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Mistakes of human reason proposed by Nietzsche
The Four Great Errors are four mistakes of human reason regarding causal relationships that the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argues are the
The_Four_Great_Errors
1889 book by Friedrich Nietzsche
chapter The Four Great Errors, he suggests that people, especially Christians, confuse the effect for the cause, and that they project the human ego and
Twilight_of_the_Idols
Informal logical fallacy
asserting the counterexample is excluded by definition. Rather than admitting error or providing evidence to disprove the counterexample, the original
No_true_Scotsman
Statistical fallacy
sharpshooter. The mathematician John Venn presented the statistical fallacy and the shooting analogy in 1866: One of the most fertile sources of error and confusion
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
words, it is the error of treating something that is not concrete, such as an idea, as a concrete thing. A common case of reification is the confusion of
Reification_(fallacy)
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
particularly tempting error because correlation sometimes appears to suggest causality. The fallacy lies in a conclusion based solely on the order of events
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
well be a bird, but the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Certain other animals also have beaks, such as turtles. Errors of this type occur
Formal_fallacy
Logic founded on unproven premises
Access World News on 3 June 2009. Martin, Robert M. There Are Two Errors in the the Title of This Book: A sourcebook of philosophical puzzles, paradoxes
Begging_the_question
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
Ralph; Gigerenzer, Gerd (1999). "The 'Conjunction Fallacy' Revisited: How Intelligent Inferences Look Like Reasoning Errors". Journal of Behavioral Decision
Conjunction_fallacy
Psychological defense mechanism
9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6. Banja, John (2004). Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett. ISBN 0-7637-8361-7
Rationalization_(psychology)
Apparent, but false, correlation between causally-independent variables
Type I error). Here the spurious correlation in the sample resulted from random selection of a sample that did not reflect the true properties of the underlying
Spurious_relationship
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
fallacy. Informal fallacies may also include formal errors but they primarily involve errors on the level of content and context. Informal fallacies are
Informal_fallacy
Logical fallacy
Denying the antecedent (also known as denial of the antecedent, inverse error, or fallacy of the inverse) is a formal fallacy of inferring the inverse
Denying_the_antecedent
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
dress up the opinion of their adversary as they please, and ascribe sentiments to him which he doth not acknowledge; and when they have with a great deal
Straw_man
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
(no lamp, off-lamp), and so can still be true even if the stated antecedent is not. Converse errors are common in everyday thinking and communication and
Affirming_the_consequent
Error in numerical data
significant figures than this in the intermediate stages of a calculation, in order to avoid accumulated rounding errors. False precision commonly arises
False_precision
Bias towards recently acquired information
predictable patterns of errors. Schwarz and his colleagues, on the other hand, proposed the ease of retrieval explanation, wherein the ease with which examples
Availability_heuristic
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
the overestimation of an argument based on insufficiently large samples under an implied margin of error. A faulty generalization often follows the following
Faulty_generalization
Canonical landmark inventions in China
The Four Great Inventions are inventions from imperial China that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as symbols of
Four_Great_Inventions
View of past as inferior to the present
Barfield explains it, it is the belief that "intellectually, humanity languished for countless generations in the most childish errors on all sorts of crucial
Chronological_snobbery
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
arguments where the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Material fallacies are not logical errors because the conclusion follows from the premises
Fallacy
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
definition of the prosecutor's fallacy extends to many additional invalid imputations of guilt or liability that are not analyzable as errors in base rates
Base_rate_fallacy
Formal fallacy in statistical interpretation
_{i=1}^{N}X_{i}\right]\neq 0.} Nothing prevents the regressors and the errors from being correlated at the aggregate level. Therefore, generally, running
Ecological_fallacy
Formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms
The fallacy of four terms (Latin: quaternio terminorum) is the formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms rather than the requisite
Fallacy_of_four_terms
Informal fallacy
Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer. p. 391. Bain, Alexander (1884). "II. Errors of Suppressed Correlatives". Practical Essays. Longmans, Green, & Co. Originally
Suppressed_correlative
Idea that a concept is ill-defined, and therefore cannot be discussed
"Loki's Wager and Laudan's Error: On Genuine and Territorial Demarcation". Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University
Loki's_wager
usually applies to arguments, although it is sometimes used more broadly for errors in reasoning in explanations, definitions, questions, or other forms of
List_of_fallacies
Type of logical fallacy
opening mind the great truth that refutation is no necessary part of argument. Assume that your opponent is wrong, and explain his error, and the world will
Bulverism
Bias in the sampling of a population
found in the sample at hand. In this sense, errors occurring in the process of gathering the sample or cohort cause sampling bias, while errors in any process
Sampling_bias
Chinese government policy encouraging hostility to perceived biological pests
The Four Pests campaign (Chinese: 除四害; pinyin: Chú Sì Hài) was one of the first campaigns of the Great Leap Forward in Maoist China from 1958 to 1962.
Four_Pests_campaign
Theories on identifying cradles of civilizations
In Japanese and Chinese historiography, the Four Great Ancient Civilizations (Japanese: 世界四大文明, Hepburn: Sekai yon dai bunmei) (simplified Chinese: 四大文明古国;
Four Great Ancient Civilizations
Four_Great_Ancient_Civilizations
Formal fallacy
distributed in the major premise (the first statement) where we are only talking about a property of some mammals: Only some mammals are dogs. The error is in
Illicit_major
Book by Friedrich Nietzsche
bowdlerizations and errors in Zimmern's work. For example, in Aphorism 61, Schaf ("sheep") is translated by Zimmern as fool, where the reference is to Sophocles'
Human,_All_Too_Human
Certain type of mistaken proof
pedagogic reasons, usually take the form of spurious proofs of obvious contradictions. Although the proofs are flawed, the errors, usually by design, are comparatively
Mathematical_fallacy
2025 Marvel Studios film
The Fantastic Four: First Steps is a 2025 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Fantastic Four. Produced by Marvel Studios
The Fantastic Four: First Steps
The_Fantastic_Four:_First_Steps
Book by Francis Bacon
a provisional natural philosophy anticipating the results of the new philosophy? The Four Great Errors – Mistakes of human reason proposed by Nietzsche
Novum_Organum
Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796
Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 – 17 November 1796), commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after a coup
Catherine_the_Great
Biblical figures
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are figures in the Book of Revelation in the New Testament of the Bible, a piece of apocalypse literature attributed
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse
King of Wessex (871 – c. 886); King of the Anglo-Saxons (c. 886 – 899)
Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrǣd [ˈæɫvˌræːd]; c. 849 – 26 October 899) was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons
Alfred_the_Great
English actor
he joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society and appeared in several plays, including Kiss of the Spider Woman and The Comedy of Errors. He toured
Harry_Lloyd
British television baking competition
the show's inception in 2010. On 17 August 2010, the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two. It stayed on BBC Two for four years
The_Great_British_Bake_Off
Superhero film by Josh Trank
Fantastic Four (stylized as FANT4STIC) is a 2015 superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team and the first reboot of the Fantastic Four film series
Fantastic_Four_(2015_film)
Title given by the Catholic Church to saints
since the eighth century, but in 1298 Pope Boniface VIII declared them Doctors of the Church. Pope Pius V recognized the four Great Doctors of the Eastern
Doctor_of_the_Church
Ruins of an ancient/medieval city in southeast Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe was a city in the south-eastern hills of the modern country of Zimbabwe, near Masvingo. It was settled from around 1000 CE, and served
Great_Zimbabwe
Chinese Cultural Revolution faction
to Hua's four closest collaborators, Wang Dongxing, Wu De, Ji Dengkui and Chen Xilian. In 1980, they were charged with "grave errors" in the struggle
Gang_of_Four
1949 dystopian novel by George Orwell
Nineteen Eighty Four as part of Secker's 20-volume definitive edition of the Complete Works of George Orwell. This edition removed errors and reversed editorial
Nineteen_Eighty-Four
1958–1962 Chinese socioeconomic campaign
rectification of "Left" errors. The 1981 Resolution also states that, "it was mainly due to the errors of the Great Leap Forward and of the struggle against
Great_Leap_Forward
Largest pyramid in the Giza Necropolis, Egypt
many of the speculative errors and confusions about the monument can be traced back to Herodotus and his work. Herodotus writes that the Great Pyramid
Great_Pyramid_of_Giza
routes in Great Britain of lesser importance than A roads. See the article Great Britain road numbering scheme for the rationale behind the numbers allocated
B roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain numbering scheme
B_roads_in_Zone_1_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme
Canadian headquartered international hotel chain
it as a Ritz-Carlton in 2024. Four Seasons Resort Great Exuma at Emerald Bay, Bahamas: Opened in 2003 as part of the Great Exuma's Emerald Bay resort development
Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts
Four_Seasons_Hotels_and_Resorts
Famine killing millions (1959–1961)
The Great Chinese Famine (Chinese: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'three years of great famine') was a famine that occurred between 1959 and 1961 in the People's Republic
Great_Chinese_Famine
Error caused by a memory fault
and errors refer to the incorrect recall, or complete loss, of information in the memory system for a certain detail and/or event. Memory errors may include
Memory_error
Persian ruler from 522 to 486 BCE
as Darius the Great, was the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its
Darius_the_Great
Collection of four Chinese books
The Four Great Books of Song (simplified Chinese: 宋四大书; traditional Chinese: 宋四大書; pinyin: Sòng sì dà shū) was compiled by a team of scholars during the
Four_Great_Books_of_Song
List of terrorist attacks that have happened in Great Britain
"Terrorism" in Great Britain is defined in the Terrorism Act 2000, and its legal concept continues to evolve following new trends and patterns. When looking
List of terrorist incidents in Great Britain
List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Great_Britain
List of A roads in zone 4 in Great Britain starting north of the A4 and south/west of the A5 (roads beginning with 4). Only roads that have individual
A roads in Zone 4 of the Great Britain numbering scheme
A_roads_in_Zone_4_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme
Famine of medieval Europe
The Great Famine of 1315–1317 (occasionally dated 1315–1322) was the first of a series of large-scale crises that struck parts of Europe early in the
Great_Famine_of_1315–1317
Comic book series
Fantastic Four is the name of several comic book titles featuring the team the Fantastic Four (created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby) and published by Marvel
Fantastic_Four_(comic_book)
This is a list of the Great Depression-era outlaws spanning the years of Prohibition and the Great Depression known as the "Public Enemy" era. Those include
List of the Great Depression-era outlaws
List_of_the_Great_Depression-era_outlaws
Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC
companion of Alexander the Great. Her first language was Koine Greek, and she is the only Ptolemaic ruler known to have learned the Egyptian language, among
Cleopatra
1999 aviation accident in England
begun. The aircraft crashed into Hatfield Forest near the village of Great Hallingbury, close to, but clear of, some houses, killing all four crew members
Korean_Air_Cargo_Flight_8509
The Great Food Truck Race is an American reality competition and cooking television series that airs on Food Network. The series is currently being hosted
List of The Great Food Truck Race episodes
List_of_The_Great_Food_Truck_Race_episodes
Sovereign state in Western Europe (1707–1801)
Great Britain, officially the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by
Kingdom_of_Great_Britain
2001 management book by Jim C. Collins
great companies, and how most companies fail to make the transition. The book was a bestseller, selling four million copies and going far beyond the traditional
Good_to_Great
The Great North is an American animated sitcom created by Wendy Molyneux, Lizzie Molyneux, and Minty Lewis that premiered on Fox on January 3, 2021. It
List of The Great North episodes
List_of_The_Great_North_episodes
Poems by T. S. Eliot
The Four Quartets is a set of four poems written by T. S. Eliot that were published over a six-year period. The first poem, Burnt Norton, was published
Four_Quartets
1992 ideological campaign by the Communist Party of the Philippines
The "Second Great Rectification Movement" was meant to correct these errors. The Revolutions of 1989, punctuated by the fall of the Berlin Wall, the collapse
Second Great Rectification Movement
Second_Great_Rectification_Movement
English charter of freedoms made in 1215
Magna Carta (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter"), sometimes spelled Magna Charta, is a royal charter of rights sealed by King John of England at Runnymede
Magna_Carta
8th episode of the 4th season of The Boys
"Season Four Finale", originally titled "Assassination Run", is the eighth and final episode of the fourth season and thirty-second episode overall of the American
Season_Four_Finale
Railway accident in India
India. Owing to a signalling error, both trains were using the same track on a day when three of the four tracks on the line were closed for maintenance
Gaisal_train_collision
Area of study on military commander and king
ancient Greek and Latin sources on Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, as well as some Asian texts. The five main surviving accounts are by Arrian, Plutarch
Historiography of Alexander the Great
Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great
Salt lake in Utah, United States
The Great Salt Lake is the largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere and the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world. It lies in the northern
Great_Salt_Lake
2021 film by Matthew Vaughn
Retrieved 23 September 2020. D'Alessandro, Anthony (11 December 2020). "'Thor: Love & Thunder' & 'Black Panther 2′ Move Deeper Into 2022; Patty Jenkins'
The_King's_Man
The rank of general (or full general, or four-star general) is the highest rank normally achievable in the United States Army. It ranks above lieutenant
List of United States Army four-star generals
List_of_United_States_Army_four-star_generals
Species of owl
The great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), also known as the tiger owl (originally derived from early naturalists' description as the "winged tiger" or
Great_horned_owl
Prince of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504
the Great (Romanian: Ștefan cel Mare; [ˈʃtefan tʃel ˈmare]; died 2 July 1504), was Voivode of Moldavia from 1457 until his death. He was one of the most
Stephen_the_Great
Attraction of Victorian London
and surveying equipment. Wyld originally proposed that the globe should be constructed at the Great Exhibition, but its size and Wyld's desire to run it
Wyld's_Great_Globe
Architectural feature of mosques
each of the mosque's four corners, similar to the Great Mosque of Damascus which had a ṣawma῾a above each of the Roman-era towers at its four corners
Minaret
UNESCO World Heritage Site in southern Egypt
by his feet. Sculptures inside the Great Temple commemorate Ramesses II's heroic leadership at the Battle of Kadesh. The complex was relocated in its entirety
Abu_Simbel
This is a list of A roads in zone 1 in Great Britain beginning north of the River Thames, east of the A1 (roads beginning with 1). "Old Stoke Bridge, Ipswich"
A roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain numbering scheme
A_roads_in_Zone_1_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme
English actress (born 1945)
it'll be fine.'" 1965 The Passion Flower Hotel#Stage adaptation 1976 Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors as Luciana, with the Royal Shakespeare Company
Francesca_Annis
Brazilian footballer (born 1992)
career". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 31 May 2025. Retrieved 31 May 2025. "Neymar threw away his chance to become a Barcelona great! Saudi
Neymar
2010 book by Frank Dikötter
Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62, is a 2010 book by professor and historian Frank Dikötter about the Great Chinese
Mao's_Great_Famine
Economies of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong
The Four Asian Tigers (a.k.a. the Four Asian Dragons or Four Little Dragons in Korean and Chinese) are the developed Asian economies of Hong Kong, Singapore
Four_Asian_Tigers
2026 large language model by OpenAI
equivalents. In technical benchmarks, OpenAI reported a 33% reduction in factual errors compared to GPT-5.2. Performance improvements were focused on professional
GPT-5.4
Resolution assessing Mao Zedong's legacy
from the collective view of the leadership and traces these errors to the beginning of the Great Leap Forward. The Resolution states that Mao's errors are
Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
1871 conflagration in Illinois, US
The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned in Chicago, Illinois, United States, during October 8–10, 1871. The fire killed approximately 300
Great_Chicago_Fire
Season of television series
four-episode 'overture' with the full cast, the players divided into three initial groups: the Soldiers, the Seekers, and the Schemers. Following the
Critical_Role_campaign_four
Egyptian Christian monk and hermit (died 356)
Anthony the Great (c. 12 January 251 – 17 January 356) was a Christian monk from Egypt, revered since his death as a saint. He is distinguished from other
Anthony_the_Great
Season of television series
performance. You can get away with egregious continuity errors, if everyone's locked into the performance.' So that's definitely what I'm drawn to first
The_Bear_season_4
Sovereign state in Northwestern Europe (1801–1922)
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union in 1801 that united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland
2013 soundtrack album by various artists
The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film (also known as Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film The Great Gatsby) is the soundtrack album to the 2013 film
The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film
The_Great_Gatsby:_Music_from_Baz_Luhrmann's_Film
Motor vehicle
to 2009. The Great Wall Safe has been available in a four-wheel-drive and a rear-wheel-drive configuration. It has a strong resemblance to the second generation
Great_Wall_Safe
List of films of Indian actor Jackie Shroff
March 2021). "Hello Charlie trailer: Comedy of errors featuring Aadar Jain, Jackie Shroff and a gorilla". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 March 2021. "Jackie
Jackie_Shroff_filmography
Wrestler from British India (1878–1960)
1878 – 23 May 1960), commonly known by the title Rustam-e-Hind, Rustam-e-Zamana, and by the ring names - The Great Gama and Gama Pehelwan, was a Pehlwani
The_Great_Gama
Sporting event delegation
Great Britain (known as Team GB or the 'Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic Team'), the team of the British Olympic Association (BOA) which represents
Great Britain at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Great_Britain_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics
Service industry in Australia involving recreational diving
of the major industries in the Great Barrier Reef region. Approximately 2.19 million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year. According to the WWF
Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef
Tourism_on_the_Great_Barrier_Reef
Holy Roman Emperor from 962 to 973
Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), known as Otto the Great (German: Otto der Große; Italian: Ottone il Grande) or Otto of Saxony (German: Otto von
Otto_the_Great
Ancient Persian tomb in Pasargadae, Iran
The tomb of Cyrus the Great is located in Pasargadae, which was the first capital city of his Achaemenid Empire and is now an archaeological site in the
Tomb_of_Cyrus_the_Great
Conflicts of Alexander the Great (336–323 BC)
Alexander the Great of Macedon carried out a series of conquests and military campaigns from 336 to 323 BC. They began with his conquest of the Achaemenid
Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS
Boy/Male
African
Rock.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Princess
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THU means "autumn."
Boy/Male
Scottish
From the water.
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : variant of Tye.
Female
English
Short form of Danish/Swedish Margareta, GRETA means "pearl."
Female
Danish
, pearl.
Female
Dutch
, pearl.
Boy/Male
Bengali, French, Hebrew, Indian
Fair; Red; White
Girl/Female
Greek American
Goddess; godly. Also as abbreviation of names like Althea and Dorothea. The mythological Thea was...
Boy/Male
African, Arabic, Australian, Lebanese
Light
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Indian, Latin, Scandinavian, Swedish
Form of Margaret; Child of Light; A Pearl
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English word tye, TYE means "pasture."
Boy/Male
English
From the enclosure.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived by a common pasture, Middle English tye (Old English tēag).North German : from a short form, Tide, of the personal name Dietrich.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized form of Dutch De Groot or German Gross.English
Americanized form of Dutch De Groot or German Gross.English : variant of Greet, a nickname from Old English grēat ‘big’, ‘stout’, a habitational name from Greet in Gloucestershire or Greete in Shropshire, both named from an Old English grēote ‘gravelly place’, or a topographic name with the same meaning.
Female
German
Pet form of German Kätharina, KÄTHE means "pure."
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Light
Girl/Female
Greek American German Persian Scandinavian Swedish
Pearl.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THI means "poem."
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS
THE FOUR-GREAT-ERRORS