Thermodynamic quantity
rotations), assuming vibrational modes are not excited. However, as mass increases and the frequency of vibrational modes decreases, vibrational degrees of freedom
Heat_capacity_ratio
Pattern of oscillating motion in a system
corresponds to a single vibrational frequency of the system and the corresponding motion of the system is called the normal mode of vibration. Consider two equal
Normal_mode
Quasiparticle of mechanical vibrations
phonons. A phonon is the quantum mechanical description of an elementary vibrational motion in which a lattice of atoms or molecules uniformly oscillates
Phonon
Spectroscopic technique
V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes
Raman_spectroscopy
Internal application of stress to mechanical systems
correctly tightened will resist becoming loose under the influence of vibration, temperature cycling, etc. Internal stress to a bearing through application of
Preload_(engineering)
Type of mechanical seal
more uniform the pressure. Tighten the bolts on the flange. Due to vibration, temperature changes, and other factors such as spiral wound gasket stress relaxation
Gasket
Lowest theoretical temperature
translational or vibrational motion have no upper energy limit, so their temperatures are always positive. The average temperature of the universe today
Absolute_zero
Theorem in classical statistical mechanics
classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also
Equipartition_theorem
absorption in the microwave and far-infrared, vibrational transitions in the mid-infrared and near-infrared. Vibrational bands have rotational fine structure.
Electromagnetic absorption by water
Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water
Material which exhibits superconductivity above 0 °C
that is a superconductor at room temperature and atmospheric pressure? More unsolved problems in physics A room-temperature superconductor is a hypothetical
Room-temperature superconductor
Room-temperature_superconductor
Behaviour of metals at low temperatures
describes the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity in metals due to the scattering of conduction electrons by lattice vibrations (phonons) below
Bloch–Grüneisen_law
Form of electromagnetic radiation
emitted or absorbed by molecules when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment
Infrared
Quantum chemistry rule regarding vibronic transitions
therefore if the molecule is to move to a new vibrational level during the electronic transition, this new vibrational level must be instantaneously compatible
Franck–Condon_principle
Medical investigation for signs of disease
A physical examination may include checking vital signs, including temperature examination, blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate. The healthcare
Physical_examination
British manufacturing company
across Europe, North America, and Latin America to monitor sag, vibration, temperature, and tilt on both energized and de-energized lines. It transmits
Megger
Difference between absorption and emission peak maxima
photons. The Stokes shift is primarily the result of two phenomena: vibrational relaxation or dissipation and solvent reorganization. A fluorophore is
Stokes_shift
Different states of quantum systems
sum of the electronic, vibrational, rotational, nuclear, and translational components, such that: E = E electronic + E vibrational + E rotational + E nuclear
Energy_level
Conveying information through mechanical (seismic) vibrations of the substrate
Vibrational communication Seismic or vibrational communication is a process of conveying information through mechanical (seismic) vibrations of the substrate
Seismic_communication
Study and modification of the noise and vibration characteristics of vehicles
vibrational characteristics of a sample is acquired full-field under operational or excited conditions. The results represent the actual vibrations.
Noise, vibration, and harshness
Noise,_vibration,_and_harshness
Applications of liquid helium
to form a solid under ambient pressure. In this state, the zero point vibrational energies of helium are comparable to very weak interatomic binding interactions
Helium_cryogenics
Substances in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point
to gas chromatography. The constituent molecules of a vapor possess vibrational, rotational, and translational motion. These motions are considered in
Vapor
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance
Superconductivity
Time measuring device
two alloys are matched so their residual temperature responses cancel out, resulting in even lower temperature error. The wheels are smooth, to reduce
Balance_wheel
Type of audible sound
noise and vibrations due to electromagnetic forces can be seen as the reciprocal of microphonics, which describes how a mechanical vibration or acoustic
Electromagnetically induced acoustic noise
Electromagnetically_induced_acoustic_noise
High-speed railway station in Gujarat, India
be procured from Japan for this depot, including checking for vibrations, temperature, and noise, which are critical for high-speed running and will
Sabarmati high-speed railway station
Sabarmati_high-speed_railway_station
Material phase change
melting occurs because of "vibrational instability", e.g. crystals melt; when the average amplitude of thermal vibrations of atoms is relatively high
Melting
American physicist and aerospace engineer
methods for high temperatures and semi-classical approximation for moderate temperatures. Assumptions: 1. Translational-vibrational non equilibrium: T
Sergey_Macheret
molecular vibrational spectroscopy, a hot band is a band centred on a hot transition, which is a transition between two excited vibrational states, i
Hot_band
Marvel Comics fictional character
granting: Acid generation and projection Sonic vibrational capacities Flight via insectoid wings Temperature-controlling gauntlets Anti-gravity discs
Angel_Salvadore
Type of hardware test
product was first used. Tests typically include the following: Temperature variations Vibration tests Pressure Flexibility tests ESS can be performed as part
Environmental stress screening
Environmental_stress_screening
Process of hardening rubber
rubbers via various means. Examples include silicone rubber via room temperature vulcanising and chloroprene rubber (neoprene) using metal oxides. Vulcanization
Vulcanization
Applies an electric current to heat or cool materials
be achieved with simpler devices (with Joule heating). Thermoelectric temperature control heats or cools materials by applying an electrical current across
Thermoelectric_heat_pump
Laser cooling technique
{\displaystyle n-1} vibrational levels. Then, we utilize repumping with a single beam (blue in the included diagram) that does not change vibrational levels (i
Raman_cooling
Ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure
spectroscopies reveal vibrational modes resulting from intermolecular interactions in crystalline solids. Again, these vibrational modes are related to
Crystal_polymorphism
Device used to reduce the power level of an optical signal
be sensitive to: modal distribution, wavelength, contamination, vibration, temperature, damage due to power bursts, may cause back reflections, may cause
Optical_attenuator
vibrational bonds, J. Manz and his team confirmed the calculations that were previously made, and elaborated on them by showing that the vibrational bonds
Vibrational_bond
Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature
atomic motion (three translational, two rotational, and one vibrational). At lower temperatures, not all these degrees of freedom may fully participate in
Boltzmann_constant
temperature, V is the volume and S is the entropy due to the vibrational degrees of freedom. The vibrational energy equals U v i b ( T , V ) = 1 N ∑ k , i 1 2 ℏ
Quasi-harmonic_approximation
Occupational hazard from overusing handheld machinery
Farshad; Pourabdian, Siamak (2017). "Hand-arm Vibration Effects on Performance, Tactile Acuity, and Temperature of Hand". Journal of Medical Signals and Sensors
Hand_arm_vibrations
Type of temperature sensor (thermometer)
resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors that use the electrical resistance of a substance (such as platinum) to measure temperature. Many RTD
Resistance_thermometer
Species of true bug
and its consequences for insect vibrational communication. Ethology, 112(8), 779-789. Cocroft, R. B. (2005). Vibrational communication facilitates cooperative
Enchenopa_binotata_complex
Snake defensive behavior
object in order to make noise. The speed of tail vibration is directly correlated with temperature, at least for rattlesnakes. The warmer a rattlesnake
Tail_vibration
American company specializing in epoxy products
petroleum/chemical-resistant, acid-resistant, and resists shock, vibration, and temperature fluctuations. The product consists of a resin and a hardener which
J-B_Weld
Raman spectroscopy technique
coupling of the photon with the vibrations of the sample, resulting in a transition to a higher or lower vibrational energy level: if the sample was initially
Resonance_Raman_spectroscopy
diamond) causing some vibration modes to have too much energy to be available to store thermal energy at the measured temperature. For gases, departure
Table of specific heat capacities
Table_of_specific_heat_capacities
Chemical data page
Fusion and Vaporization and the Vapor Pressures of Cyclohexane. The Vibrational Frequencies of Alicyclic Ring Systems. J.Am.Chem.Soc. 65 (1943) 1135-1139
Cyclohexane_(data_page)
Range on the electromagnetic spectrum
Wilson, J.C. Decius, Paul C. Cross, MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS. The Theory of Infrared and Raman Vibrational Spectra. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955 Harry C. Allen
Absorption_band
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
the Equipartition Theorem, since in the high-temperature limit the theorem predicts that the vibrational degree of freedom contributes twice as much to
Specific_heat_capacity
Gas made of free atoms
rotational or vibrational energy. The only chemical elements that are stable single atoms (so they are not molecules) at standard temperature and pressure
Monatomic_gas
Study of the 3D shapes of molecules
equilibrium positions, even at the absolute zero of temperature. At absolute zero all atoms are in their vibrational ground state and show zero point quantum mechanical
Molecular_geometry
different temperatures. Pressure changes the rigidity of the mass flow tube. Pressure affects the rigidity of gravimetric meters. Vibration from plant
Density_meter
Van Bork (producer); Robert E. Boyer color 22m 1980 Control of Body Temperature (ERPI) B&W 10m September 23, 1940 video [192] Controversy Over Industrial
List of Encyclopædia Britannica Films titles
List_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Films_titles
Empirical thermodynamic law
higher-energy vibrational modes not being populated at room temperatures in these substances. In the very low (cryogenic) temperature region, where the
Dulong–Petit_law
State of matter
rotational, and vibrational motion. In contrast, a solid can only increase its internal energy by exciting additional vibrational modes, as the crystal
Gas
Formula for temperature dependence of rates of chemical reactions
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. In 1889 while working with Wilhelm Ostwald
Arrhenius_equation
Experimental chemistry technique
are very difficult to interpret, as vibrational quantum states heavily overlap with multiple rotational-vibrational quantum states. When fluoroethane is
Matrix_isolation
Quality of robustness of computer hardware
ranges of clock frequency, temperature, voltage, vibration. Temperature sensors to throttle operating frequency when temperature goes out of specification
Reliability, availability and serviceability
Reliability,_availability_and_serviceability
Chemical compound
a low-temperature form, which contains V4 clusters. The low-temperature phase results from a dynamic instability, when the energy of vibrational modes
Vanadium_nitride
Concept in physics
E_{1}-E_{0}} ) plus three quanta of lattice mode i {\displaystyle i} vibrational energy ( ℏ Ω i {\displaystyle \hbar \Omega _{i}} ). This three-phonon
Zero-phonon line and phonon sideband
Zero-phonon_line_and_phonon_sideband
Clock type
in or on the quartz crystal, severe shock and vibrations effects, and exposure to very high temperatures. Crystal aging tends to be logarithmic, meaning
Quartz_clock
Military standard
low pressure for altitude testing; exposure to high and low temperatures plus temperature shock (both operating and in storage); rain (including wind
MIL-STD-810
Energy that is measured by temperature
and transfer of matter. The characteristic energy kBT, where T denotes temperature and kB denotes the Boltzmann constant; it is twice that associated with
Thermal_energy
Protective packaging
detector Shock response spectrum Vibration Vibration isolation Hatton, Kayo Okubo (July 1998). Effect of temperature on the cushioning properties of some
Package_cushioning
Oscillation of a spinning object along its rotation axis
couplings turn the vibration energy into heat. Therefore, and to ensure that the coupling is not damaged due to this (temperature could be very high,
Torsional_vibration
Chemical compound (H–N=C=O)
structure according to valence bond theory can be written as H−N=C=O, the vibrational spectrum has a band at 2268.8 cm−1 in the gas phase, which some say indicates
Isocyanic_acid
VIBRATIONAL TEMPERATURE
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