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Method of automated theorem proving
Unit propagation (UP) or boolean constraint propagation (BCP) or the one-literal rule (OLR) is a procedure of automated theorem proving that can simplify
Unit_propagation
SAT solving algorithm
The iterated application of the unit clause rule is referred to as unit propagation or Boolean constraint propagation (BCP). Consider two clauses ( A
Conflict-driven clause learning
Conflict-driven_clause_learning
Type of search algorithm
necessary. Unit propagation consists in removing every clause containing a unit clause's literal and in discarding the complement of a unit clause's literal
DPLL_algorithm
Measure of change in amplitude and phase of a wave
strength or flux density. The propagation constant itself measures the dimensionless change in magnitude or phase per unit length. In the context of two-port
Propagation_constant
Optimization algorithm for artificial neural networks
i} th to the j {\displaystyle j} th unit" Goodfellow, Bengio & Courville 2016, p. 200, "The term back-propagation is often misunderstood as meaning the
Backpropagation
Behaviour of travelling radio waves
Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the
Radio_propagation
Central computer component that executes instructions
A central processing unit (CPU), also known as a central processor, main processor, or simply processor, is the primary processor in a given computer.
Central_processing_unit
Problem in formal logic
other cases, the formula contains a positive unit clause l {\displaystyle l} , so we do a unit propagation: the literal l {\displaystyle l} is set to true
Horn-satisfiability
Computer program for the Boolean satisfiability problem
analysis, clause learning, backjumping, a "two-watched-literals" form of unit propagation, adaptive branching, and random restarts. These "extras" to the basic
SAT_solver
Concept in radio communication
In radio communication, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Causes
Multipath_propagation
Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of physical quantities
The decibel (symbol: dB) is a relative unit of measurement equal to one tenth of a bel (B). It expresses the ratio of two values of a power or root-power
Decibel
Check the validity of a logic formula
satisfied, false otherwise. function DP-SAT(Φ) repeat // unit propagation: while Φ contains a unit clause {l} do for every clause c in Φ that contains l
Davis–Putnam_algorithm
Combinational digital circuit
applied to all of the ALU inputs and, when enough time (known as the "propagation delay") has passed for the signals to propagate through the ALU circuitry
Arithmetic_logic_unit
Audible vibration that travels via pressure waves in matter
vacuum because there is no medium to support mechanical disturbances. The propagation of sound in a medium is influenced primarily by: A complicated relationship
Sound
Type of electromagnetic radiation
other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves can diffract around
Radio_wave
SI unit of length
(or meter in US spelling; symbol: m) is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the
Metre
Measure of electromagnetic transmission
industries, the terms velocity of propagation (VoP or v P {\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {P} }} ) and wave propagation speed is also used to mean a ratio
Velocity_factor
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
HORN-SAT. It can be solved in polynomial time by a single step of the unit propagation algorithm, which produces the single minimal model of the set of Horn
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Dynamic disturbance in a medium or field
as light), coupling between the electric and magnetic fields sustains propagation of waves involving these fields according to Maxwell's equations. Electromagnetic
Wave
SI unit of frequency
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), often described as being equivalent to one event (or cycle)
Hertz
Propagation of a chemical chain reaction by continuously regenerating a reactive species
polymer chain react in each propagation step with a new monomer molecule transferring the reactive group to the last unit. Here the chain carrier is the
Chain_propagation
Reciprocating internal combustion engine
cylinder walls. This propagation takes time to fully occur however, so optimal ignition timing is dictated by the speed of this propagation so that the peak
Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit
Honda_V6_hybrid_Formula_One_power_unit
Directed graph representing a Boolean expression
solve 2-satisfiability instances in linear time. In CDCL SAT-solvers, unit propagation can be naturally associated with an implication graph that captures
Implication_graph
Power level referenced to one milliwatt
dBm or dBmW (decibel-milliwatts) is a unit of power level expressed using a logarithmic decibel (dB) scale respective to one milliwatt (mW). It is commonly
DBm
arbitrary problem. Unit propagation Constraint programming Constraint logic programming Look-ahead (backtracking) Constraint Propagation - Dissertation by
Local_consistency
Model in software development
configuration to be completed successfully. Current approaches use unit propagation and CSP solvers. An analysis of a feature model targets certain properties
Feature_model
Spatial frequency of a wave
expresses attenuation per unit distance and is useful in the study of exponentially decaying evanescent fields. The propagation factor of a sinusoidal plane
Wavenumber
version of SAT solvers. Chu Min Li and Anbulagan: Heuristics Based on Unit Propagation for Satisfiability Problems. Proceedings of IJCAI, 366–371, 1997 v
Satz_(SAT_solver)
Distance that light travels in one year
fundamental constant of nature, and the propagation of light through the aether or space was still enigmatic. The light-year unit appeared in 1851 in a German popular
Light-year
Topics referred to by the same term
if the ducts were not present Tropospheric ducting, a type of radio propagation in the troposphere that allows signals to travel unusually long distances
Duct
Beam focusing, typically horn-fed planar array of unit cells
evaluation of multi-resonant unit cells based on liquid crystals for reconfigurable reflectarrays," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 6, no. 3, pp.
Reflectarray_antenna
Rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space
of the medium. Cherenkov radiation Dispersion (optics) Group velocity Propagation delay Shear wave splitting Wave Velocity factor Planck constant Speed
Phase_velocity
Type of radio propagation
Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio propagation occurs outside of the typical line-of-sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver, such as in ground reflections
Non-line-of-sight_propagation
SI derived unit of solid angle
steradian (symbol: sr) or square radian is the unit of solid angle in the International System of Units (SI). It is used in three-dimensional geometry
Steradian
Amateur radio frequency band
equipment can achieve distances of up to a few hundred miles, and fortuitous propagation conditions called "signal enhancements" can on occasion reach across
2-meter_band
Asexual method of reproduction in plants
Vegetative reproduction (also known as vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication or cloning) is a form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants
Vegetative_reproduction
Speed of electromagnetic waves
greater than c, but they do not. For example, as is discussed in the propagation of light in a medium section below, many wave velocities can exceed c
Speed_of_light
Number of occurrences or cycles per unit time
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify
Frequency
as large blocks of copper around the unit cells, separated by thin gaps (through which the RF wave propagation is heavily attenuated). The gaps may need
Transmitarray_antenna
Logic programming with constraint satisfaction
during execution. As an example, one can implement backtracking with unit propagation this way. Let holds(L) represents a propositional clause, in which
Constraint_logic_programming
This is an index to articles about terms used in discussion of radio propagation. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Index of radio propagation articles
Index_of_radio_propagation_articles
Measure of radiant energy over surface area
received by a surface per unit area. The SI unit of irradiance is the watt per square metre (symbol W⋅m−2 or W/m2). The CGS unit erg per square centimetre
Irradiance
an extremely important factor in determining the field strength and propagation of surface wave (ground wave) radio transmissions. Low frequency (30–300 kHz)
Ground_conductivity
Type of activation function
initialized network, only about 50% of hidden units are activated (i.e. have a non-zero output). Better gradient propagation: fewer vanishing gradient problems compared
Rectified_linear_unit
Anionic polyelectrolyte polymer
can start the polymerization process by reacting with the monomer units. Propagation: Once the radical reacts with a monomer, it creates a new radical
Polyacrylic_acid
Computer program for complexity reduction of digital logic circuits
implementation of ESPRESSO-II for single output functions. It employs unit propagation as an additional optimization technique for the various algorithms
Espresso heuristic logic minimizer
Espresso_heuristic_logic_minimizer
Vector describing a wave; often its propagation direction
the direction of wave propagation. A closely related vector is the angular wave vector (or angular wavevector), with a typical unit being radian per metre
Wave_vector
Definition of the units kg, A, K and mol
examines the arrangements required to ensure the propagation and improvement of the International System of Units and it endorses the results of new fundamental
2019_revision_of_the_SI
Property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation
displacement of the particles in the oscillation is always in the direction of propagation, so these waves do not exhibit polarization. Transverse waves that exhibit
Polarization_(waves)
Radio propagation model
The Hata model is a radio propagation model for predicting the path loss of cellular transmissions in exterior environments, valid for frequencies from
Hata_model
The Okumura model is a radio propagation model that was built using data collected in the city of Tokyo, Japan. The model is ideal for using in cities
Okumura_model
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on Earth. Travel through this layer also affects GPS
Ionosphere
The ITU indoor propagation model, also known as ITU model for indoor attenuation, is a radio propagation model that estimates the path loss inside a room
ITU model for indoor attenuation
ITU_model_for_indoor_attenuation
Radiance of a surface
denotes frequency. r1 denotes a unit vector, with the direction and sense of the geometrical vector r in the line of propagation from the effective source point
Spectral_radiance
Acoustic sensing method
ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure
Sonar
Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
growth of a chain is initiated by formation of an active center, chain propagation is usually rapid by addition of a sequence of monomers. Long chains are
Polymerization
Computer language that expresses the presentation of structured documents
propagation is less-verbose style sheets. In the example above, only the font size is specified; other values will be found through value propagation
Style_sheet_language
Unit used in signals
signal strength. Although the decibel (dB) is permitted for use alongside SI units, the dBc is not. If a carrier (reference signal) has a power of C = 0 .
DBc
As it can be seen, B ∗ {\displaystyle B^{*}} has a unit of inverse length. For orbit propagation purposes, there is a field for BSTAR drag in two-line
BSTAR
Multipath radio propagation model
The two-rays ground-reflection model is a multipath radio propagation model which predicts the path losses between a transmitting antenna and a receiving
Two-ray ground-reflection model
Two-ray_ground-reflection_model
American scientist and science communicator (1934–1996)
.. I was innocent of the notion of the inverse square law for light propagation. I had not the ghost of a chance of calculating the distance to the stars
Carl_Sagan
Type of energy propagation
longitudinal manner (movement of particles are parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave); in contrast to electromagnetic waves that transmit in transverse
Acoustic_wave
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
meaning representing a particular phenomenon or theme. A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices, that can be transmitted
Meme
IEEE standard for wireless networks
certification. Multiple Resource Unit (MRU) – Improves OFDMA technology from Wi-Fi 6, allowing a single user to have multiple Resource Units. This feature is mandatory
Wi-Fi_7
Species of plant
sowing from seed or by lifting and dividing clumps where permitted. Propagation is most commonly by seed (cold stratification improves germination),
Edelweiss
exponential decay model, or simply, Weissberger’s model, is a radio wave propagation model that estimates the path loss due to the presence of one or more
Weissberger's_model
Mathematical expression
expression that describes the refractive index for electromagnetic wave propagation in a cold magnetized plasma. It is named after Edward Victor Appleton
Appleton–Hartree_equation
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
termed visible light. The primary properties of light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarization. Its speed
Light
monomer is; that is, whether the new site is a nucleation or propagation. By convention, a coil unit ('C') is always of statistical weight 1. Addition of a
Zimm–Bragg_model
Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light
(superluminal or supercausal) travel and communication are the conjectural propagation of matter or information faster than the speed of light in vacuum (c)
Faster-than-light
Descriptive quantity of the ionosphere
radio propagation effect is proportional to TEC and inversely proportional to the radio frequency f. The ionospheric phase delay compared to propagation in
Total_electron_content
Sikh religious administrative unit
(Gurmukhi)) was a Sikh religious administrative unit, similar to a parish or diocese, for the propagation of Sikhism. It was part of the Sikh missionary
Manji_(Sikhism)
Accounting of signal gains and losses in communications
transmitter power, after the attenuation of the transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains and feedline and other losses, and amplification
Link_budget
Polymerization reaction initiated by a charge transfer to a monomer
mechanistic steps of initiation, propagation, and termination. However, in this polymerization reaction, the monomer units are cyclic in comparison to the
Cationic_polymerization
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
1186/s40035-025-00479-4. PMC 11938702. PMID 40133924. Jucker M, Walker LC (2013). "Self-propagation of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases". Nature
Alzheimer's_disease
Light-conducting fiber
which causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers that support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers, while those that
Optical_fiber
Network of radio propagation beacons
The International Beacon Project (IBP) is a worldwide network of radio propagation beacons. It consists of 18 continuous wave (CW) beacons operating on
International_Beacon_Project
American social networking service
QAnon-associated content" at a large scale, and were "dedicated to the propagation of this conspiracy theory across the service". One of the accounts suspended
X_(social_network)
Graphical calculator used in electrical engineering
suppressed assuming steady-state single-frequency operation. The complex propagation constant is: γ = α + j β , {\displaystyle \gamma =\alpha +j\beta ,} where
Smith_chart
Sunni Islamist and Jihadist military and political organisation
Battalion 1st Regiment (Idlib) Special Forces Brigade Inghimasi unit Abu Amara Battalions (main unit) Hani al-Nasr Brigade Jaysh Usrah[better source needed] Army
Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham
Earthquake in India and Pakistan
full reconstruction of damaged houses, and the retrofitting of undamaged units. The policy established a community-driven housing recovery process. The
2001_Gujarat_earthquake
Type of plane wave
\right)} where n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}} is a unit-length vector, the direction of propagation of the wave, and " ⋅ {\displaystyle \cdot } " denotes
Sinusoidal_plane_wave
Radiant energy per unit volume
in the same direction, then the radiant flux through a unit area perpendicular to the propagation direction is given by the irradiance: E e = c w e , {\displaystyle
Radiant_energy_density
Physical quantity
64–66. ISBN 978-0-19-894543-7. Kennett, Brian (2009). Seismic Wave Propagation in Stratified Media. DOAB Directory of Open Access Books. ANU E Press
Energy
Physical model of propagating energy
function, k ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {k} }}} is a unit vector in the direction of propagation, and x {\displaystyle {\mathbf {x} }} is a position vector
Electromagnetic_radiation
Use of a GPU for computations typically assigned to CPUs
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU, or less often GPGP) is the use of a graphics processing unit (GPU), which typically handles computation
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units
General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units
Mass per unit length
charge, electric charge per unit length linear number density or lineic number, number of entities per unit length propagation constant (attenuation constant
Linear_density
Cultural item spread via the Internet
inevitable. Research by Coscia examined the factors contributing to a meme's propagation and longevity, concluding that while memes compete for attention—often
Internet_meme
French general and emperor (1769–1821)
world. Alfred Cobban describes it as, "the most effective agency for the propagation of the basic principles of the French Revolution." In the field of military
Napoleon
Form of modern folklore
Faktabaari New Zealand The Disinformation Project UK Counter disinformation unit Ukraine Center for Countering Disinformation US Active Measures Working Group
Urban_legend
Type of reverse fault that has a dip of 45 degrees or less
generally, as a fault-bend fold. Fault-propagation folds form at the tip of a thrust fault where propagation along the decollement has ceased, but displacement
Thrust_fault
Absolute dielectric permittivity of free space
Wave Propagation. p. 6. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.1998.87897. ISBN 978-0-7381-0580-2. For an introduction to the subject of choices for independent units, see
Vacuum_permittivity
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
Rapid Rupture"; "rapid rupture" is a technical term that refers to the propagation of a fast neutron chain reaction in an atomic bomb. One of his first
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011
realms. He desired unity across the Islamic world, and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere; on a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling
Muammar_Gaddafi
Fresh-water species of fish
Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, pp. 126–144. OCLC 37379539 Vincent, E. R. "Whirling Disease – the Montana
Rainbow_trout
Specifies the properties of a Gaussian beam
{\displaystyle {1 \over q_{f}}={\frac {C+D/q_{i}}{A+B/q_{i}}}} . The effect of propagation in free space is just that of adding the travelled axial distance Δz
Complex_beam_parameter
Moving wave that has oscillations perpendicular to the direction of the wave
Let d ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {d}}} be the direction of propagation (a vector with unit length), and o → {\displaystyle {\vec {o}}} any reference point
Transverse_wave
Order of bytes in a computer word
used simple bit-serial logic with little-endian to facilitate carry propagation. When Intel developed the 8008 microprocessor for Datapoint, they used
Endianness
Obsolete postulated medium for the propagation of light
(luminiferous meaning 'light-bearing') is the formerly postulated medium for the propagation of light. It was invoked to explain the ability of the apparently wave-based
Luminiferous_aether
increase in petroleum export revenue that followed, the international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within Sunni Islam and throughout the Muslim
International propagation of the Salafi movement and Wahhabism by region
International_propagation_of_the_Salafi_movement_and_Wahhabism_by_region
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