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Mathematical method used in optics and acoustics
The transfer-matrix method is a method used in optics and acoustics to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a stratified
Transfer-matrix method (optics)
Transfer-matrix_method_(optics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Transfer-matrix method (optics), a method to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a stratified medium. Ray transfer matrix
Transfer-matrix_method
Ray tracing technique
compression in femtosecond lasers. Transfer-matrix method (optics) Linear canonical transformation Extension of matrix methods to tracing (non-paraxial) meridional
Ray_transfer_matrix_analysis
Topics referred to by the same term
dictionary. TMM may refer to: Transfer-matrix method, a statistical mechanics method Transfer-matrix method (optics), a method to describe wave propagation
TMM
Matrix relating system inputs and outputs
various branches of engineering, a transfer function matrix, or just transfer matrix is a generalisation of the transfer functions of single-input single-output
Transfer_function_matrix
Technique for computing light scattering by nonspherical particles
The transition matrix method (T-matrix method or TMM) is a computational technique of light scattering by nonspherical particles originally formulated
T-matrix_method
electromagnetics, the scattering-matrix method (SMM) is a numerical method used to solve Maxwell's equations, related to the transfer-matrix method. SMM can, for example
Scattering-matrix_method
Matrix-valued random variable
counterparts exhibit chaotic behaviour are described by random matrix theory. In quantum optics, transformations described by random unitary matrices are crucial
Random_matrix
Array of numbers
vibrations, and oscillations in electrical circuits. Geometrical optics provides further matrix applications. In this approximative theory, the wave nature
Matrix_(mathematics)
Idealized model of light
require methods such as physical optics or wave theory. Collimated beam Optical path Optical path length Paraxial approximation Pencil beam Ray transfer matrix
Ray_(optics)
Optical phenomenon
interference spectroscopy Thin-film optics Transfer-matrix method (optics) Stavenga, D. G. (2014). "Thin Film and Multilayer Optics Cause Structural Colors of
Thin-film_interference
Study of classical optics using Fourier transforms
Fourier optics is the study of classical optics using Fourier transforms (FTs), in which the waveform being considered is regarded as made up of a combination
Fourier_optics
American atmospheric scientist (1959–2020)
contributions to the T-matrix method for the computation of light scattering by complex particles and clusters, and atmospheric radiative transfer theory. Mishchenko
Michael_I._Mishchenko
Thin layer of material
Thin-film interference Thin-film optics Thin-film solar cell Thin-film bulk acoustic resonator Transfer-matrix method (optics) "IEC 60050 – International Electrotechnical
Thin_film
Scientific journal
and Radiative Transfer is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. Established in 1961, it covers research in optics and spectroscopy
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer
Journal_of_Quantitative_Spectroscopy_and_Radiative_Transfer
French engineer
a French physicist who specialized in optics. In his 1949 doctoral thesis, Abelès developed a transfer-matrix formalism to compute the transmission and
Florin_Abelès
Small angle approximation in geometric optics
paraxial approximation is used in Gaussian optics and first-order ray tracing. Ray transfer matrix analysis is one method that uses the approximation. In some
Paraxial_approximation
Branch of physics
finite element methods); matrix products (when using transfer matrix methods); calculating numerical integrals (when using the method of moments); using
Computational electromagnetics
Computational_electromagnetics
Electric circuit with two pairs of terminals
parameters Transfer-matrix method (optics) for reflection/transmission calculation of light waves in transparent layers Ray transfer matrix for calculation
Two-port_network
Class of algorithms for pattern analysis
processes, then the Gram matrix K {\displaystyle \mathbf {K} } can also be called a covariance matrix. Application areas of kernel methods are diverse and include
Kernel_method
Numerical analysis technique
S2CID 25120679. A. Deinega; S. Belousov; I. Valuev (2009). "Hybrid transfer-matrix FDTD method for layered periodic structures". Opt. Lett. 34 (6): 860–2. Bibcode:2009OptL
Finite-difference time-domain method
Finite-difference_time-domain_method
Atmospheric optics ray tracing codes - this article list codes for light scattering using ray-tracing technique to study atmospheric optics phenomena such
Atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes
Atmospheric_optics_ray-tracing_codes
Ionization technique
liquid matrix method" that combined 30 nm cobalt particles in glycerol with a 337 nm nitrogen laser for ionization. Using this laser and matrix combination
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization
Transduction (biophysics) Transfer-matrix method Transfer-matrix method (optics) Transfer operator Transfermium Wars Transformation optics Transformation theory
Index_of_physics_articles_(T)
Algorithms for matrix decomposition
Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF or NNMF), also non-negative matrix approximation is a group of algorithms in multivariate analysis and linear algebra
Non-negative matrix factorization
Non-negative_matrix_factorization
Optical filter
Domain Method in Electromagnetics, Artech House, Bibcode:1989ah...bookQ....S, ISBN 0-89006-349-4 Scott, Craig (1997), Introduction to Optics and Optical
Frequency_selective_surface
Imaging technique based on fluorescence
}{T}}\\\end{matrix}}} and n is the harmonic number and T is the total time range of detection. FLIM has primarily been used in biology as a method to detect
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
Fluorescence-lifetime_imaging_microscopy
Wigner distribution function in physics as opposed to in signal processing
density matrix, so the realization of that operator in phase space. It has applications in statistical mechanics, quantum chemistry, quantum optics, classical
Wigner quasiprobability distribution
Wigner_quasiprobability_distribution
Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a sphere
that allows a treatment of more generally shaped particles is the T-matrix method, which also relies on a series approximation to solutions of Maxwell's
Mie_scattering
Process by which dust, particulates, etc. scatter light
evolved. The technique is also known as null field method and extended boundary technique method (EBCM). Matrix elements are obtained by matching boundary conditions
Light_scattering_by_particles
Book by Max Born and Emil Wolf
Principles of Optics, colloquially known as Born and Wolf, is an optics textbook written by Max Born and Emil Wolf that was initially published in 1959
Principles_of_Optics
Mechanism of light transport
pioneered in rendering faces in The Matrix Reloaded, but is also used in the realm of real-time rendering techniques. The method unwraps the mesh of an object
Subsurface_scattering
Method for computing radiation
1991. Their method employed the three-dimensional FFT algorithm (GPFA) developed by Clive Tempertonand required extending the interaction matrix from its
Discrete_dipole_approximation
Specifies the properties of a Gaussian beam
imaginary unit. The complex beam parameter is usually used in ray transfer matrix analysis, which allows the calculation of the beam properties at any
Complex_beam_parameter
Algorithm for finding density based clusters in spatial data
Ordering points to identify the clustering structure (OPTICS) is an algorithm for finding density-based clusters in spatial data. It was presented in 1999
OPTICS_algorithm
Optical device which splits a beam of light in two
where the 2×2 element τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the beam-splitter transfer matrix and r and t are the reflectance and transmittance along a particular
Beam_splitter
Indian-American physicist and engineer
Bianisotropy: A Field Guide (2nd ed., 2019) The Transfer-Matrix Method in Electromagnetics and Optics (2020) "Four faculty members honored with Evan Pugh
Akhlesh_Lakhtakia
structured interfaces. The method is versatile as interface structures of different optical regimes, e.g. geometrical and wave optics, can be included. It is
OPTOS_formalism
American mathematician and physicist (1928–2012)
scattering in electromagnetics, optics and acoustics. He has introduced the extended boundary condition and T-matrix methods, widely used in the analysis
Peter_C._Waterman
Optimization algorithm
iteration is higher. An example is the BFGS method which consists in calculating on every step a matrix by which the gradient vector is multiplied to
Gradient_descent
scattering by a single sphere include: Debye series, ray tracing (geometrical optics), ray tracing including the effects of interference between rays, Airy theory
Codes for electromagnetic scattering by spheres
Codes_for_electromagnetic_scattering_by_spheres
Theorem in physics
with negligible error. In optics, this is equivalent to summing over many fringes of the diffraction pattern. By the method of stationary phase, we can
Optical_theorem
Calculation technique
distortion, arising mainly from atmosphere, optics and detector are taken into account. While this method of simulating images is inherently slow, advances
Ray_tracing_(physics)
Color motion picture process
The significance of this depended on the depth of focus of the projection optics. Much more serious was a problem with cupping. Films in general tended to
Technicolor
Representation learning method
the directional gradient of a rasterized matrix. Once a matrix or a high-dimensional vector is transferred to a sparse space, different recovery algorithms
Sparse_dictionary_learning
Numerical method that reduces the complexity of computationally intensive simulations
The proper orthogonal decomposition is a numerical method that enables a reduction in the complexity of computer intensive simulations such as computational
Proper orthogonal decomposition
Proper_orthogonal_decomposition
Storage with three-dimensional resolution for information
as a method to read data written into a poled polymer matrix. Optical coherence tomography has also been demonstrated as a parallel reading method. Masahiro
3D_optical_data_storage
Binary operation
ordinary matrix inverse and J {\displaystyle J} is as defined above. Observe that a scattering matrix can be rewritten as a transfer matrix, T {\displaystyle
Redheffer_star_product
Overview of and topical guide to machine learning
clustering Hierarchical clustering k-means clustering k-medians Mean-shift OPTICS algorithm Anomaly detection k-nearest neighbors algorithm (k-NN) Local outlier
Outline_of_machine_learning
Scattering of light by tiny particles in a colloidal suspension
Light scattering by particles of complex shape are described by the T-matrix method. Fog scattering traffic light The colloid on the right shows Tyndall
Tyndall_effect
Signal processing computational method
the orthogonal matrix V {\displaystyle V} . This matrix can be computed using optimization techniques via projection pursuit methods (see Projection
Independent component analysis
Independent_component_analysis
Process of calculating the causal factors that produced a set of observations
Bleistein). Should geometrical optics techniques (i.e. rays) be used for the solving the wave equation, these methods turn out to be closely related to
Inverse_problem
Deep learning method
("adaptive instance normalization"), similar to how neural style transfer uses Gramian matrix. It then adds noise, and normalize (subtract the mean, then divide
Generative adversarial network
Generative_adversarial_network
Field of depth extension
Dowski and Merc Mercure founded a company to commercialize the method called CDM-Optics, and licensed the invention from the University. The company was
Wavefront_coding
Adjusting input/output impedances of an electrical circuit for some purpose
energy, not necessarily electrical, is transferred between a source and a load, such as in acoustics or optics. Impedance characterizes the ratio of energy
Impedance_matching
Pattern of color filters over an image sensor
some CVD silicon oxide processes are low temperature processes. Ocean Optics has indicated that their patented dichroic filter CFA process (alternating
Color_filter_array
Scientific subjects
electromagnetism; relativity; quantum mechanics, atomic physics, and molecular physics; optics and acoustics; condensed matter physics; high-energy particle physics and
Branches_of_physics
Property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (2013). Radiative transfer. Courier. p. 30. Hecht, Eugene (2002). Optics (4th ed.). United States of America: Addison Wesley
Polarization_(waves)
Reverse-engineering neural networks
Olah as a description of his work in circuit analysis as opposed to usual methods in interpretable AI. Circuit analysis attempted to completely characterize
Mechanistic_interpretability
Range of physical processes in physics
diffraction Optics Classification and Indexing Scheme (OCIS), Optical Society of America, 1997 Lectures of the European school on theoretical methods for electron
Scattering
Optimization algorithm
approximation Hessian matrix is replacing it with the Fisher information matrix, which transforms usual gradient to natural. These methods not requiring direct
Stochastic_gradient_descent
thus completely integrable. The Lax pair is a 3x3 matrix pair, to which the inverse scattering method can be applied, using techniques by Fokas. The class
Three-wave_equation
Method in natural language processing
of real numbers. Methods to generate this mapping include neural networks, dimensionality reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix, probabilistic models
Word_embedding
Iterative method for finding maximum likelihood estimates in statistical models
statistics, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative method to find (local) maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates
Expectation–maximization algorithm
Expectation–maximization_algorithm
based character sets ISO 11551:2003 Optics and optical instruments – Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test method for absorptance of optical laser components
List of ISO standards 10000–11999
List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999
Computer that uses photons or light waves
equivalent optical transistor is required. This is achieved by crystal optics (using materials with a non-linear refractive index). In particular, materials
Optical_computing
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
linearly scaling fast weight controller (1992) learns to compute a weight matrix for further processing depending on the input. One of its two networks has
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Density-based data clustering algorithm
also includes implementations of DBSCAN*, HDBSCAN*, OPTICS, OPTICSXi, and other related methods. scikit-learn includes a Python implementation of DBSCAN
DBSCAN
Integral transform
S.A. Collins, "Lens-system diffraction integral written in terms of matrix optics," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 1168–1177 (1970). M. Moshinsky and C. Quesne
Linear canonical transformation
Linear_canonical_transformation
Method of data analysis
advanced matrix-free methods, such as the Lanczos algorithm or the Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (LOBPCG) method. Subsequent
Principal_component_analysis
dense matter Waveguide (optics) Wavelength-division multiplexing Weapon effects simulation Wideband materials Wireless energy transfer X-ray X-ray laser Xenon
List_of_laser_articles
Eleventh letter in the Greek alphabet
neighbourhood, satisfying the current definition of a planet. In crystal optics, lambda is used to represent a lattice period. In electrochemistry, lambda
Lambda
Management concept of identifying the basis of competitiveness in an industry
example, a company's core competencies may include precision mechanics, fine optics, and micro-electronics. These help it build cameras, but may also be useful
Core_competency
Theory of laser diodes
eigenmodes of the resonator which may be calculated, e.g., via the transfer-matrix method in planar geometries; more complicated geometries often require
Semiconductor_laser_theory
Machine learning calibration technique
distribution over classes. The method was invented by John Platt in the context of support vector machines, replacing an earlier method by Vapnik, but can be applied
Platt_scaling
Statistical method in psychology
retain (Velicer, 1976). By this method, components are maintained as long as the variance in the correlation matrix represents systematic variance, as
Exploratory_factor_analysis
Statistical method
components or factors to retain. By this method, components are maintained as long as the variance in the correlation matrix represents systematic variance, as
Factor_analysis
Class of artificial neural networks
own node-feature matrix and adjacency matrix. Pooling methods differ in how this coarsened graph is constructed: node-selection methods, such as top-k pooling
Graph_neural_network
Extracting features from raw data for machine learning
Instrumental variables estimation Kernel method List of datasets for machine learning research Scale co-occurrence matrix Space mapping Hastie, Trevor; Tibshirani
Feature_engineering
Method of machine learning
In computer science, online machine learning is a method of machine learning in which data becomes available in a sequential order and is used to update
Online_machine_learning
Set of values that describe the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation
and Optics, McGraw-Hill, 1963. Collett, E., Field Guide to Polarization, SPIE Field Guides vol. FG05, SPIE, 2005. ISBN 0-8194-5868-6. E. Hecht, Optics, 2nd
Stokes_parameters
Technique in machine learning
method assumes that a model trained for an easier version of the problem can generalize to harder versions, so it can be seen as a form of transfer learning
Curriculum_learning
Tree-based ensemble machine learning methods
Random forests or random decision forests is an ensemble learning method for classification, regression and other tasks that works by creating a multitude
Random_forest
Deep learning architecture
significantly more efficient in processing long sequences compared to previous methods. Additionally, Mamba simplifies its architecture by integrating the SSM
Mamba (deep learning architecture)
Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)
Mirror made of dielectric materials
chirped mirror). In the design of dielectric mirrors, an optical transfer-matrix method can be used. A well-designed multilayer dielectric coating can provide
Dielectric_mirror
Statistical method
Murray (1997). "The Development and Comparison of Robust Methods for Estimating the Fundamental Matrix". International Journal of Computer Vision. 24 (3):
Random_sample_consensus
Electrostatic digital printing process
policies). Inspired by the Xerox 9700's commercial success, Japanese camera and optics company Canon developed in 1979 the Canon LBP-10, a low-cost desktop laser
Laser_printing
Method used to normalize the range of independent variables
Feature scaling is a method used to normalize the range of independent variables or features of data. In data processing, it is also known as data normalization
Feature_scaling
Software packages using DDA
rectangular cuboid), conjugate gradient method to solve large systems of linear equations and FFT-acceleration of the matrix-vector products which uses convolution
Discrete dipole approximation codes
Discrete_dipole_approximation_codes
Machine learning technique
In machine learning, attention is a method that determines the importance of each component in a sequence relative to the other components in that sequence
Attention_(machine_learning)
Machine learning technique
specifically for neural style transfer with CNNs, rather than just CNNs in general. In the AdaIN method of style transfer, we take a CNN and two input
Normalization (machine learning)
Normalization_(machine_learning)
Paradigm in machine learning that uses no classification labels
several methods as follows: Clustering methods include: hierarchical clustering, k-means, mixture models, model-based clustering, DBSCAN, and OPTICS algorithm
Unsupervised_learning
Similarity measure for number sequences
distance can be applied to words as well). For calculating soft cosine, the matrix s is used to indicate similarity between features. It can be calculated
Cosine_similarity
Statistical method in data analysis
hierarchical clustering (also called hierarchical cluster analysis or HCA) is a method of cluster analysis that seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters. Strategies
Hierarchical_clustering
Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm
the trust region method to limit the KL divergence between the old and new policies. However, TRPO uses the Hessian matrix (a matrix of second derivatives)
Proximal_policy_optimization
Type of feedforward neural network
not have a general method for training multiple layers. In 1965, Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko and Valentin Lapa published Group Method of Data Handling
Multilayer_perceptron
Machine learning model for vision processing
each patch into a vector, and maps it to a smaller dimension with a single matrix multiplication. These vector embeddings are then processed by a transformer
Vision_transformer
Tuning parameter (hyperparameter) in optimization
case it is a diagonal matrix that can be interpreted as an approximation to the inverse of the Hessian matrix in Newton's method. The learning rate is
Learning_rate
Mirror with a curved reflecting surface
McGraw-Hill Education. p. 6.4. ISBN 9781259006449. Hecht, Eugene (1987). "5.4.3". Optics (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. pp. 160–1. ISBN 0-201-11609-X. Venice Botteghe:
Curved_mirror
Semiconductor light source
Different fields of light can be manipulated by the application of different optics or "lenses". LEDs cannot provide divergence below a few degrees. Shock resistance:
Light-emitting_diode
TRANSFER MATRIX-METHOD-OPTICS
TRANSFER MATRIX-METHOD-OPTICS
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TRANSFER MATRIX-METHOD-OPTICS
TRANSFER MATRIX-METHOD-OPTICS
TRANSFER MATRIX-METHOD-OPTICS
TRANSFER MATRIX-METHOD-OPTICS
TRANSFER MATRIX-METHOD-OPTICS
TRANSFER MATRIX-METHOD-OPTICS