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Way of using computer memory
address spaces or regions of a single address space, called user space and kernel space. This separation primarily provides memory protection and hardware
User_space_and_kernel_space
In functional analysis, a Hilbert space
In functional analysis, a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) is a Hilbert space of functions in which point evaluation is a continuous linear functional
Reproducing kernel Hilbert space
Reproducing_kernel_Hilbert_space
Hardening technique in the Linux kernel
and improves kernel hardening against attempts to bypass kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR). It works by better isolating user space and
Kernel_page-table_isolation
Computer security technique
the kernel, this technique is called kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR). The Linux PaX project first coined the term "ASLR", and published
Address space layout randomization
Address_space_layout_randomization
Operating system microkernel
either in user-space or kernel-space. This allowed them to develop in user-space and have all the advantages of the original Mach idea, and then move
Mach_(kernel)
Core of a computer operating system
the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory
Kernel_(operating_system)
Set of ranges of virtual addresses
user/kernel (default), 1G/3G user/kernel or 2G/2G user/kernel. Linear address space Single address space operating system "What is an address space?"
Virtual_address_space
Type of operating system kernel
services in a hybrid kernel are still in kernel space. There are none of the reliability benefits of having services in user space, as with a microkernel
Hybrid_kernel
Class of algorithms for pattern analysis
vector representations via a user-specified feature map: in contrast, kernel methods require only a user-specified kernel, i.e., a similarity function
Kernel_method
Subsystem of the Linux kernel
Linux kernel responsible for interfacing with GPUs of modern video cards. DRM exposes an API that user-space programs can use to send commands and data
Direct_Rendering_Manager
Free Unix-like operating system kernel
The Linux kernel is a free and open-source Unix-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds
Linux_kernel
Structure of the operating system
operating systems produced and sold by Microsoft, is a layered design that consists of two main components, user mode and kernel mode. It is a preemptive
Architecture_of_Windows_NT
Computer systems programming special block code
interrupts will consume stack space from whatever thread of execution is interrupted. These designs usually contain an MMU, and the user stacks are usually configured
Interrupt_handler
Fatal error condition in Unix-like operating systems
outside kernel space. For example, many Unix operating systems panic if the init process, which runs in user space, terminates. The Unix kernel maintains
Kernel_panic
Computer operations that do not copy memory
kernel space or between a user space process and kernel space portions of operating systems (OS). Usually when a user space process has to execute system
Zero-copy
Virtualisation software
another Linux kernel, entirely in user space, without affecting the host environment's configuration or stability. This method gives the user a way to run
User-mode_Linux
Unikernel/Exokernel (eg. SPIN's loadable kernel modules) ^1CITI_TR_00-4 High-Performance Memory-Based Web Servers: Kernel and User-Space Performance. Philippe Joubert
In-kernel_web_server
Linux kernel APIs and ABIs
The Linux kernel provides multiple interfaces to user-space and kernel-mode code. The interfaces can be classified as either application programming interface
Linux_kernel_interfaces
Specialised, single address space machine images
only a single address space, there is no need for repeated privilege transitions to move data between user space and kernel space. Therefore, a library
Unikernel
Machine learning kernel function
in a feature space over polynomials of the original variables, allowing learning of non-linear models. Intuitively, the polynomial kernel looks not only
Polynomial_kernel
Lightweight thread of execution
address space. However, fibers use cooperative multitasking while threads use preemptive multitasking. Threads often depend on the kernel's thread scheduler
Fiber_(computer_science)
Computer operating system kernel
time-consuming kernel/user mode context switches and overhead stemming from mapping or copying messages between the address spaces of the kernel and that of
XNU
Kernel that provides fewer services than a traditional kernel
removed from the microkernel and are instead run in user space. Microkernels often have less source code than monolithic kernels. The MINIX 3 microkernel
Microkernel
Multi-stage initialisation process of operating system
root device, loading the necessary kernel modules, etc. Finally, the first user-space process (init process) starts, and other high-level system initializations
Booting_process_of_Linux
Signal to a computer processor emitted by hardware or software
the kernel (possibly via system calls) and handled by processes, while interrupts are mediated by the processor and handled by the kernel. The kernel may
Interrupt
Runtime system for operating systems
that reside in kernel space and can be used to share data among multiple eBPF programs or to communicate between a user space application and eBPF code running
EBPF
Disk compression utility
Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly
DriveSpace
Way for programs to access kernel services
Implementing system calls requires a transfer of control from user space to kernel space, which involves some sort of architecture-specific feature. A
System_call
Device manager for the Linux kernel
daemon running in user-space. Running in user space serves security and stability purposes. Device drivers are part of the Linux kernel, in which their primary
Udev
Auto-configuration mechanism used by PCI
addresses 0xCF8 and 0xCFC in the x86 I/O address space. For example, a software driver (firmware, OS kernel or kernel driver) can use these registers to configure
PCI_configuration_space
Software run in userspace that offers kernel functionality
rump kernel is the first implementation of the "anykernel" concept where drivers either can be compiled into or run in the monolithic kernel or in user space
Rump_kernel
Concept in computer security
support it and ran the 64-bit kernel or the 32-bit server kernel. The 32-bit PAE desktop kernel (linux-image-generic-pae) in Ubuntu 9.10 and later, also
Executable-space_protection
64-bit extension of x86 architecture
address space (named kernel space) for themselves and leave the lower-addressed half (user space) for application code, user mode stacks, heaps, and other
X86-64
Lock used in computer kernels
enters kernel space and released when the thread returns to user space; a system call is the archetypal example. In this model, threads in user space can
Giant_lock
Component of a computer process
are more complex to implement than either kernel or user threads, because changes to both kernel and user-space code are required[clarification needed]
Thread_(computing)
Computer memory management scheme
efficiently accessed in parallel. From the end-user perspective, swap files in versions 2.6.x and later of the Linux kernel are virtually as fast as swap partitions;
Memory_paging
Computer software coding tool
of interest to kernel developers, such as the mixing of pointers to user and kernel address spaces. Sparse checks for known problems and allows the developer
Sparse
Console of the Linux kernel
to the Linux kernel. A system console is the device which receives all kernel messages and warnings and which allows logins in single user mode. The Linux
Linux_console
Layer of protection in computer systems
around 100 are for the actual switch (70 from user to kernel space, and 40 back), the rest is "kernel overhead". In the L3 microkernel, the minimization
Protection_ring
Operation that activates display mode in a computer
set by the kernel. In user-space mode-setting (UMS), the display mode is set by a user-space process. Kernel mode-setting is more flexible and allows displaying
Mode_setting
Type of video game anti-cheat
operating system's kernel space (Ring 0) in order to detect and prevent unauthorized modification of video game processes. Unlike user-mode anti-cheat systems
Kernel-level_anti-cheat
Software interface for Unix-like systems
achieved by running file system code in user space while the FUSE module provides only a bridge to the actual kernel interfaces. FUSE is available for Linux
Filesystem_in_Userspace
Linux-specific system call
descriptor and a pipe without a round trip to user space. The related system call vmsplice() moves or copies data between a pipe and user space. Ideally
Splice_(system_call)
Software debugging technique
systems for logging and tracing system messages. FreeBSD and SmartOS employ DTrace for tracing in both user space and kernel space. In embedded software
Tracing_(software)
Linux kernel mechanism
dynamic shared object) is a kernel mechanism for exporting a carefully selected set of kernel space routines to user space applications so that applications
VDSO
Switch between processes or tasks on a computer
operating systems also require a context switch to move between user mode and kernel mode tasks. The process of context switching can have a negative
Context_switch
SpaceX satellite Internet constellation
business challenge of achieving a sufficiently low-cost design for the user equipment. SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell said at the time that the project remained
Starlink
Operating system virtualization paradigm
system (OS) virtualization paradigm in which the kernel allows the existence of multiple isolated user space instances, including containers (LXC, Solaris
OS-level_virtualization
prepared from the user space and passed over to the associated kernel thread for the client. Comparison of operating system kernels Server Message Block
KSMBD
Means of entering commands to software
the first time, a user could type a command like LOGIN or PRINT, and a dedicated program (the supervisor) would parse that text and execute the corresponding
Command-line_interface
Piece of software or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines
share a single kernel, though the guest operating systems can differ in user space, such as different Linux distributions with the same kernel. The term hypervisor
Hypervisor
Snapshot of computer memory data
dump (Windows 10 and later) – contains most of the memory in use by the kernel and user mode applications. To analyze the Windows kernel-mode dumps Debugging
Core_dump
Statistical profiling tool for Linux
2001 for Linux kernel version 2.4 after his M.Sc. project; it consists of a kernel module, a user-space daemon and several user-space tools. OProfile
OProfile
Network packet distribution with multiple cores
the cores (which are usually implemented as ring buffers within the kernel space). The main objective is being able to use all the cores available within
Multi-core network packet steering
Multi-core_network_packet_steering
Feature of the Linux kernel that partitions kernel resources
Huawei, to isolate kernel logging rings. However, the proposal was not merged into the mainline Linux kernel. Instead, user-space solutions largely fulfilled
Linux_namespaces
Interface to device driver that appears in filesystem
and NIL: (function). devfsd sysfs Block size Blocking Data buffer File system Hardware abstraction Storage area network User space and kernel space Unix
Device_file
Concept in statistics
In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is the application of kernel smoothing for probability density estimation, i.e., a non-parametric method
Kernel_density_estimation
Temporarily interrupting a computer task
processing kernel functions simplifies the kernel design at the expense of system responsiveness. The distinction between user mode and kernel mode, which
Preemption_(computing)
Linux kernel interface for inter-process communication between processes
between the kernel and user-space in Linux using Netlink sockets. Software: Practice and Experience, 40(9):797-810, August 2010 Why and How to Use Netlink
Netlink
Computer feature to protect some memory
kernel to access user-space memory when it did not intend to. Operating systems can block these exploits by using SMAP to force unintended user-space
Supervisor Mode Access Prevention
Supervisor_Mode_Access_Prevention
Operating system kernel designed as a replacement for Unix
built as servers working in user space, but today most drivers of this kind are still contained in the GNU Mach kernel space. According to Hurd developers
GNU_Hurd
Distributed operating system kernel
the HongMeng kernel can be configured to run drivers in user space. HongMeng Kernel adopts a microkernel architecture that reduces the kernel TCB (Trusted
HongMeng_Kernel
Copy-on-write file system
2007 for use in Linux, and since November 2013, the file system's on-disk format has been declared stable in the Linux kernel. Btrfs is intended to address
Btrfs
Inter-processor communication protocol
functionality to user space in a useful way. Some of these drivers are mainlined in the Linux kernel, others are provided in a SoC vendor's kernel fork, and yet others
RPMsg
Means of achieving computer multitasking
used in Unix System V and Solaris, a LWP runs in user space on top of a single kernel thread and shares its address space and system resources with other
Light-weight_process
Research distributed operating system
edition Plan 9 kernel, Plan B was moved into user space to run on current Plan 9 systems. R9 is a reimplementation of the Plan 9 kernel on Rust (although
Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs
Windows NT kernel image
address space into two regions. The lower part, starting at zero, is instantiated separately for each process and is accessible from both user and kernel mode
Ntoskrnl.exe
Binary file format
Linux kernel which allows arbitrary executable file formats to be recognized and passed to certain user space applications, such as emulators and virtual
Binfmt_misc
Error from a process accessing unmapped memory
e.g. a disk. The MMU detects the page fault, but the operating system's kernel handles the exception by making the required page accessible in the physical
Page_fault
Linux kernel security module
including mandatory access controls (MAC). SELinux is a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools that have been added to various Linux distributions
SELinux
Dynamically loadable module that extends a running operating system kernel
base kernel. Much of that functionality would reside in memory without being used, wasting memory [citation needed], and would require that users rebuild
Loadable_kernel_module
Real-time operating system (RTOS) software
and are not, in the kernel. Even such functions as program loading are not in the kernel, but instead are in shared user-space libraries loaded as part
QNX
Abstraction layer for Linux kernel to show graphics on the system console
user space software access to the framebuffer (the part of a computer's video memory containing a current video frame) using only the Linux kernel's own
Linux_framebuffer
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
during GSoC 2015. There are two main differences between user and kernel space Lua: kernel Lua does not support floating-point numbers; as such, only
NetBSD
Computer-aided design software
end-user and indirectly by other channels. SpaceClaim also licenses its software for OEMs, such as ANSYS, Flow International Corporation, CatalCAD. SpaceClaim's
SpaceClaim
Linux user-space utility program
tc (traffic control) is the user-space system administration utility program used to configure the Linux kernel packet scheduler. tc is usually packaged
Tc_(Linux)
Load-balancing software
usually called Layer 4 LAN switching, as part of the Linux kernel. It's configured via the user-space utility ipvsadm(8) tool. IPVS is incorporated into the
IP_Virtual_Server
Part of physical memory in a computer
divide their virtual address space into two regions, devoting the larger to user space and the smaller to the kernel. In current 32-bit x86 computers
High_memory
Thread library
to kernel-space threads, i.e., the scheduling is done completely by the GNU Pth library and the kernel itself is not aware of the N threads in user-space
GNU_Portable_Threads
Linux module for compressed RAM
the moment (and the process cannot be managed automatically by kernel when the memory needs to be freed, but requires pre-emptive user-space programming)
Zram
Linux kernel interface for cryptography
any program (kernel-mode or user-space) may utilize these features directly. Some platforms, such as the ARM Kirkwood SheevaPlug and AMD Geode processors
Linux_kernel_crypto_API
Family of second-generation microkernels
overhead. Defining and implementing the required security policies were considered to be duties of the user space servers. The role of the kernel was only to
L4_microkernel_family
Limitation of some 32-bit operating systems running on x86 microprocessors
Virtual memory — which governs the memory available to processes User space — and kernel space, which imposes another limit Microsoft Corporation (2022-06-27)
3_GB_barrier
RAM-based Linux file system
debugging purposes. It exists as a simple way for kernel developers to make information available to user space. Unlike /proc, which is only meant for information
Debugfs
Free and open-source VPN protocol
release and was incorporated into the Linux 5.6 kernel, and backported to earlier Linux kernels in some Linux distributions. The Linux kernel components
WireGuard
0-RELEASE Implemented in user-space only a.k.a. Kernel Patch Protection a.k.a. Secure Kernel PatchGuard A comparison of OS kernel support for different binary
Comparison of operating system kernels
Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels
Free and open-source operating system
kernel threads (LWKT), an in-kernel message passing system, and the HAMMER file system. Many design concepts were influenced by AmigaOS. The kernel messaging
DragonFly_BSD
Virtualization module in the Linux kernel
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) is a free and open-source virtualization module in the Linux kernel that allows the kernel to function as a hypervisor
Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine
OS-level virtualisation
virtual kernel architecture (vkernel) is an operating system virtualisation paradigm where kernel code can be compiled to run in the user space, for example
Vkernel
Preemption method for normal kernel threads used by DragonFly BSD
threads, then finally user threads. A user thread either runs at user-kernel priority (when it is actually running in the kernel, e.g. running a syscall
Light_Weight_Kernel_Threads
Unix-like operating system
Device drivers obtain kernel services (such as copying data to users' address spaces) by making kernel calls. The Minix 3 kernel has a bit map for each
Minix_3
Formally verified capability-based microkernel
implemented in user space if required. Mach ports: Mach ports combine naming and authority for IPC and are typically associated with kernel-managed message
SeL4
Filesystem in Unix-like operating systems
provides a method of communication between kernel space and user space. For example, the ps command on Plan 9 and the GNU version of the process reporting
Procfs
libnetfilter_queue in Linux kernel-2.6.14 onwards. libipq has been used by some widely deployed applications as their interface to the Linux kernel-space iptables packet
Libipq
Journaling file system for IRIX and Linux
operating system starting with its version 5.3. XFS was ported to the Linux kernel in 2001; as of June 2014, XFS is supported by most Linux distributions;
XFS
Software framework for audio
interaction with the kernel drivers. Unlike the kernel API, which tries to reflect the capabilities of the hardware directly, ALSA's user-space library presents
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture
Microprocessor security vulnerability
Fogh, Anders; Horn, Jann; Mangard, Stefan; Kocher, Paul; Genkin, Daniel; Yarom, Yuval; Hamburg, Mike. "Meltdown: Reading Kernel Memory from User Space" (PDF)
Meltdown (security vulnerability)
Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)
Distributed operating system
distribution. The kernel has Linux ABI compatibility by placing an ABI-compatible shim in IC0 (kernel space) with support for OpenHarmony and AOSP complex
HarmonyOS_5
Proprietary file system developed by Microsoft
The ability to write to files was introduced with kernel version 2.6.15 in 2006 which allows users to write to existing files but does not allow the creation
NTFS
Operating systems based on GNU
the Linux kernel and a few others using BSD-based kernels. GNU variants use GNU user space software in combination with a kernel. The kernel of an operating
GNU_variants
USER SPACE-AND-KERNEL-SPACE
USER SPACE-AND-KERNEL-SPACE
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant spelling of Fennell.
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of English Kenneth, KENNET means both "comely; finely made" and "born of fire."Â
Surname or Lastname
English or Scottish
English or Scottish : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a vernacular short form of the Latin personal name Paschalis (see Pascal, Italian Pasquale).nickname for a mild-mannered and peaceable person, from Middle English pace, pece ‘peace’, ‘concord’, ‘amity’ (via Anglo-Norman French from Latin pax, genitive pacis).Italian : from the medieval personal name Pace, used for both men and women, from the word pace ‘peace’ (see 1).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a frugal person, from Middle English spare ‘sparing’, ‘frugal’.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Muriel, MERIEL means "sea-bright."
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : variant of Garner 1.German : habitational name for someone from any of the five places in Bavaria called Gern.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized form of German Herrle.English and Irish
Americanized form of German Herrle.English and Irish : variant of Harrell.
Male
Turkish
Turkish unisex name ESER means "achievement."
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant of Stacey.
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of German Werner, VERNER means "Warin warrior," i.e. "covered warrior."
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant of Tyrrell.
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the French personal name Pascal, PACE means "Passover; Easter."
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Kornelios, CORNEL means "of a horn."
Male
Polish
Polish form of Roman Latin Cornelius, KORNELI means "of a horn."
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : nickname for someone with a deformed hand or who had lost one hand, from Middle English hand, Middle High German hant, found in such appellations as Liebhard mit der Hand (Augsburg 1383).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname from German Hand ‘hand’ (see 1).Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Flaithimh (see Guthrie), resulting from an erroneous association of the Gaelic name with the Gaelic word lámh ‘hand’. It is used as an English equivalent for several other names of Gaelic origin too, e.g. Claffey, Glavin, and McClave.Dutch : from a variant of hont ‘dog’, ‘hound’, either a derogatory nickname, or a habitational name for someone living at a house distinguished by the sign of a dog.
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Greek Bartholomaios, JERNEJ means "son of Talmai."
Surname or Lastname
Swedish
Swedish : ornamental name formed with the common surname suffix -ell. The first element is unexplained, possibly from a place-name.English, Scottish, and northern Irish : unexplained; possibly a respelling of Scottish Kerneil, a habitational name from Carneil in Carnock, Fife.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and Irish
English, Scottish, and Irish : occupational name for a janitor or gatekeeper, Middle English usher (Anglo-Norman French usser, Old French ussier, huissier, from Late Latin ustiarius, a derivative of classical Latin ostium ‘door’, ‘gate’). The term was also used in the Middle Ages of a court official charged with accompanying a person of rank on ceremonial occasions, and this may be a partial souce of the surname. This surname has been recorded in Ireland since the 14th century, and has sometimes been used as an equivalent of Hession.Jewish (from Poland and Ukraine) : from a southern Yiddish pronunciation of the Yiddish male personal name Osher (Hebrew Asher).Hezekiah Usher (d. 1676) is buried in King’s Chapel Burying Ground, Boston, MA.
Female
English
Variant form of English Keren, KERENA means "horn (of an animal)."Â
USER SPACE-AND-KERNEL-SPACE
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USER SPACE-AND-KERNEL-SPACE
USER SPACE-AND-KERNEL-SPACE
USER SPACE-AND-KERNEL-SPACE
USER SPACE-AND-KERNEL-SPACE