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Consists of the arm, forearm, and hand
The upper limbs or upper extremities are the forelimbs of an upright-postured tetrapod vertebrate, extending from the scapulae and clavicles down to and
Upper_limb
Mind map showing a summary of upper limb muscle innervation
List of skeletal muscles of the human body
List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body
Moved by muscles paired appendages, which consist of different members
the forelimbs and hindlimbs are often called upper and lower limbs, respectively. The fore-/upper limbs are connected to the thoracic cage via the pectoral/shoulder
Limb_(anatomy)
Each upper limb comprises 30 bones: 3 long bones of the arm and forearm, and 27 bones of the hand. There are 60 bones in total in the upper limbs. Humerus
List of bones of the human skeleton
List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton
Artificial device that replaces a missing body part
A transradial prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces an arm missing below the elbow. Upper limb prostheses can be categorized in three main
Prosthesis
Symptoms resulting from chronic, direct pressure on a peripheral nerve
Thatte MR, Mansukhani KA (May 2011). "Compressive neuropathy in the upper limb". Indian J Plast Surg. 44 (2): 283–97. doi:10.4103/0970-0358.85350. PMC 3193641
Nerve_compression_syndrome
Para-swimming classification
they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems for intact upper limbs for people in this
S8_(classification)
Para-athletics classification
below elbow amputation. Normal function in both lower limbs. Other impairments in trunk. Upper limb function in throwing." After the introduction of the
T46_(classification)
amputation. Children's literature with representation of characters with upper limb differences help empower children to accept their own, as well as others'
List of children's books featuring characters with limb differences
List_of_children's_books_featuring_characters_with_limb_differences
X-ray imaging method for veins
treatments which are evolving rapidly at present." Upper limb venography is indicated in those who has upper limb oedema, to demonstrate site of occlusion and
Venography
Medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses
strong conclusions on their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Upper-limb (or upper extremity) orthoses are mechanical or electromechanical devices applied
Orthotics
Malformation of the limbs
congenital musculoskeletal disorders which primarily affect the upper and lower limbs. An example is polydactyly, where a foot or hand has more than 5
Congenital_limb_deformities
Proximal part of the free upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow
anatomy, the arm refers to the upper limb in common usage, although academically the term specifically means the upper arm between the glenohumeral joint
Arm
Set of bones which connects the arm to the axial skeleton on each side
the shoulder girdle compared to the compact pelvic girdle; because the upper limb is not usually involved in weight bearing, its stability has been sacrificed
Shoulder_girdle
Abnormal change in size of the lymph nodes
nonspecific reactions. Sinus histiocytosis: It is seen in lymph nodes draining limbs, inflammatory lesions, and malignancies. Nodal extensive necrosis Nodal
Lymphadenopathy
Medical condition
distribution. It is typically marked by insidious onset of muscle atrophy of an upper limb, which plateaus after two to five years from which it neither improves
Hirayama_disease
Nerve supply to the skin of the upper limbs
Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs is the nerve supply to areas of the skin of the upper limbs (including the arm, forearm, and hand) which are
Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs
Cutaneous_innervation_of_the_upper_limbs
Structure formed early in vertebrate limb development
development of the human embryo the upper limb bud appears in the third week and the lower limb bud appears four days later. The limb bud consists of undifferentiated
Limb_bud
Overview of and topical guide to human anatomy
Abdominal regions Regions of back Perineal regions Regions of upper limb Regions of lower limb General terms Bony part Cortical bone Compact bone Spongy bone
Outline_of_human_anatomy
Foreleg, or upper limb in bipeds
primates), the term upper limb is often used. A forelimb is not to be confused with a forearm, which is a distal portion of the human upper limb between the elbow
Forelimb
Paralysis of all four limbs and torso
better protection in traffic. Upper limb paralysis refers to the loss of function of the elbow and hand. When upper limb function is absent as a result
Tetraplegia
hand bones 818 Ill-defined fractures of upper limb 819 Multiple fractures involving both upper limbs, and upper limb with rib(s) and sternum 820 Fracture
List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning
List_of_ICD-9_codes_800–999:_injury_and_poisoning
Weakness of one entire side of the body
Movement (STREAM) The STREAM consists of 30 test items involving upper-limb movements, lower-limb movements, and basic mobility items. It is a clinical measure
Hemiparesis
Treatment for some kinds of pain
whose limb had been amputated and who had phantom limb pain (PLP). Ramachandran created a visual (and psychological) illusion of two intact limbs by putting
Mirror_therapy
Para-swimming classification
they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems for intact upper limbs for people in this
S7_(classification)
Tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by fingertips
measured at the wrist or neck for adults and at the brachial artery (inner upper arm between the shoulder and elbow) for infants and very young children
Pulse
Long bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum
protects the neurovascular bundle that supplies the upper limb. Transmits physical impacts from the upper limb to the axial skeleton. Muscles and ligaments that
Clavicle
thus decreasing the angle between the upper arm and the forearm. of the humerus bone (the bone in the upper arm) at the shoulder Pectoralis major Anterior
List of flexors of the human body
List_of_flexors_of_the_human_body
Death of a region of brain cells due to poor blood flow
relatively high dose of repetitive task practice may be effective in improving upper limb function. However, further primary research, specifically of CIMT, mental
Stroke
Neurological movement disorder
subtype estimates (per 100,000) of cervical 9.95, blepharospasm 2.82, upper-limb 1.27, oromandibular 0.57, and laryngeal 0.40. The Italian Bernardino Ramazzini
Dystonia
Medical condition
Other possible causes are an injury to the apical ectodermal ridge during upper limb development, intrauterine compression, or maternal drug use (thalidomide)
Radial_dysplasia
Competition classification for disabled athletes in sports
A9. The first four are for people with lower limb amputations. A5 through A8 are for people with upper limb amputations. Cerebral palsy sport classification
Disability sport classification
Disability_sport_classification
Wearable machine meant to enhance a person's strength and mobility
Arne; Leonhardt, Steffen (2014-01-09). "A survey on robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation". Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 11 3
Exoskeleton_(human)
Abduction is an anatomical term of motion referring to a movement which draws a limb out to the side, away from the median sagittal plane of the body. It is thus
List of abductors of the human body
List_of_abductors_of_the_human_body
Para-athletics classification
amputation. Combined lower plus upper limb amputations. Ambulant with moderately reduced function in one or both lower limbs." The International Paralympic
T44_(classification)
Medical condition
manifests as pain when the limb is dependent (hanging down the edge of a bed/chair) and/or significant swelling of the whole limb. Because of its similarities
May–Thurner_syndrome
Use of the human body to lift, lower, carry or transfer loads
often involving strains and sprains to the lower back, shoulders, and upper limbs. According to a U.S. Department of Labor study published in 1990, back
Manual_handling_of_loads
Inability to perform purposeful movements
poorly to nonresearch use. The Test to Measure Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) is one method of determining upper limb apraxia through the qualitative and quantitative
Apraxia
Inflammatory disease involving a buildup of lesions in the walls of arteries
atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries, carotid arteries, cerebral arteries, limb arteries, or other vessels. The definitions of the different histological
Atherosclerosis
Indian para-athlete
trained as a sprinter. He was born without a limb and competes in the T47 for athletes with upper limb impairment. In June 2025, Basil won the gold medal
Mohammed_Basil
Para-athletics classification
People in this class can have injuries due to overuse of their remaining upper limb. This classification is for disability athletics. This classification
T47_(classification)
Veins close to the surface of the body
Superficial veins are veins that are close to the surface of the body, as opposed to deep veins, which are far from the surface. Superficial veins are
Superficial_vein
Paralysis of a single limb
single limb or to a specific region of the body. Monoplegia of the upper limb is sometimes referred to as brachial monoplegia, and that of the lower limb is
Monoplegia
Injury to the innermost layer of the aorta
syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease Pulmonary embolism head
Aortic_dissection
Inflammation of the veins
November 2015). "Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (11)
Phlebitis
Muscle between the lower spine and the shoulder blade
(C3) and fourth (C4) cervical spinal nerves. Since it is a muscle of the upper limb, the trapezius is not innervated by dorsal rami, despite being placed
Trapezius
Surgical reattachment of a body part
Henderson, James (2014-02-10). "Management of traumatic amputations of the upper limb". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 348: g255. doi:10.1136/bmj.g255. ISSN 1756-1833
Replantation
Application of natural systems to technology
in the country are upper limb for that reason, with the global share being 10-20%. Unofficial estimates put the number of upper limb amputations between
Bionics
Medical condition
Ligamentous laxity Hypermobility Enthesopathy/ Enthesitis/ Tendinopathy upper limb Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder Shoulder impingement syndrome Shoulder
Baker's_cyst
Medical condition
syndrome is a very rare autosomal dominant limb malformation genetic disorder that is characterized by upper limb and ocular abnormalities and congenital
IVIC_syndrome
Medical diagnostic method
An upper limb neurological examination is part of the neurological examination, and is used to assess the motor and sensory neurons which supply the upper
Upper limb neurological examination
Upper_limb_neurological_examination
Ligament of the esophagus and diaphragm
an upper and lower limb which attach to the superior and inferior surfaces of the diaphragm respectively at the esophageal hiatus. The upper limb attaches
Phrenoesophageal_ligament
Medical condition
syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease Pulmonary embolism head
Stenosis
Medical condition in which spasm of arteries causes episodes of reduced blood flow
vascular disease. It commonly progresses within several years to affect other limbs as the vascular disease progresses. Three main changes are seen in the mechanism
Raynaud_syndrome
Medical condition
syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease Pulmonary embolism head
Hypertensive_heart_disease
Involuntary muscle contraction
been clinically tested that the increase of damping or inertia in the upper limb leads to a reduction of the tremorous motion. Biomechanical loading relies
Tremor
Recurrent inflammation and clotting of blood vessels in the hands and feet
thrombosis (clotting) of arteries and veins of the hands and feet (the lower limbs being more common). The mechanisms underlying Buerger's disease are still
Thromboangiitis_obliterans
Ballooning or rupturing of a blood vessel in the brain
syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease Pulmonary embolism head
Intracranial_aneurysm
Muscle on the back of the upper arm
"three-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. It consists of three parts: the medial, lateral,
Triceps
Meteorological optical phenomenon
conditions are right, a distinct green spot is briefly visible above the Sun's upper limb; the green appearance usually lasts for no more than two seconds. Rarely
Green_flash
Medical condition
abnormalities. SCLS is thus a limb- and life-threatening illness, because each episode has the potential to cause damage to limb muscles and nerves, as well
Capillary_leak_syndrome
Large blood vessel in the arm
vein is a superficial vein in the arm. It is the longest vein of the upper limb. It starts at the anatomical snuffbox from the radial end of the dorsal
Cephalic_vein
International standard on human anatomical terminology
cartilages Vertebral column Thoracic skeleton Bones of upper limb Bony pelvis Bones of lower limb Joints Joints of skull Joints of auditory ossicles Laryngeal
Terminologia_Anatomica
Network of nerves
and brachioradialis. A loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the upper limb is also common with such injuries. An inferior brachial plexus injury
Brachial_plexus
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
Look up vein in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Merck Manual article on veins A lecture on YouTube on the veins' and lymphatic systems of the upper limb
Vein
Human elbow pit
venous thrombosis. Superficial veins of the upper limb. Front of right upper extremity. Front of right upper extremity, showing surface markings for bones
Cubital_fossa
Medical intervention
Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia includes a number of surgical interventions that can help improve the quality of life of a patient with tetraplegia.
Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia
Upper-limb_surgery_in_tetraplegia
Method for controlling a prosthesis
prosthesis restores a biologically accurate gait to a person with a loss of limb. This is a special branch of control that has an emphasis on the interaction
Robotic_prosthesis_control
Thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries
attacks, signs and symptoms may include sudden weakness, facial or lower limb numbness, confusion, difficulty understanding speech, and problems seeing
Arteriosclerosis
Drop in blood pressure when standing up or sitting down
of the bed slightly elevated. This reduces the return of fluid from the limbs to the kidneys at night, thereby reducing nighttime urine production and
Orthostatic_hypotension
Two-million-year-old hominin from the Cradle of Humankind
humerus ratio) of 84, and large joint surfaces. It is debated if apelike upper limb configuration of australopithecines is indicative of arboreal behaviour
Australopithecus_sediba
Daily appearance and disappearance of the Moon at the Earth's horizon
Moonrise and moonset are times when the upper limb of the Moon appears above the horizon and disappears below it, respectively. The exact times depend
Moonrise_and_moonset
Blockage of a blood vessel by a circulatory mass (embolus)
syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease Pulmonary embolism head
Embolism
Topics referred to by the same term
of a tree Limb, in astronomy, the curved edge of the apparent disk of a celestial body, e.g. lunar limb Limb, in botany, the border or upper spreading
Limb
Long bone of the upper arm
amphibians had little, if any, shaft connecting the upper and lower extremities, making their limbs very short. In most living tetrapods, however, the
Humerus
Inflammation or infection of the lymphatic channels
moist compresses, or heating pads. Immobilizing and elevating the affected limb whenever it is possible, and administering analgesics to control pain. [citation
Lymphangitis
Muscle pain from mild exertion
leg pain, exercise, such as strength training, pole-striding and upper or lower limb exercises, compared to usual care or placebo improves maximum walking
Intermittent_claudication
Joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm
to properly place the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper limb. While the superior radioulnar joint shares joint capsule with the elbow
Elbow
Muscle of the upper limb
The teres major muscle is a muscle of the upper limb. It attaches to the scapula and the humerus and is one of the seven scapulohumeral muscles. It is
Teres_major_muscle
Anatomical compartments
anatomical term of the compartments within the upper segment of the upper limb (the arm) of the body. The upper limb is divided into two segments, the arm and
Fascial_compartments_of_arm
Group of symptoms caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava
upper chest and arms Migraines (especially if unusual to normal) Large decrease in lung capacity Facial swelling after bending/laying down Upper limb
Superior_vena_cava_syndrome
Region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist
The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm, a word
Forearm
Excessive enlargement of the human aorta
syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease Pulmonary embolism head
Aortic_aneurysm
Boundary of the chest cavity
For example, the front and back sides may include attachments of large upper limb muscles like pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi, while the sides only
Thoracic_wall
Shortening of a phantom limb
increased phantom limb pain, which explains the correlation between limb telescoping and phantom limb pain. The amputation of upper limbs presents a quicker
Limb_telescoping
Oxygen shortage of the brain
syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease Pulmonary embolism head
Cerebral_hypoxia
Medial bone from forearm
notches. The olecranon is a large, thick, curved eminence, situated at the upper and back part of the ulna. It is bent forward at the summit so as to present
Ulna
Classification for wheelchair basketball
function but have a reduced level of functioning in one or both of their lower limbs. They may have difficulty with sideways movements. People in this class
4-point_player
Time that marks the beginning of twilight before sunrise
This morning twilight period will last until sunrise (when the Sun's upper limb breaks the horizon), when direct daylight outshines the diffused light
Dawn
Compression of the left renal vein, restricting bloodflow from the left kidney
manifestation of NCS includes varicocele formation and varicose veins in the lower limbs. Another clinical study has shown that nutcracker syndrome is a frequent
Nutcracker_syndrome
Movement disorders that appear in early childhood
self-care depends primarily on the use of the upper limbs. For those living with CP, impaired upper limb function affects almost 50% of children and is
Cerebral_palsy
Large, flat back muscle
scapula, from which an extra slip is typically added to the muscle. Its upper fibers are nearly horizontal, middle, oblique, and lower, vertical: it then
Latissimus_dorsi_muscle
Area of the human body beneath the joint between arm and torso
of the arm. Axillary artery and its branches - anterior view of right upper limb and thorax. The veins of the right axilla, viewed from in front. The right
Axilla
Muscle of the upper limb
antebrachial fascia. It ends in a slender, flattened tendon, which passes over the upper part of the flexor retinaculum and inserts onto the central part of the
Palmaris_longus_muscle
Hinge joints between finger phalanges
"Interphalangeal joint anatomy". In Copeland, Stephen (ed.). Joint stiffness of the upper limb. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-85317-414-9. This article incorporates text
Interphalangeal joints of the hand
Interphalangeal_joints_of_the_hand
Surgical removal of one or both breasts
side effects such as lymphedema (swelling of the lymph nodes) may occur. Upper limb problems such as shoulder and arm pain, weakness, and restricted movement
Mastectomy
Artificial body part created using 3D printing
million individuals have a limb deformity and approximately 540,000 of those individuals specifically sustain upper limb deformities. In the United States
3D_printed_prosthesis
Para-athletics classification
upper limb impairment where BOTH limbs meet the relevant unilateral criteria described for upper limb deficiency (Section 4.1.4.b.i), impaired upper limb
T45_(classification)
Paralympic skiing classification
classification for para-alpine as "Competitors with disabilities in one upper limb, skiing with two normal skis and one pole ... "The disability shall be
LW6/8
Medical procedure
Limb-sparing techniques, also known as limb-saving or limb-salvage surgery, are performed in order to preserve the appearance and function of limbs. Limb-sparing
Limb-sparing_techniques
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