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Fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption
Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size, or emplacement mechanism. Volcanologists also refer
Tephra
Tephra deposit in Washington, United States
The Yn tephra is a geologically recent tephra deposit that covers portions of the U.S. state of Washington and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia
Yn_tephra
Species of fly
Tachina tephra is a species of fly in the genus Tachina of the family Tachinidae that is endemic to Austria. "Binomial authority". Arctos. Retrieved 22
Tachina_tephra
Stratovolcano in South of Iceland
of Iceland with tephra, and these layers can be used to date eruptions of Iceland's other volcanoes. Approximately 10% of the tephra created in Iceland
Hekla
Species of moth
Dasychira tephra, the tephra tussock moth, is a tussock moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1809. It is found
Dasychira_tephra
The Tephra ICA Arts Festival (previously known as the Northern Virginia Fine Arts Festival) is a juried major outdoor visual arts show held annually since
Tephra_Fine_Arts_Festival
Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
Volcanic cones are among the simplest volcanic landforms. They are built by ejecta from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone
Volcanic_cone
Volcanic ejecta that formed an ash layer
In tephrochronology, the Saksunarvatn tephra is volcanic ejecta forming an ash layer that is useful in dating Northern European sediment layers that were
Saksunarvatn_tephra
that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion
List of large volcanic eruptions
List_of_large_volcanic_eruptions
List of volcanic eruptions that might have been recorded during the Holocene
Corbella, Hugo; Tiberi, Pedro (1994-05-01). "Sedimentological analysis of the tephra from the 12–15 August 1991 eruption of Hudson volcano". Bulletin of Volcanology
List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions
List_of_large_Holocene_volcanic_eruptions
(VEI) Predictive qualitative scale for explosiveness of volcanic eruptions
(350,000 cu ft) of tephra ejected; and 8 representing a supervolcanic eruption that can eject 1.0×1012 m3 (240 cubic miles) of tephra and have a cloud column
Volcanic_explosivity_index
Species of moth
Scania tephra is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Chile. Noctuinae of Chile v t e
Scania_tephra
Mostly-submerged caldera in the Ōsumi Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
Additionally, there are two older deposits (Koseda pyroclastic flows and Anbo tephra) of large caldera-forming eruptions in the vicinity, although their attribution
Kikai_Caldera
Bogaard, P (1995). "40Ar/(39Ar) ages of sanidine phenocrysts from Laacher See Tephra (12,900 yr BP): Chronostratigraphic and petrological significance". Earth
List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions
List_of_Quaternary_volcanic_eruptions
Mountain in Chile
numerous times in the late Pleistocene and Holocene, forming widespread tephra deposits both in the proximity of Hudson and in the wider region. Four large
Hudson_Volcano
Role-playing game
Tephra: The Steampunk RPG (2012) is a steampunk role-playing game designed by Daniel A. Burrow and published by Parlor LLC. (formerly known as Cracked
Tephra:_The_Steampunk_RPG
Caldera in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
Jigoku Onsen 3,000 to 4,400 BCE tephra, Ikph1 tephra Nakadake 3,000 to 4,400 BCE tephra falls Nakadake 4,000 to 3,000 BCE tephra falls Unknown vent near Janoo
Aso_Caldera
Volcano in North Island of New Zealand
that bracket two flank collapses had 28 tephra producing events, some with VEI greater than 4. At least 228 tephra-producing eruptions have occurred over
Mount_Taranaki
Stratovolcano in Iceland
Plinian rhyolitic eruptions have occurred during the Holocene producing tephra. These occurred about 8500, 4000 and 1800 years ago. Snæfellsjökull is also
Snæfellsjökull
Rupture in a planet's crust where material escapes
slopes of generally 5–10°, and their loose tephra are material for dangerous lahars. Large pieces of tephra are called volcanic bombs. Big bombs can measure
Volcano
24; VEI 6; 20 km3 (4.8 cu mi) of tephra Krakatoa, Indonesia; 1883, August 26–27; VEI 6; 21 km3 (5.0 cu mi) of tephra Mount Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands
Timeline of volcanism on Earth
Timeline_of_volcanism_on_Earth
Shield volcano in Antarctica
rocks, and it reached its present height about 200,000 years ago. Several tephra layers encountered in ice cores at Mount Waesche and Byrd Station have been
Mount_Takahe
The Finlay tephras are two tephra deposits in northern British Columbia, Canada. They take their name from the Finlay River and were deposited just before
Finlay_tephras
Stratovolcano in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
ejected, causing the magma chamber underneath the erupting vents to collapse. Tephra fell as far as 1,000 km (620 mi) from the volcano. Sakurajima is an active
Sakurajima
Volcano in northern Iceland
pronunciation: [ˈkʰvɛrˌfjatl̥] ; also known as Hverfell [ˈkʰvɛrˌfɛtl̥]) is a tephra cone or tuff ring volcano in northern Iceland, to the east of Mývatn. It
Hverfjall
Volcano in Washington, U.S.
by pyroclastic flows, dome growth and blanketing of the countryside with tephra. Swift Creek ended 8,000 years ago. A dormancy of about 4,000 years was
Mount_St._Helens
Volcano in North Island, New Zealand
eruption was about 15,700 years ago and this deposited the widespread Rotorua tephra that reached beyond Auckland. The Ōkāreka Embayment extends from the western
Ōkāreka_Embayment
sub-caldera of Aira caldera and the Ikeda sub-caldera of Ata South Caldera. Tephras from these largest eruptions have been found up to 600 km (370 mi) to the
Kagoshima_graben
Volcanic cone in Heimaey, Iceland
water and to generate electricity. They also used some of the extensive tephra (fall-out of airborne volcanic material) to extend the runway at the island's
Eldfell
Science of determining the age of rocks, sediments and fossils
geochemical correlation of unknown volcanic ash (tephra) to geochemically fingerprinted, dated tephra. Tephra is also often used as a dating tool in archaeology
Geochronology
Volcanologic calculation to estimate eruption volume
eruption is the volume of magma ejected as pumice and volcanic ash, known as tephra during an explosive phase of the eruption, or the volume of lava extruded
Dense-rock_equivalent
Volcano in Iceland
On 11 December 2023, a jökulhlaup followed in time, a Mw 4.5 earthquake. Tephra studies on soil samples from around the Vatnajökull ice-cap, show that the
Grímsvötn
Volcano in Iceland
caldera another local permafrost layer under the 0.004 km3 (0.00096 cu mi) of tephra. Askja was virtually unknown until a large 17 hour subplinian eruption which
Askja
Cinder cone in British Columbia, Canada
four tephra mounds. These mounds are a few metres high and are completely covered by black tephra. Red oxidized tephra beneath the black tephra was deposited
Tseax_Cone
Soils formed in volcanic ash and containing glass and amorphous colloidal materials
Andosols are soils found in volcanic areas formed in volcanic tephra. In some cases, andosols can also be found outside active volcanic areas. Andosols
Andosol
Volcano that has erupted with a volcanic explosivity index of 8
Hao-Yang (2021). "A history of violence: magma incubation, timing and tephra distribution of the Los Chocoyos supereruption (Atitlán Caldera, Guatemala)"
Supervolcano
Rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano
from lava flows or be ejected explosively as fragmented material known as tephra. Lava – When molten rock erupts and solidifies on the Earth's surface, it
Volcanic_rock
Societal collapse in the Late Bronze Age
; Newton, A. T.; Edwards, K. J.; Larsen, G. (1995). "Radiocarbon Dating Tephra Layers in Britain and Iceland". Radiocarbon. 37 (2): 379–388. Bibcode:1995Radcb
Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
volcano built up by many alternating layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile
Stratovolcano
New Zealand shield volcano
collapse crater. It is 2.2 km (1.4 mi) by 2.5 km (1.6 mi) in size. The Tuhua Tephra is quite distinctive and due to it having two dispersion patterns has been
Mayor_Island_/_Tūhua
Stratovolcano in Iceland
approximately once every 50 years, but recent studies have shown that many tephra layers originally thought to be from other volcanoes were ejected from Bárðarbunga
Bárðarbunga
Active volcano in Nicaragua
Strombolian/Vulcanian. Finally, the lava volume was recorded to be 5.4 × 10 and the tephra volume was 6.5 × 105 m3. Cerro Negro's second eruption took place on November
Cerro_Negro
Volcanic caldera in New Zealand
3. Lowe, David; Ilanko, Tehnuka. "Pre-conference tephra data workshop – Hands-on session II: tephra excursion, Okareka Loop Road (29 January 2023)". Retrieved
Ōkataina_Caldera
Caldera in Alaska
swept all the flanks of the volcano and caused a tsunami in Bristol Bay. Tephra from the eruption rained down over Alaska, with noticeable deposits being
Mount_Aniakchak
Volcano in West Antarctica
Mount Berlin, which is the most important source of such tephras in the region. The tephra layers were formed by explosive eruptions that generated high
Mount_Berlin
Geologic materials composed of broken fragments of volcanic rock
includes pyroclastic rocks such as the Bandelier Tuff; cinder cones and other tephra deposits; the basal and capping breccia that characterize ʻaʻā lava flows;
Volcaniclastics
World's most recent supereruption, of Taupō Volcano, New Zealand
wind direction varied. Tephra from the eruption covered much of the central North Island and is termed Kawakawa-Oruanui tephra, or KOT. The Oruanui ignimbrite
Oruanui_eruption
2026 video game by System Era Softworks
robot named JAM-BX. Each named NPC provides important storyline quests. Tephra is currently the first and only planet to exist in the game. It features
Starseeker: Astroneer Expeditions
Starseeker:_Astroneer_Expeditions
Small pyroclast debris thrown in the air by a volcanic eruption
Lapilli (sing.: lapillus) is a size classification of tephra, which is material that falls out of the air during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite
Lapilli
Volcano in New Zealand
eruption that generated the Ōkareka Tephra has been dated to 23,535 ± 300 years before the present. It had a tephra volume of about 12 cubic kilometres
Mount_Tarawera
Large volcano in Southern Iceland
probability of occurring within 30 years and would likely be associated with tephra production of about 1.5 km3 (0.36 cu mi) which can be compared with the
Katla_(volcano)
Volcano in southern Peru
These include pyroclastic flow dunes that crop out from underneath the tephra. Deposits from the 1600 eruption and previous events also crop out within
Huaynaputina
Stratovolcano on the island of Hokkaido
± 100 years, As-A tephra, corrected radiocarbon dating, explosive eruption and phreatic explosions 1450 BC ± 50 years, As-B tephra, uncorrected radiocarbon
Asahi-dake
Major volcanic eruption in Korea
widespread tephra fallout and pyroclastic flows. The first phase began with a Plinian eruption that produced widely dispersed comenditic tephra followed
946_eruption_of_Mount_Paektu
of tephra ejected. If the available sources only report a dense rock equivalent volume, the number is italicized but not converted into a tephra volume
List of largest volcanic eruptions
List_of_largest_volcanic_eruptions
Mountain in Russia
volcanoes together have erupted about 120–130 cubic kilometres (29–31 cu mi) of tephra, covering the entire seafloor of the Sea of Okhotsk. Nemo Peak has formed
Nemo_Peak
Caldera in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
Peninsula. The Ikeda volcano produced about 20,000 years BP the Iwamoto tephra layer found right around the region of Kagoshima Bay but not further. It
Ikeda_Caldera
Clastic rocks composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials
pieces". Unconsolidated accumulations of pyroclasts are described as tephra. Tephra may become lithified to a pyroclastic rock by cementation or chemical
Pyroclastic_rock
Study of volcanoes
ones, to observe volcanic eruptions, collect eruptive products including tephra (such as ash or pumice), rock and lava samples. One major focus of enquiry
Volcanology
Underlying geological material in which soil horizons form
Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form. Soils typically
Parent_material
Volcanic fissure and eruption in south Iceland
4.5 cubic kilometres (1.1 cu mi) of tephra, which was emplaced mainly south and southeast from Eldgjá. The tephra was formed through alternating magmatic
Eldgjá
Volcanic event in Iceland
eruptions are known from the volcano. The eruption produced a bulk volume of tephra of up to 1.2 km3 (0.29 cu mi) and eruption cloud height of at least 14 km
1918_eruption_of_Katla
Major eruption of Taupō volcano
The Hatepe eruption, named for the Hatepe Plinian pumice tephra layer, sometimes referred to as the Taupō eruption or Horomatangi Reef Unit Y eruption
Hatepe_eruption
Molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption
contrast, produces a mixture of volcanic ash and other fragments called tephra, not lava flows.) The viscosity of most molten lava is about that of ketchup
Lava
Mark R. (September 2016). "Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA". Quaternary Research
Cascade_Volcanic_Arc_calderas
Active stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy
from tephra falls. Because of prevailing winds, towns and cities south and east of the volcano are most at risk from this. It is assumed that tephra accumulation
Mount_Vesuvius
Topics referred to by the same term
also refer to: Edifice (volcanic), the erupted volcanic material (lava and tephra) that is deposited around the vent Casio Edifice, a brand of watches by
Edifice_(disambiguation)
Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BC
eruption was one of the largest volcanic events in human history. Because tephra from the Minoan eruption serves as a marker horizon in nearly all archaeological
Minoan_eruption
Fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that moves away from a volcano
fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano. Pyroclastic currents travel
Pyroclastic_flow
Stratovolcano in Washington
identified. These form several layers of tephra constructing the mountain. Smaller eruptions involving tephra occurred between 6,900 and 5,500 years ago
Glacier_Peak
Volcano in Libya
Waw an Namus is characterized by a caldera surrounded by an apron of dark tephra, which has a notable colour contrast to the surrounding desert terrain of
Waw_an_Namus
Volcano in New Zealand
caused by Ruapehu's eruptions. In historic times, eruptions have built tephra dams across the outlet on several occasions, most recently in 1945 and 1996
Mount_Ruapehu
Volcanic eruption in the Philippines
blast generated a 21 km (13 mi) high eruption column at 13:09 on June 14. Tephra fall from these four large eruptions was extensive to the southwest of the
1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo
Pleistocene caldera volcano
caldera was filled with up to 1,000 meters (3,280 ft.) of ignimbrite and tephra. Tephra fell beyond the limits of the ice sheet and is preserved today at Lake
Kulshan_caldera
Volcano in the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand
Uninhabited island Several eruptions have been assigned to Raoul volcano on tephra composition evidence alone and are therefore not definite. One reason for
Raoul_Island
Stratovolcano in Peru
numerous intense explosive eruptions have covered the surrounding terrain with tephra (rocks fragmented by volcanic eruptions). The last two significant eruptions
Misti
Particles ejected from an area
particular, the term refers to particles including pyroclastic materials (tephra) that came out of a volcanic explosion and magma eruption volcanic vent
Ejecta
Geochronological technique
sequences and events by their location between upper and lower layers of tephra (volcanic ejecta) of known date, and for correlating such sequences and
Tephrochronology
Type of volcanic eruption with relatively mild explosive intensity or spattering
This type of eruption is named for the Italian volcano Stromboli. The tephra typically glows red when leaving the vent, but its surface cools and assumes
Strombolian_eruption
Volcano on the island of Kyushu, Japan
the eastern margin of the old Ata Caldera. The total eruptive volume of tephra has been 3.1 km3 (0.74 cu mi) and 2.3 km3 (0.55 cu mi) of lava. There is
Mount_Kaimon
Ultra-Plinian eruption in Kyushu, Japan, at around 6,500 BP
evidence of volcanic activity at the Kikai Caldera in what is termed the K–Km tephra layers between 16–9 cal ka BP. The Takeshima debris avalanche followed by
Akahoya_eruption
Genus of cacti
Tephrocactus (from Greek tephra, "ash", referring to the color of these plants' epidermis) is a genus of the cactus family (Cactaceae). Species of the
Tephrocactus
Pyroclastic volcanic eruption due to a viscous siliceous magma
initial phases of eruption are characterized by pyroclastic flows. The tephra deposits have lower volume and range than the corresponding Plinian and
Peléan_eruption
Volcanic caldera in New Zealand
estimated VEI of 8 and has been assigned a total eruption volume (not just tephra) of 2,760 km3 (662.2 cu mi). However this was only in its most recent caldera
Mangakino_caldera_complex
Stratovolcano in the Antarctic
of about 180 cubic kilometres (43 cu mi) and consists of tephra deposits and lava flows; tephra deposits are also found encased within ice and have been
Mount_Melbourne
Heavy floods of the last ice age
successive floods were found to be separated by two layers of volcanic ash (tephra), with the ash separated by a fine layer of windblown dust deposits, located
Missoula_floods
Style of reaction between magma and seawater
fragmenting hot magma interacts explosively with water and with water-steam-tephra slurries. The eruption style is named after an eruption off the southern
Surtseyan_eruption
Mountain in Chile
Fjord in the southern Andes and erupted mainly dacites and pyroclastic tephra. It has erupted several times in the Holocene, with a major eruption taking
Aguilera_(volcano)
Group of islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula
Bridgeman Island. Most of the volcanic rock and tephra is of basalt or basaltic andesite. An exception is the tephra of Deception Island, which is of trachyte
South_Shetland_Islands
Volcanic event
former are characterized by gas-driven explosions that propel magma and tephra. The latter pour out lava without significant explosion. Volcanic eruptions
Volcanic_eruption
Chain of stratovolcanoes in western North America
Mount Aix Volcanic Complex, which erupted more than 100 km3 (24 mi3) of tephra and pyroclastic debris over the span of just three eruptions. Lavas representing
Cascade_Volcanoes
Volcanic eruption about 40,000 years ago
dense-rock equivalent (DRE) is in the range of 181–265 km3 (43–64 mi3), and tephra has dispersed over an area of around 3,000,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi), commonly
Campanian_Ignimbrite_eruption
Region of volcanic craters in Germany
Volcano Museum, Daun Volcano House, Strohn German Volcano Museum, Mendig The tephras deposited by past eruptions of the Volcanic Eifel are lithological deposits
Volcanic_Eifel
Major volcanic eruption in Skamania County, Washington
(19 km) above the expanding crater in less than ten minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for ten straight hours. Near the volcano, the swirling
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens
Archaeological site in El Salvador
land in the Zapotitán Valley was covered with tephra more than 35 centimeters thick. At San Andrés, the tephra was as thick as 52 centimeters in some areas
San_Andrés_(El_Salvador)
Mountain in Chile
Santa Ana tephras respectively. The larger MEL1 eruption occurred between 2,790 – 2,740 years ago and produced a layered basaltic-dacitic tephra consisting
Melimoyu
Volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano
and tail. If a volcanic plug is later covered by softer, looser layers of tephra, such as ash and hydrothermally altered lava, then agents of erosion may
Volcanic_plug
Volcanic eruption in Italy
eruption of Mount Vesuvius produced a variety of volcanic materials, including tephra falls, pyroclastic flows, and lava flows, each with distinctive characteristics
1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius
1631_eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius
Probability of a volcanic eruption or related geophysical event
this hazard by not moving to valleys or depressed areas around a volcano. Tephra is a generalized word for the various bits of debris launched out of a volcano
Volcanic_hazard
Volcanic plateau in southern Kyūshū, Japan
widely distributed Aira-Tn tephra that has been dated at 29,428 to 30,148 years calibrated before present. The Aira-Tn tephra falls from this eruption were
Shirasu-Daichi
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