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Concept in economics and decision theory
normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance
Utility
A Time/Utility Function (TUF), née Time/Value Function, specifies the application-specific utility that an action (e.g., computational task, mechanical
Time-utility_function
Concept in economics
x_{k}} is realized, and function u expresses the utility of each respective payoff. Graphically the curvature of the u function captures the agent's risk
Expected_utility_hypothesis
Concept in economics
the isoelastic function for utility, also known as the isoelastic utility function, or power utility function, is used to express utility in terms of consumption
Isoelastic_utility
Economic formula of productivity
Cobb–Douglas function is often used as a utility function. Utility u ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {u}}} is a function of the quantities x i {\displaystyle x_{i}}
Cobb–Douglas production function
Cobb–Douglas_production_function
of the utility function. Notable special cases of HARA utility functions include the quadratic utility function, the exponential utility function, and the
Hyperbolic absolute risk aversion
Hyperbolic_absolute_risk_aversion
Topics referred to by the same term
the Fall The United Force, a Guyanese political party Time-utility function, a mean for real time computing Asus TUF (The Ultimate Force), an ASUS brand
TUF
Computer operating system for applications with critical timing constraints
INtime Least slack time scheduling Rate-monotonic scheduling Synchronous programming language Time-triggered system Time-utility function List of operating
Real-time_operating_system
Problem of allocation of money by consumers in order to most benefit themselves
consumption bundle over time under hyperbolic discounting) or change of states over time (in the case of a state dependent utility function). for further information
Utility_maximization_problem
Study of hardware and software systems that have a "real-time constraint"
systems Synchronous programming language Time-utility function Ward–Mellor method Worst-case execution time "FreeRTOS – Open Source RTOS Kernel for small
Real-time_computing
Utility assessment, also called utility measurement, is a process by which the utility function of individuals or groups can be estimated. There are many
Utility_assessment
Characteristic in consumer theory
preferences are called homothetic if they can be represented by a utility function which is homogeneous of degree 1. For example, in an economy with two
Homothetic_preferences
Economics theory
has the utility function with u(0)=0, u(40)=5, and u(100)=10 then the expected utility of the bet equals 5, which is the same as the known utility of the
Risk_aversion
Any individual whose preferences satisfy four axioms has a utility function
maximizing the expected value of some cardinal utility function. The theorem forms the foundation of expected utility theory. In 1947, John von Neumann and Oskar
Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem
Von_Neumann–Morgenstern_utility_theorem
In economics, especially in consumer theory, a Leontief utility function is a function of the form: u ( x 1 , … , x m ) = min { x 1 w 1 , … , x m w m }
Leontief_utilities
Utility of a future event as perceived now versus when it occurs
than the future utility. The utility of an event x occurring at future time t under utility function u, discounted back to the present (time 0) using discount
Discounted_utility
Function that ranks states of society according to their desirability
choice theory, a social welfare function—also called a social ordering, ranking, utility, or choice function—is a function that ranks a set of social states
Social_welfare_function
Method by which work is assigned
scheduling Time-utility function C. L., Liu; James W., Layland (January 1973). "Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment"
Scheduling_(computing)
In contrast with ordinal utility, in economics
Bernoulli's imagined logarithmic utility function and Gabriel Cramer's U = W1/2 function were conceived at the time not for a theory of demand but to
Cardinal_utility
Benefit derived from consuming a product
utility refers to the change in utility (pleasure or satisfaction resulting from the consumption) of one unit of a good or service. Marginal utility can
Marginal_utility
Mathematical relation assigning a probability event to a cost
function, a profit function, a utility function, a fitness function, etc.), in which case it is to be maximized. The loss function could include terms from
Loss_function
about the representation of a preference ordering by a real-valued utility function. The theorems were proved by Gerard Debreu during the 1950s. Suppose
Debreu's representation theorems
Debreu's_representation_theorems
Book by Richard Dawkins
towards organisms they build and discard, as they maximise their own utility functions. The last chapter summarises milestones during the evolution of life
River_Out_of_Eden
value of some concave function of the value of the portfolio after a certain number of time periods—that is, the expected utility of final wealth. Alternatively
Intertemporal portfolio choice
Intertemporal_portfolio_choice
Economic model which weighs rewards based on when they are received
discrete and utility is time-separable, with the discount function f(t) having a negative first derivative and with ct (or c(t) in continuous time) defined
Discount_function
Continuous progression from past to future
Ultimate Theory of Time. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-452-29654-1. As human beings we 'feel' the passage of time. Lehar, Steve. (2000). The Function of Conscious Experience:
Time
Entity which operates public service infrastructure
A public utility company (usually just utility) is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service
Public_utility
Mathematical model as an economic concept
less utility. The expected utility model states that individuals want to maximize their expected utility, as defined as the weighted sum of utilities across
Consumption_smoothing
Economic concept
decisions to maximise their utility. While utility maximisation was not a controversial assumption, the underlying utility functions could not be measured with
Revealed_preference
Hypothesis about intelligent agents
infrastructure to succeed in its calculations. Proposed basic AI drives include utility function or goal-content integrity, self-protection, freedom from interference
Instrumental_convergence
Period of time
time, or a decreasing probability over time of achieving the desired outcome. In real-time computing systems, this may be represented by time-utility
Window_of_opportunity
Standard library for the C programming language
declared in a number of header files. Each header file contains one or more function declarations, data type definitions, and macros. An implementation of a
C_standard_library
Period when a computer system is available
PowerShell. Microsoft formerly provided a downloadable utility called Uptime.exe, which reports elapsed time in days, hours, minutes, and seconds. C:\>Uptime
Uptime
Disk utility for macOS
Restore (ASR) images Check the S.M.A.R.T. status of a hard disk Disk Utility functions may also be accessed via the command line with commands diskutil and
Disk_Utility
Software agent which acts autonomously
These include: Utility function: Often used in economics and decision theory, representing the desirability of a state. Objective function: A general term
Intelligent_agent
2009 password-based key derivation function
password-hashing function bcrypt – blowfish-based cross-platform file encryption utility developed in 2002 crypt – Unix C library function crypt – Unix utility ccrypt
Scrypt
Economic price index
achieving utility level u given a set of prices p. Assuming that the cost function holds across time (i.e., people get the same amount of utility from one
Cost-of-living_index
Process of identifying and labeling public utility mains that are underground
compete for space underground. Public utility systems are often run underground—some by the very nature of their function, others for convenience or aesthetics
Utility_location
Specification in economics of recursive utility
to a specification of recursive utility. A recursive utility function can be constructed from two components,: a time aggregator that characterizes preferences
Epstein–Zin_preferences
Maximum size of an independent set of the matroid
Matroid rank functions (MRF) has been used to represent utility functions of agents in problems of fair item allocation. If the utility function of the agent
Matroid_rank
Theory of behavioral economics
expected utility (i.e., the value function is concave). In the example, agents will choose the certain $450 even though the expected utility of the risky
Prospect_theory
Willingness to take risks
using expected utility. In order to calculate expected utility, a utility function 'u' is developed in order to translate money into Utility. Therefore,
Risk-seeking
Measure of responsiveness of growth rate of consumption
the EIS. The first way is to define it abstractly as a function derived from the utility function, then interpret it as an elasticity. The second way is
Elasticity of intertemporal substitution
Elasticity_of_intertemporal_substitution
Evaluation of a function on its argument
In mathematics, function application (or evaluation) is the act of taking a function and an input from its domain to obtain the corresponding value from
Function_application
Proof of social welfare function being pareto efficient given three axioms
welfare function that satisfies the expected utility axioms and respects the Pareto indifference principle must be a weighted sum of individuals' utility functions
Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
Harsanyi's_utilitarian_theorem
Athlete who plays multiple different positions within the same sport
In sports, a utility player is one who can play several positions competently. Sports in which the term is often used include association football, basketball
Utility_player
Network utility used to test the reachability of a host
traverse, interval between the requests and time to wait for a response. Many systems provide a companion utility ping6, for testing on Internet Protocol
Ping_(networking_utility)
Class of software bugs
1990s, the mail utility of BSD 4.3 UNIX had an exploitable race condition for temporary files because it used the mktemp() function. Early versions of
Time-of-check_to_time-of-use
Necessary condition for optimality associated with dynamic programming
objective: minimizing travel time, minimizing cost, maximizing profits, maximizing utility, etc. The mathematical function that describes this objective
Bellman_equation
Support programs included in or available for IBM OS/360 and successors
IDCAMS probably has the most functionality of all the utility programs, performing many functions, for both VSAM and non-VSAM files. The following example
Support programs for OS/360 and successors
Support_programs_for_OS/360_and_successors
Discount function in which future returns are weighted exponentially
discount function, used in the analysis of choice over time (with or without uncertainty). Formally, exponential discounting occurs when total utility is given
Exponential_discounting
Health economics model
interpreted as natural deterioration of health over time. In the model, health enters the utility function directly as a good people derive pleasure from and
Grossman model of health demand
Grossman_model_of_health_demand
Paradox involving a game with repeated coin flipping
explicit introduction of a utility function, an expected utility hypothesis, and the presumption of diminishing marginal utility of money. According to Daniel
St._Petersburg_paradox
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
VeraCrypt is a free and open-source utility for on-the-fly encryption (OTFE). The software can create a virtual encrypted disk that works just like a
VeraCrypt
Password-based key derivation function
encryption utility developed in 2002 crypt - Unix C library function crypt - Unix utility ccrypt - utility Key stretching mcrypt - utility PBKDF2 - a
Bcrypt
AppleShare IP Migration Fibre Channel Utility Gateway Setup Assistant Open Directory MySQL Manager QuickTime Broadcaster QuickTime Streaming Server RAID Admin Server
List_of_built-in_macOS_apps
Tracing utility for Linux kernel
ftrace (Function Tracer) is a tracing framework for the Linux kernel. Although its original name, Function Tracer, came from ftrace's ability to record
Ftrace
consumption with σ c {\displaystyle \sigma _{c}} . Strict concavity of the utility function implies σ c > 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{c}>0} . For 0 < σ c < 1 {\displaystyle
King–Plosser–Rebelo preferences
King–Plosser–Rebelo_preferences
Set of functions between two fixed sets
put a topology on the space of continuous functions from a topological space X to another one Y, with utility depending on the nature of the spaces. A
Function_space
Computer program library
The OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) is an outdated library of utilities for OpenGL programs, which primarily perform system-level I/O with the host operating
OpenGL_Utility_Toolkit
Type of function in database management
In database management, an aggregate function or aggregation function is a function where multiple values are processed together to form a single summary
Aggregate_function
Patched software backdoor
execute code on an affected system through OpenSSH, a set of networking utilities. The backdoor was discovered by software developer Andres Freund. It was
XZ_Utils_backdoor
Electric power coordinator
several Washington State public utilities and two investor-owned utilities, wanted an organization with more limited functions and no independent ability to
Regional transmission organization (North America)
Regional_transmission_organization_(North_America)
Wireless router by Apple
"Backup Appliance", designed to work in tandem with the Time Machine backup software utility introduced in Mac OS X Leopard 10.5. Introduced on January
AirPort_Time_Capsule
Video output mechanism for the X Window System
supports XVideo, one can use the utility xdpyinfo. To check whether the video controller provides the required functions and whether the X device driver
X_video_extension
Cryptographic hash function
BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Difference in valuation of a payoff when receiving it earlier versus later
due to Irving Fisher, the rate of time preference is usually taken as a parameter in an individual's utility function which captures the trade off between
Time_preference
items among agents with different utility functions, such that the welfare – defined as the sum of the agents' utilities – is as high as possible. In other
Welfare_maximization
Theory that attempts to blend economics and ergodic theory
specified by a convex utility function is more risk-seeking than an expected wealth maximizer, and a concave utility function implies greater risk aversion
Ergodicity_economics
Medical diagnostic method
Maddrey's discriminant function (DF) is the traditional model for evaluating the severity and prognosis in alcoholic hepatitis and evaluates the efficacy
Modified Maddrey's discriminant function
Modified_Maddrey's_discriminant_function
Topics referred to by the same term
refer to: Quasilinear function, a function that is both quasiconvex and quasiconcave Quasilinear utility, an economic utility function linear in one argument
Quasilinear
Economic model
L^{S}-D(L^{S})} Maximized utility function: d D ( L S ) d L S = ω {\displaystyle {\frac {dD(L^{S})}{dL^{S}}}=\omega } When functions are given, Labor Supply
Classical general equilibrium model
Classical_general_equilibrium_model
Aspect of economics
as an ordinal utility function, describing the utility that the consumer derives from each bundle. A price system, which is a function assigning a price
Consumer_choice
Discontinued source-available disk encryption utility
TrueCrypt is a discontinued source-available freeware utility used for on-the-fly encryption (OTFE). It can create a virtual encrypted disk within a file
TrueCrypt
Design philosophy of 19th–20th centuries
"Form follows function" is closely associated with utilitarian design, a concept of products designed exclusively for utility ("function") instead of "contemplating
Form_follows_function
Financial institution that accepts deposits and provides loans
secondary functions. The secondary functions of commercial banks can be divided into agency functions and utility functions. Agency functions include:
Commercial_bank
Software coverage tool
source file, annotated with execution frequencies. The gcov utility does not produce any time-based data and works only on code compiled with the GCC suite
Gcov
3 principles of good architecture
The purpose of buildings is to provide space for some functions, so the notion of the utility ("commodity") is the least controversial of the triad.
Firmness, commodity, and delight
Firmness,_commodity,_and_delight
File copy utility
RichCopy is a file copying utility program for Windows developed by Ken Tamaru of Microsoft Corporation that was discontinued in 2010. It is multi-threaded
RichCopy
Optimizing objective functions that have constrained variables
is either a cost function or energy function, which is to be minimized, or a reward function or utility function, which is to be maximized. Constraints
Constrained_optimization
Set-to-real map with diminishing returns
game theory (as functions modeling user preferences) and electrical networks. Recently, submodular functions have also found utility in several real world
Submodular_set_function
Keyboard key meant for Windows devices
with ⊞ Win+M ⊞ Win+R opens the "Run Program Or File" Window ⊞ Win+U runs Utility Manager ⊞ Win+Pause or ⊞ Win+Break opens System Properties ⊞ Win+F1 opens
Windows_key
Hypothetical self-improving program
current axiomatized utility function u (Item 1f), the utility of a switch from p to the current switchprog would be higher than the utility of continuing the
Gödel_machine
Maximized objective function of an optimization problem
referred to as "cost-to-go function." In an economic context, where the objective function usually represents utility, the value function is conceptually equivalent
Value_function
Collection of standard, Unix-based utilities from GNU
The GNU Core Utilities or coreutils is a collection of GNU software that implements many standard, Unix-based shell commands. The utilities generally provide
GNU_Core_Utilities
Game theory concept
exogenous disturbances. For the case of smooth utility functions, they present a distributed continuous-time algorithm for finding the variational generalized
Aggregative_game
Condition in monotone comparative statics
W(q;\alpha ^{i'})\geq W(q';\alpha ^{i'})} where W is the indirect utility function. An important result extends the median voter theorem, which states
Single-crossing_condition
History of Apple's current Mac operating system
conforming to the SUSv3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads. "Do Classic applications work with Mac OS X 10.5 or Intel-based
MacOS_version_history
Economic theorem
for an exchange economy populated with utility-maximizing rational agents can take the shape of any function that is continuous, has homogeneity degree
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu_theorem
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
command line utilities is a subset of a larger group of POSIX standards that further specify how terminals and terminal emulators aught to function in order
Bash_(Unix_shell)
Service in the Internet Protocol Suite
used the Time Protocol to monitor or synchronize their clocks using the rdate utility, but this function was superseded by the Network Time Protocol (NTP)
Time_Protocol
Equation for force on an object in sea waves
Morison equation does not give a good representation of the forces as a function of time. Sarpkaya, T. (1986), "Force on a circular cylinder in viscous oscillatory
Morison_equation
Networking protocol for clock synchronization
interface. "sourcestats.c, function estimate_asymmetry()". git.tuxfamily.org (chrony). D. Mills (September 1985). Network Time Protocol (NTP). Network Working
Network_Time_Protocol
Instrument for measuring, keeping or indicating time
accurately by the utility company, so that the clock keeps time accurately over long periods. Computer real-time clocks keep time with a quartz crystal
Clock
Example of irrational preferences over lotteries
the expected utility theory. Expected utility theory predicts that a rational person's choices can be predicted using a utility function U ( W ) {\displaystyle
Allais_paradox
Aspect of decision and prospect theories
defined in terms of the pseudo-utility function as in cumulative prospect theory (CPT), the left-hand of the function increases much more steeply than
Loss_aversion
Experimental design framework
design depends on the particular utility criterion chosen. If the model is linear, the prior probability density function (PDF) is homogeneous and observational
Bayesian_experimental_design
Mathematical model which is both linear and time-invariant
in the frequency domain by the system's transfer function, which for a continuous-time or discrete-time system is the Laplace transform or Z-transform of
Linear_time-invariant_system
Study of how people choose between payoffs at different times
(1+r)Y(t)+Y(t+1)} Choice modelling Decision theory Discount function Discounted utility Intertemporal budget constraint Keynes–Ramsey rule Temporal discounting
Intertemporal_choice
Branch of mathematics
players whose decisions directly affect each other. Each player's utility function depends only on their own strategy and the strategies of their immediate
Graphical_game_theory
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