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Situation in which an astronomical object's orbital period matches its rotational period
Tidal locking between a pair of co-orbiting astronomical bodies occurs when one of the objects reaches a state where there is no longer any net change
Tidal_locking
Gravitational effect also known as the differential force and the perturbing force
forces, but are not caused by the rotation. Further tidal phenomena include solid-earth tides, tidal locking, breaking apart of celestial bodies and formation
Tidal_force
Measure of the potential of natural satellites to have environments hospitable to life
dwarfs are likely to be tidally locked to their primary: that is, their days are as long as their orbits. While tidal locking may adversely affect planets
Habitability of natural satellites
Habitability_of_natural_satellites
Possible dwarf planet
861+0.076 −0.074×1020 kg. The primary body and its moon form a fully tidally locked system with a synchronous rotation period of 5.49 days, similar to the
120347_Salacia
Terrestrial planet orbiting the star Proxima Centauri
number of considerations: Both the activity of Proxima Centauri and tidal locking would hinder the establishment of these conditions on the planet. Unlike
Proxima_Centauri_b
Astronomical body that orbits a planet
small orbital inclination and eccentricity) in the Solar System are tidally locked to their respective primaries, meaning that the same side of the natural
Natural_satellite
Possible factors for life around red dwarf stars
dwarf systems are unlikely to be habitable, due to high probability of tidal locking, likely lack of atmospheres, and the high stellar variation many such
Habitability of red dwarf systems
Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems
Orbital and friction heating on a planet or moon oceans, or interior
orbit (tidal circularization) and the rotational periods of the two bodies adjust towards matching the orbital period (tidal locking). Sustained tidal heating
Tidal_heating
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
resulting tidal forces are the main driver of Earth's tides, and have pulled the Moon to always face Earth with the same near side. This tidal locking effectively
Moon
Natural phenomenon due to which tidal locking occurs
the primary's rotation, known as tidal braking. See supersynchronous orbit. The process eventually leads to tidal locking, usually of the smaller body first
Tidal_acceleration
Curved path of an object around a point
general, the whole orbit, with the exception of the semimajor axis. Tidal locking between a pair of co-orbiting astronomical bodies occurs when one of
Orbit
Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter
object in the Solar System. This extreme geologic activity results from tidal heating from friction generated within Io's interior as it is pulled between
Io_(moon)
Exoplanet partially in the habitable zone
conditions that combat tidal locking. On the other hand, the planet's eccentricity could be a factor working against tidal locking in and of itself; the
TOI-2257_b
Potentially habitable exoplanet
com. Retrieved November 21, 2023. Barnes, Rory (December 1, 2017). "Tidal locking of habitable exoplanets". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
K2-332_b
Largest natural satellite of Pluto
candidate system Salacia–Actaea are the only known examples of mutual tidal locking in the Solar System, though it is likely that Orcus–Vanth is another
Charon_(moon)
Goldilocks Earth sized exoplanet orbiting Kepler 296
gravitysimulator.org. Retrieved 27 November 2023. Barnes, Rory (1 December 2017). "Tidal locking of habitable exoplanets". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
Kepler-296e
Hemisphere of the Moon that always faces away from Earth
away from Earth; the opposite hemisphere being the near side. Due to tidal locking, the time it takes for the Moon to orbit the Earth once is equal to
Far_side_of_the_Moon
Hypothetical type of tidally locked planet
An eyeball planet is a hypothetical type of tidally locked planet, for which tidal locking induces spatial features (for example in the geography or composition
Eyeball_planet
Moon of 174567 Varda
expected age is also contradicted by suggestions that Varda may not be tidally locked. If Ilmarë and Varda have the same albedo, Ilmarë would be 163+19 −17 km
Ilmarë
Phenomenon in maths
instruments, orbital resonance and tidal locking of orbiting moons, mode-locking in fiber optics and phase-locked loops and other electronic oscillators
Arnold_tongue
Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting Gliese 581
resulting from this tidal locking may play a major role in the planet's geology. Models proposed by scientists predict that tidal heating could yield
Gliese_581c
Pattern observed on the Moon's surface
with these maria that make up the man is always facing Earth due to a tidal locking, or synchronous orbit. Thought to have occurred because of the gravitational
Man_in_the_Moon
Orbits where planets may have liquid surface water
extremely close distances to the stars cause tidal locking, an important factor in habitability. For a tidally locked planet, the sidereal day is as long as
Habitable_zone
Second planet from the Sun
retrograde rotation about its axis, a result of competing forces of solar tidal locking and differential heating of Venus's massive atmosphere. As a result
Venus
Likelihood of finding extraterrestrial life in yellow dwarf systems
their star, including probable tidal locking. Even in a small yellow dwarf like Tau Ceti, of type G8.5V, the locking limit is at 0.4237 AU versus the
Habitability of G-type main-sequence star systems
Habitability_of_G-type_main-sequence_star_systems
Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter
meridian is a line passing through this point. Research suggests that tidal locking may not be full, as a non-synchronous rotation has been proposed: Europa
Europa_(moon)
Large, round non-stellar astronomical object
equilibrium between tidal forces slowing it down and atmospheric tides created by solar heating speeding it up. All the large moons are tidally locked to their parent
Planet
Trans-Neptunian object
expected age is also contradicted by suggestions that Varda may not be tidally locked. A study has analyzed flyby trajectories to Varda using planetary gravity
174567_Varda
Disproven super-Earth orbiting Gliese 581
been dubbed "Eyeball Earth" by the author. Modeling of the effect of tidal locking on Gliese 581g's possible atmosphere, using a general circulation model
Gliese_581g
Natural satellites orbiting Pluto
Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. Charon, the largest, is mutually tidally locked with Pluto, and is massive enough that Pluto and Charon are sometimes
Moons_of_Pluto
Known extent to which a planet is suitable for life
surface of planets orbiting them at a distance that does not induce tidal locking. K-type stars may be able to support life far longer than the Sun. Whether
Planetary_habitability
Third planet from the Sun
causes lunar tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth
Earth
Change in sea level due to gravity
global atmospheric flow Tidal barrage – Dam-like structure Tidal island – Island accessible by foot at low tide Tidal locking – Situation in which an
Tide
Depictions of the planet
scant attention. Later, when it was incorrectly believed that it was tidally locked with the Sun creating a permanent dayside and nightside, stories mainly
Mercury_in_fiction
First planet from the Sun
stationary in Mercury's sky. The 3:2 resonant tidal locking is stabilized by the variance of the tidal force along Mercury's eccentric orbit, acting on
Mercury_(planet)
Period of darkness
Physics Publishing. ISBN 0-7503-0874-5. Gunn, Alastair (n.d.). "What is tidal locking?". Science Focus. BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2024. Guzewich, Scott D.;
Night
Hemisphere of the Moon facing the Earth
axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits Earth—a phenomenon known as tidal locking. The opposite hemisphere is the far side. The Moon is directly illuminated
Near_side_of_the_Moon
Red dwarf star in the constellation Aquarius
results in tidal interactions stronger than those on Earth. All the planets have reached an equilibrium with slow planetary rotations and tidal locking, which
TRAPPIST-1
Kinetic energy of rotating body with moment of inertia and angular velocity
motion, increasing its distance from Earth and its orbital period (see tidal locking for a more detailed explanation of this process). Flywheel List of energy
Rotational_energy
Water-covered planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere
, M dwarfs. For hotter stars the Dark Hycean IHB may be beyond the tidal-locking separation. Dark hycean worlds can form when the atmosphere does not
Hycean_planet
Nearest star to the Solar System
period of 3.6–14 days. A planet orbiting within this zone may experience tidal locking to the star. If the orbital eccentricity of this hypothetical planet
Proxima_Centauri
Multiple proofs regarding Earth's approximately spherical shape
lunar eclipse is only visible from half of Earth at a time. The Moon's tidal lock to Earth results in the Moon's always showing only one side to Earth (see
Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth
Empirical_evidence_for_the_spherical_shape_of_Earth
Phenomenon where the Sun remains below the horizon for more than 24 hours
significantly more frequently than it orbits the star (and with no tidal locking between the two) will experience the same phenomenon (a nighttime lasting
Polar_night
Effect of tidal forces on an orbiting body
become tidally locked, in which at least one object has the same side facing the other object during the course of an orbit. Tidal locking Tidal acceleration
Tidal_circularization
Time for Moon to complete one rotation on its axis
lunar day is therefore the time of a full lunar day-night cycle. Due to tidal locking, this equals the time that the Moon takes to complete one synodic orbit
Lunar_day
Rotation period of a body relative to the primary object it orbits, e.g. solar day
over a location on Earth's surface at the same mean solar time. Due to tidal locking with Earth, the Moon's synodic day (the lunar day or synodic rotation
Synodic_day
Moon of Jupiter
and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter. Due to tidal locking, Metis rotates synchronously with its orbital period (about 7 hours)
Metis_(moon)
Hypothesis that complex extraterrestrial life is improbable and extremely rare
proponents argue life cannot arise outside Sun-like systems, due to tidal locking and ionizing radiation outside the F7–K1 range. However, some exobiologists
Rare_Earth_hypothesis
Super-Earth orbiting Kepler-442
tidal forces from its host star would be enough to fully tidally lock it. As of July 2018, Kepler-442b was considered the most habitable non-tidally-locked
Kepler-442b
Relative directions of orbit or rotation
which is retrograde to the Sun. Nearly all regular satellites are tidally locked and thus have prograde rotation. Retrograde satellites are generally
Retrograde and prograde motion
Retrograde_and_prograde_motion
to spatial variations in gravitational potential. tidal locking The net result of continued tidal braking such that, over the course of an orbit, there
Glossary_of_astronomy
Daily falling of the Sun below the horizon
atmosphere, making the change from light to dark less noticeable. Due to the tidal locking of the Moon to the Earth, it lasts longer, though not completely dark
Sunset
Moon of Jupiter
Jupiter's equator of 0.03°, respectively. It is assumed that due to tidal locking, Adrastea rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one
Adrastea_(moon)
Irregular and unpredictable rotation of an astronomical body
Tidal forces, like the ones that affect ocean waves on Earth, can cause these chaotic motions to stabilize or lead to tidal locking. Tidal locking happens
Chaotic_rotation
Orbit of an astronomical body equal to that body's average rotational period
orbit Semisynchronous orbit Supersynchronous orbit Graveyard orbit Tidal locking (synchronous rotation) Sun-synchronous orbit List of orbits Holli, Riebeek
Synchronous_orbit
High-mass planet orbiting close to a star
exotic atmospheres due to their short periods, relatively long days, and tidal locking. Atmospheric dynamics models predict strong vertical stratification
Hot_Jupiter
Effect on frequency of interacting oscillators
injection locking. When the second oscillator merely disturbs the first but does not capture it, the effect is called injection pulling. Injection locking and
Injection_locking
Planets visible to the naked eye
cloud Oort limit Related Double planet Lagrange point Moonlet Syzygy Tidal locking Outline of the Solar System Solar System portal Astronomy portal Earth
Classical_planet
The Moon's circuit around Earth
time, Earth and the Moon would be in a mutual spin–orbit resonance or tidal locking, in which the Moon will orbit Earth in about 47 days (currently 27 days)
Orbit_of_the_Moon
Shape of the Moon's sunlit portion as viewed from Earth
night phases of the lunar day as viewed from afar. Because the Moon is tidally locked to Earth, the cycle of phases takes one lunar month and moves across
Lunar_phase
Largest moon of Neptune
Triton's interior. This source of internal heat disappeared following tidal locking and circularization of the orbit. Two types of mechanisms have been
Triton_(moon)
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
the gravitational effects of a passing star, or the galactic tide, the tidal force exerted by the Milky Way. No direct observation of the Oort cloud
Solar_System
Light that reaches Earth from the Moon
eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Kordylewski clouds Lunar station Surface and
Moonlight
Satellites that formed around their parent planet
on the Earth. Just as Earth raises tidal bulges on the Moon which results in tidal locking, the Moon raises tidal bulges on the Earth which manifest most
Regular_moon
Theories explaining the formation of Earth's Moon
1980s, and some points in its favor are the Moon's size, orbit, and tidal locking. One problem is understanding the capture mechanism. A close encounter
Origin_of_the_Moon
Potentially habitable Earth-sized exoplanet
be tidally locked, meaning one side of the planet is always facing its star, while the other is always opposite it. Because it is tidally locked, Wolf
Wolf_1069_b
sufficiently-low solar-flare activity and a habitable zone large enough to prevent tidal locking to sustain life. The odds of complex life arising may be better on planets
Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems
1959. The far side of the Moon, permanently hidden from Earth due to tidal locking, was imaged for the first time by Luna 3 on 7 October 1959, revealing
List_of_missions_to_the_Moon
Moon beyond the Solar System
close to their stars on circular orbits will tend to despin and become tidally locked. As the planet's rotation slows down the radius of a synchronous orbit
Exomoon
Sky from planet Mercury
to the high eccentricity of Mercury's orbit around the Sun. Due to tidal locking, three rotations of Mercury, is equal to two revolutions around the
Astronomy_on_Mercury
Time between successive new moons
position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from Earth. Due to tidal locking, the same hemisphere of the Moon always faces the Earth and thus the
Lunar_month
Largest dwarf planet
their center of mass) does not lie within either body, and they are tidally locked. New Horizons was the first spacecraft to visit Pluto and its moons
Pluto
Astrophysical models for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies Tidal locking – Situation in which an astronomical object's orbital period matches
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System
Extrasolar pulsar planet
PSR J2322−2650 b is a tidally locked exoplanet discovered in 2017, orbiting the millisecond pulsar PSR J2322−2650. In 2025, the James Webb Space Telescope
PSR_J2322−2650_b
exoplanets in its orbit due to low stellar flux, high probability of tidal locking, small circumstellar habitable zones and high stellar variation. Another
List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates
tidally locked to its large moon Ilmarë, though in this case it has been suggested that the Varda system is not old enough for tidal locking. Green, Daniel
Moon_of_38628_Huya
Apparent oscillation of a minor body seen from the major body it orbits
The Moon keeps one hemisphere of itself facing the Earth because of tidal locking. Therefore, the first view of the far side of the Moon was not possible
Libration
Types of planet by chemical mass
Earth's deserts. Mars Eyeball planet A terrestrial planet in which tidal locking induces a spatially dependent temperature gradient (the planet will
List_of_planet_types
Spiritual and philosophical book
slower until one hemisphere is left always turned to the sun due to tidal locking, citing Mercury as an example. Scientists at the time of the book's
The_Urantia_Book
English mathematical physicist (1863–1940)
to the theory of tidal locking and introduced the parameters known as Love numbers, used in problems related to Earth tides, the tidal deformation of the
Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love
Large, dark, basaltic plains on Earth's Moon
gravity field), and the mare basalts hardly contribute to this (see also tidal locking). (Hemispheric structures correspond to spherical harmonic degree 1
Lunar_mare
Phases of Earth as seen from the Moon
eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Kordylewski clouds Lunar station Surface and
Earth_phase
Distance from center of Earth to center of Moon
distance will continue to increase until the Earth and Moon become tidally locked, as are Pluto and Charon. This would occur when the duration of the
Lunar_distance
Second-largest moon of Jupiter
Europa and Ganymede—and is thus not appreciably tidally heated. Callisto's rotation is tidally locked to its orbit around Jupiter, so that it always faces
Callisto_(moon)
Small planetary-mass object
then tidal forces gradually slow its rotation until it is tidally locked; that is, it always presents the same face to its companion. Tidally locked bodies
Dwarf_planet
Matter with biological processes
is subject to higher levels of magnetic activity and the effects of tidal locking from close orbits. Hence, stars in the intermediate mass range such
Life
Planet with environment similar to Earth's
affected by climate, which is influenced by the orbit and rotation (or tidal locking) of the planet, each of which introduces further variables. Below is
Earth_analog
Moon of Uranus
means it always shows the same face to Uranus, a condition known as tidal locking. Miranda's orbital inclination (4.34°) is unusually high for a body
Miranda_(moon)
Overview of and topical guide to the Solar System
cloud Oort limit Related Double planet Lagrange point Moonlet Syzygy Tidal locking Outline of the Solar System Solar System portal Astronomy portal Earth
Outline_of_the_Solar_System
Study of extraterrestrial oceans
Yongyun (2015-08-01). "Exo-oceanography, climate, and habitability of tidal-locking exoplanets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs". IAU General Assembly
Planetary_oceanography
Second-largest moon of Saturn
equilibrium. It has a nearly circular orbit around Saturn, but it is also tidally locked, like Saturn's other major moons. It rotates with the same period it
Rhea_(moon)
Planet outside of the Solar System
host star, a long trailing tail 14 million km (9 million mi) long. Tidally locked planets in a 1:1 spin-orbit resonance would have their star always shining
Exoplanet
Most massive dwarf planet
tidally locked to its moon Dysnomia, with a rotation period synchronous with the moon's orbital period of 15.78 Earth days. Dysnomia is also tidally locked
Eris_(dwarf_planet)
cloud Oort limit Related Double planet Lagrange point Moonlet Syzygy Tidal locking Outline of the Solar System Solar System portal Astronomy portal Earth
Historical models of the Solar System
Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System
Moon of Saturn
the next moon inward, Iapetus is tidally locked while Hyperion is not, making it the most distant tidally locked moon in the Solar System. The moons
Iapetus_(moon)
Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting Kepler-452
nearly the same as Earth's (1 AU). Kepler-452b is most likely not tidally locked and has a circular orbit. Its host star, Kepler-452, is about 20% more
Kepler-452b
methods, including spacecraft measurements of induced magnetic fields, tidal Love numbers, libration amplitudes, surface geology, and isotopic geochemistry
List of ocean worlds in the Solar System
List_of_ocean_worlds_in_the_Solar_System
Concept in astrophysics
so the habitable zone is very close to the star and planets become tidally locked on the timescales needed for the development of life. Giant stars (subgiant/giant
Habitable zone for complex life
Habitable_zone_for_complex_life
Sub-Neptune orbiting the red dwarf K2-18
can be seen passing in front of the star. The planet is most likely tidally locked to the star, although considering its orbital eccentricity, a spin-orbit
K2-18b
1634 novel by Johannes Kepler
view, the Earth remains fixed in the lunar sky as a consequence of tidal locking. The only small movements the Earth makes are due to the moon's librations
Somnium_(novel)
TIDAL LOCKING
TIDAL LOCKING
Boy/Male
Indian
Amazing
Boy/Male
Latin English French Portuguese Spanish
Life.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Fight, Defense
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Bengali, British, English, French, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Latin, Marathi, Portuguese, Spanish
Life; Used as Both Surname and Given Name; Life Giving
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Moderateness; Clemency
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone living by a prominent oak tree, from Middle English ake ‘oak’, or a habitational name from the village of Aike, near Lockington, East Yorkshire, which is named with Old English Äc ‘oak’, dative Äce ‘(place at) the oak tree’.
Boy/Male
Indian
Fight, Defense
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon and Cornwall)
English (Devon and Cornwall) : topographic name for someone who lived by a tidal creek or an inlet of the sea, Old English pyll, or a habitational name from Pylle in Somerset, which was named with this word.English (Devon and Cornwall) : descriptive nickname for a small, rotund person, from Middle English, Old French pil(l)e ‘ball’.
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Roman Latin Vitalis, VIDAL means "of life; vital."
Girl/Female
African, Arabic, Muslim, Swahili
Symmetry
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Devon)
English (mainly Devon) : from Old French pilleur ‘plunderer’, formerly used as a nickname for a bailiff.English (mainly Devon) : topographic name for someone who lived by a tidal creek (see Pill, Pyle).English (mainly Devon) : topographic name from Old French piler ‘pillar’.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Fight defence
Boy/Male
Muslim
Amazing
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Striving; Fight; Defence
Boy/Male
British, English
Harmful
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Gidel, GIDAL means "too great; giant."
Girl/Female
Biblical
That breaks the yoke, knowledge of elevation.
Boy/Male
American, British, English
From the Yew Tree Valley
Boy/Male
Latin
Faithful.
Biblical
that breaks the yoke; knowledge of elevation
TIDAL LOCKING
TIDAL LOCKING
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Injuring
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the One who Raises; Intellect; One who Elevates; Esteem
Boy/Male
Hindu
One who crowned vibheeshana as king of lanka
Girl/Female
Tamil
Good taste
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lotus stem
Male
English
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, from a name for a "peddler, hawker," who drove a wagon, derived from the Middle English word traunter, TRANTER means "to convey."
Surname or Lastname
Welsh
Welsh : from the personal name Hywel ‘eminent’, popular since the Middle Ages in particular in honor of the great 10th-century law-giving Welsh king.English : habitational name from Howell in Lincolnshire, so named from an Old English hugol ‘mound’, ‘hillock’ or hūne ‘hoarhound’.
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Guide
Girl/Female
Arabic, British, English, Farsi, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu
Evening; Night; Reward; Smile; Happy; Peaceful; Love Affection; Stars of Sky; Beauty
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from the personal name (Latin Vivianus, a derivative of vivus ‘living’, ‘alive’). The name was borne by a 5th-century bishop of Saintes, France, and was popular among the Normans, by whom it was introduced to England.
TIDAL LOCKING
TIDAL LOCKING
TIDAL LOCKING
TIDAL LOCKING
TIDAL LOCKING
n.
An attendant on an army.
n.
Same as Asafetida.
n.
A bean-shaped coin of Siam, worth about sixty cents; also, a weight equal to 236 grains troy.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Lock
n.
A projection on the bolt, which passes through the tumbler gates in locking and unlocking.
a.
Pertaining to tidal movements dependent on the moon.
n.
A movable obstruction in a lock, consisting of a lever, latch, wheel, slide, or the like, which must be adjusted to a particular position by a key or other means before the bolt can be thrown in locking or unlocking.
n.
The reflux or flowing back of the tide; the return of the tidal wave toward the sea; -- opposed to flood; as, the boats will go out on the ebb.
a.
Of or pertaining to tides; caused by tides; having tides; periodically rising and falling, or following and ebbing; as, tidal waters.
n.
The blue titmouse.
v. t.
To unite by locking or linking together; to secure in place by mutual fastening.
n.
A petty officer among lascars, or native East Indian sailors; a boatswain's mate; a cockswain.
n.
Less properly, a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt, such as occurs at the Bay of Fundy and in the British Channel.
n.
A tidal flood which regularly or occasionally rushes into certain rivers of peculiar configuration or location, in one or more waves which present a very abrupt front of considerable height, dangerous to shipping, as at the mouth of the Amazon, in South America, the Hoogly and Indus, in India, and the Tsien-tang, in China.
n.
A kind of triangular spade.
n.
The tidal setting in of the water from the ocean to the shore. See Ebb and flow, under Ebb.
n.
A money of account in China, reckoning at about $1.60; also, a weight of about four ounces avoirdupois.