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Unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system
A system accident (or normal accident) is an "unanticipated interaction of multiple failures" in a complex system. This complexity can either be of technology
System_accident
Unforeseen event, often with a negative outcome
An accident is an unintended and usually undesirable event that is not deliberately caused by humans. Although in ordinary conversations, intentionality
Accident
1984 book by Charles Perrow
Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies is a 1984 book by Yale sociologist Charles Perrow, which analyses complex systems from a sociological
Normal_Accidents
1979 nuclear accident in Pennsylvania
reactor accident is rated Level 5, an "Accident with Wider Consequences". The accident began with failures in the non-nuclear secondary system, followed
Three_Mile_Island_accident
1993 aviation accident
Hanamaki | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives". www.baaa-acro.com. Retrieved 2025-06-17. Footage of Japan Air System Flight 451 filmed inside cabin
Japan_Air_System_Flight_451
2011 nuclear accident in Japan
On 11 March 2011, a major nuclear accident started at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan. The direct cause was the Tōhoku
Fukushima_nuclear_accident
Town in Maryland, United States
Accident is a town in Garrett County, Maryland, United States. The population was 338 at the 2020 United States census. Accident has been noted for its
Accident,_Maryland
Risk management strategy using a systems-based approach
safety strategies focus on modifying systems to avoid the conditions that resulted in past system accidents, system safety analysis focuses on proactively
System_safety
System composed of many interacting components
called "an accumulation of frozen accidents". In a sense chaotic systems can be regarded as a subset of complex systems distinguished precisely by this
Complex_system
1991 aviation accident in Sweden
Flight 302, flights where a safety system unknown to the flight crew caused an accident "Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 751, OY-KHO". Federal Aviation
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 751
Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_751
Severe events involving radioactive materials
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people
Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents
Deadly Toronto Subway train collision
the mechanical safety devices caused this accident. It remains the deadliest rapid transit system accident in Canadian history. At 6:02 p.m. on August
1995 Russell Hill subway accident
1995_Russell_Hill_subway_accident
aviation accident. Preventing both accidents and incidents is the primary goal of aviation safety. The most common causes of these accidents and incidents
Aviation accidents and incidents
Aviation_accidents_and_incidents
American economist (born 1960)
2011. Retrieved December 11, 2010. "An Autopsy of the U.S. Financial System: Accident, Suicide, or Negligent Homicide?" (PDF). Emerald Group Publishing.
Ross_Levine
Unincorporated community in Arkansas, United States
Bethel Heights. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Accident, Arkansas Arkansas Atlas and Gazetteer (Map) (Second ed.). DeLorme
Accident,_Arkansas
Accident involving a tramway
A tram accident is any accident involving a tram or tram system. Though tram systems can be environmentally friendly, efficient, and cost effective methods
Tram_accident
Disaster involving one or more trains
Modern safety research often treats railway systems as complex socio-technical systems in which accidents arise from interactions among multiple components
Railway_accident
Process to determine the causes of accidents to prevent recurrence
Accident analysis is a process carried out in order to determine the cause or causes of an accident (that can result in single or multiple outcomes) so
Accident_analysis
Interdisciplinary field of engineering
systems analysis and design method System of systems engineering (SoSE) System accident Systems architecture Systems development life cycle Systems thinking
Systems_engineering
Model used in risk analysis
The Swiss cheese model of accident causation is a model used in risk analysis and risk management. It likens human systems to multiple slices of Swiss
Swiss_cheese_model
Theory of industrial accident prevention
The accident triangle, also known as Heinrich's triangle or Bird's triangle, is a theory of industrial accident prevention. It shows a relationship between
Accident_triangle
Incident when a vehicle collides with another object
2016. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crash. WHO road traffic injuries NHTSA Accident Statistics U.S. DOT Fatality Analysis Reporting System FARS
Traffic_collision
2018 aviation accident in the Java Sea
It was the first major accident and hull loss of a 737 MAX, a then recently introduced aircraft. It is the deadliest accident involving the Boeing 737
Lion_Air_Flight_610
2005 aviation accident in Greece
board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Greek history. An investigation into the accident by Greece's Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety
Helios_Airways_Flight_522
Term in early computing history
List of failed and overbudget custom software projects Fred Brooks System accident Technological singularity "NATO Software Engineering Conference 1968"
Software_crisis
Organization successful in avoiding catastrophes where accidents are expected due to risk
the air traffic control system, naval aircraft carriers, and nuclear power operations. HRO theory is derived from normal accident theory, which led a group
High_reliability_organization
Semi-submersible offshore drilling rig
have prevented the trunk from being opened while the system was under pressure. Prior to the accident, Norske Veritas had issued the following rule for certification:
Byford_Dolphin
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
emergency core cooling system, a passive/active system of core cooling intended to provide water to the core in a loss-of-coolant accident. Approval from the
Chernobyl_disaster
Aircraft accidents in Denmark
Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 aircraft operated by Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). A third accident, again with an SAS aircraft, occurred on 27 October 2007, leading
2007 Bombardier Dash 8 landing gear accidents
2007_Bombardier_Dash_8_landing_gear_accidents
2019 aviation accident in Ethiopia
related systems and the roles that they played in the accident. However, many operational and human performance issues present in this accident were not
Ethiopian_Airlines_Flight_302
Ways of classifying accidents
protocols. 2. Mechanical failure accidents: These accidents occur due to faults or malfunctioning equipment or systems, such as a car crash caused by brake
Accident_classification
2024 aviation accident over Oregon
emergency landing. All 171 passengers and 6 crew members survived the accident, with three receiving minor injuries. According to the National Transportation
Alaska_Airlines_Flight_1282
1997 and 1999 Tōkai nuclear plant events
Tokaimura nuclear accidents were two nuclear incidents which occurred near the village of Tōkai, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. The first accident occurred on 11
Tokaimura_nuclear_accidents
2019–20 worldwide grounding of the Boeing 737 MAX
Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) from the flight manual. In November 2018, after the Lion Air accident, Boeing instructed pilots to take
Boeing_737_MAX_groundings
This list of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft includes notable events that have a corresponding Wikipedia article. Entries in this
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft
Crash of US Air Force bomber with nuclear warheads
The 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash was an aviation accident that occurred near Goldsboro, North Carolina, United States, on 24 January 1961. A Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
1961_Goldsboro_B-52_crash
rail accidents from 2000 to 2009. For a list of terrorist incidents involving trains, see List of terrorist incidents involving railway systems. 2000s
List of rail accidents (2000–2009)
List_of_rail_accidents_(2000–2009)
Uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction
"criticality accident alarm system" detectors that are properly deployed. Criticality accidents are divided into one of two categories: Process accidents, where
Criticality_accident
Ballistic missile submarine
because a separate accident had damaged the long-range radio system. The control rods were automatically inserted by the emergency SCRAM system, but the reactor
Soviet_submarine_K-19
Technological equipment to prevent pilots from flying into obstacles
"controlled flight into terrain" accidents, or CFIT. The specific systems currently in use are the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) and the enhanced ground
Terrain awareness and warning system
Terrain_awareness_and_warning_system
Brazilian Air Force unit
Activities Accident Investigation and Prevention System. 2025-12-23. p. 3/87. Retrieved 2026-06-12. - Portuguese version Aeronautical Accidents Investigation
Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center
Aeronautical_Accidents_Investigation_and_Prevention_Center
1969 aviation accident
altitude. The Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) aircraft had a crew of nine and 36 passengers, of whom 15 died in the accident. The crash was similar to Eastern
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 933
Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_933
This article lists the deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents involving commercial passenger and cargo flights, military passenger and cargo flights
List of deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents
List_of_deadliest_aircraft_accidents_and_incidents
Occurrence during work that leads to physical or mental harm
A work accident, workplace accident, occupational accident, or accident at work is a "discrete occurrence in the course of work" leading to physical or
Work_accident
terrorist incidents involving railway systems. Bold text in the list below indicates that an article about the accident has been created. 2020s 2020 2021
List of rail accidents (2020–present)
List_of_rail_accidents_(2020–present)
1988 public transit disaster in Paris, France
The Gare de Lyon rail accident (French: Accident ferroviaire de la gare de Lyon) occurred on 27 June 1988, when an SNCF commuter train inbound from Melun
Gare_de_Lyon_rail_accident
This is a list of rail accidents which occurred between 2010 and 2019. For a list of terrorist incidents involving trains, see List of terrorist incidents
List of rail accidents (2010–2019)
List_of_rail_accidents_(2010–2019)
A rail accident (or train wreck) is a type of disaster involving one or more trains. Train wrecks often occur as a result of miscommunication, as when
Lists_of_rail_accidents
Boeing's aircraft control system involved in fatal accidents
Augmentation System (MCAS) is a flight stabilizing feature developed by Boeing that became notorious for its role in two fatal accidents of the 737 MAX
Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System
Maneuvering_Characteristics_Augmentation_System
2000 aviation accident in the Pacific Ocean
wrote: This is a maintenance accident. Alaska Airlines' maintenance and inspection of its horizontal stabilizer activation system were poorly conceived and
Alaska_Airlines_Flight_261
British government agency
Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) is a UK government organisation, authorised to investigate all maritime accidents in UK waters and accidents involving
Marine Accident Investigation Branch
Marine_Accident_Investigation_Branch
1983 aviation accident in Malaysia
Naked Pilot: The Human Factor In Aircraft Accidents, David Beatty Ranter, Harro. "Malaysian Airline System Flight 684". aviation-safety.net. Aviation
Malaysian Airline System Flight 684
Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_684
Engineering discipline for safety-related systems
Electronic Safety-related Systems ISO 26262 - Road vehicles – Functional safety Functional safety Software quality System accident IEC (2010). IEC 61508 -
Software_safety
of film and television, accidents have occurred during shooting. From 1980 to 1990, there were 37 deaths relating to accidents during stunts; 24 of these
List of film and television accidents
List_of_film_and_television_accidents
Closed cave in Utah, United States
alike despite its narrow passageways. The cave closed in 2009, after an accident that resulted in the death of 26-year-old John Edward Jones. Before that
Nutty_Putty_Cave
aviation accidents and incidents in or in the vicinity of the United States or its territories. It comprises a subset of both the list of accidents and incidents
List of fatal accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft in the United States
List_of_fatal_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft_in_the_United_States
1971 aviation accident in California
collectively rendered ineffective the air carrier's operational control system. After the accident, the aircraft was repaired and returned to service. N747PA was
Pan_Am_Flight_845
Not meeting a desired or intended objective
descriptions of redirect targets System accident – Unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system "Failure - Definition of failure
Failure
others). 1833 Hightstown rail accident, Hightstown, New Jersey; two killed plus 15 injured. Earliest recorded train accident involving the death of passengers
List of American railroad accidents
List_of_American_railroad_accidents
Nuclear and radiation accidents by casualties
several nuclear and radiation accidents involving fatalities, including nuclear power plant accidents, nuclear submarine accidents, and radiotherapy incidents
List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll
List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_by_death_toll
1996 aviation accident in Florida
Langewiesche presents a case that the ValuJet crash is an example of a "system accident," including the overly formal labeling and safety information on the
ValuJet_Flight_592
1984 aviation accident
Accident Database". Aviation Accident Database. Retrieved December 29, 2017. "Aircraft accident report Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 901 McDonnell Douglas
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 901
Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_901
Form of nuclear reactor failure
emergency core cooling system (ECCS) exists specifically to deal with a LOCA, and LOCAs are analysed as design-basis accidents during reactor licensing
Loss-of-coolant_accident
2003 train crash in New South Wales, Australia
driver, and injured 40. The accident is notably remembered by systems engineers due to the poorly designed safety systems. On the day of the disaster
Waterfall_rail_accident
2000 train crash in Åmot, Norway
The Åsta accident was a railway accident that occurred at 13:12:25 on 4 January 2000 at Åsta in Åmot Municipality, Norway, south of Rena in Østerdalen
Åsta_accident
Philosophical attribute
An accident (Greek συμβεβηκός), in metaphysics and philosophy, is a property that the entity or substance has contingently, without which the substance
Accident_(philosophy)
Scale to enable communication of safety information in nuclear accidents
communication of safety and significant information in case of nuclear accidents. The scale is intended to be logarithmic, similar to the moment magnitude
International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale
International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale
1989 aviation accident in Iowa
operating time immediately prior to the accident flight. The DC-10 used three independent hydraulic systems, each powered by one of the aircraft's three
United_Airlines_Flight_232
Systems thinking heuristic
The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a heuristic in systems thinking coined by the British management consultant Stafford Beer, who stated
The purpose of a system is what it does
The_purpose_of_a_system_is_what_it_does
UK government investigative agency for civil aviation accidents
The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) investigates civil aircraft accidents and serious incidents within the United Kingdom, its overseas territories
Air Accidents Investigation Branch
Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch
This is a list of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft grouped by the year in which the accident or incident occurred. Not all of the aircraft
List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1945–1949)
List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_military_aircraft_(1945–1949)
1968 aviation accident
the accident was attributable largely to pilot error; the manufacturer subsequently also recognised the lack of a ground proximity warning system in its
South African Airways Flight 228
South_African_Airways_Flight_228
1985 aviation accident in Japan
deadliest single-aircraft accident in aviation history and remains the deadliest aviation incident in Japan. Japan's Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission
Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_123
Mechanical device in an aircraft cockpit to warn the pilot of an imminent stall
shaker comprises a key component of an aircraft's stall protection system. Accidents, such as the 1963 BAC One-Eleven test crash, were attributable to
Stick_shaker
1960 aviation accident in Turkey
between the Ankara range and the airport. The accident killed all 42 passengers and crew on board. "The accident occurred because of an unintentional descent
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 871
Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_871
State in which risks associated with aviation are at an acceptable level
practice of managing risks in aviation. This includes preventing aviation accidents and incidents through research, training aviation personnel, protecting
Aviation_safety
2000 aviation accident in California
many minor injuries. As a result of the accident, the airport installed an engineered materials arrestor system at the east end of the incident runway
Southwest Airlines Flight 1455
Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1455
of accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A320 family and A320neo family of jet airliners. As of March 2024[update], 180 aviation accidents and
List of accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A320 family
List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_Airbus_A320_family
1960 aviation disaster in Munich, West Germany
portal United Kingdom portal List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft Ranter, Harro. "Accident description". aviation-safety.net. Aviation
1960_Munich_C-131_crash
1991 aviation accident in Georgia, US
aircraft had accumulated about 816 flying hours and 845 cycles prior to the accident. Only one deferred maintenance item was noted in the maintenance logs,
Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311
Atlantic_Southeast_Airlines_Flight_2311
Graphical representation of the collision rate of automobiles
killing us?". Retrieved 2009-03-01. Cirillo, J. A. (1968). Interstate System Accident Research Study II, Interim Report II, Public Roads, 35 (3). pp. 71–75
Solomon_curve
design-basis accident of that type applicable to the area under consideration." design-basis earthquake (DBE): "That earthquake for which the safety systems are
Design-basis_event
Accidents and incidents involving Scandinavian Airlines
Transportation Safety Board (1 July 1970). "Aircraft Accident Report Scandinavian Airlines System McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62, LN-MOO (Norwegian registry)
List of Scandinavian Airlines accidents and incidents
List_of_Scandinavian_Airlines_accidents_and_incidents
This lists significant accidents involving railway infrastructure or rolling stock, including crashes, fires and incidents of crew being overcome by locomotive
List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom
List_of_rail_accidents_in_the_United_Kingdom
Rail accident blackspot in England
investigation into this accident led to the implementation of alerts for major speed restrictions via the Automatic Warning System. However, despite the
Rail_accidents_at_Morpeth
2024 aviation accident in Brazil
who had piloted PS-VPB the night before the accident had verbally reported a fault in its de-icing system, but it was not included in the technical log
Voepass_Flight_2283
lists notable military accidents involving nuclear material. Civilian accidents are listed at List of civilian nuclear accidents. For a general discussion
List of military nuclear accidents
List_of_military_nuclear_accidents
1991 aviation accident over Saudi Arabia
and accident, killing all 4 crew and 43 people on the ground. Landis, Tony. "A Look Back..." (PDF). Air Mobility Command. Ranter, Harro. "Accident Boeing
1991 Gulf War Boeing KC-135 accident
1991_Gulf_War_Boeing_KC-135_accident
This is a list of elevator accidents by death toll. It does not include accidents involving gondola lifts, ski lifts or similar types of cable transport
List_of_elevator_accidents
1979 aviation accident in Chicago, Illinois
along with two people on the ground, making it the deadliest aviation accident to have occurred in the United States. The National Transportation Safety
American_Airlines_Flight_191
Accident that causes one or more consequential accidents
A domino effect accident is an accident in which a primary undesired event sequentially or simultaneously triggers one or more secondary undesired events
Domino_effect_accident
2001 aviation accident in New York
well as five people on the ground. It is the second-deadliest aviation accident to have occurred in the United States, behind the crash of American Airlines
American_Airlines_Flight_587
1989 aviation accident over the Pacific Ocean
superseding final report in March 1992 that attributed the accident to the electrical system malfunctioning and causing the door to open during flight
United_Airlines_Flight_811
1998 aircraft accident in Canada
more loss following the accident, particularly as the in-flight entertainment system that was blamed for causing the accident had been installed on the
Swissair_Flight_111
1986 breakup of American orbiter
(11:39:13 a.m. EST, local time at the launch site). It was the first fatal accident involving an American spacecraft while in flight. The mission, designated
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster
Former government agency of Japan
Air System Flight 451 Japan portal Aviation portal Japan Civil Aviation Bureau Yasuo Sato "Activities of Japan's Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation
Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission
Aircraft_Accident_Investigation_Commission
1983 aviation accident in Spain
second-deadliest aviation accident in Spanish territory (the deadliest being the Tenerife airport disaster), the deadliest accident in mainland Spain, the
Avianca_Flight_011
1993 train collision in Singapore
the accident, David Miller of The Straits Times reported that commuters, including those injured in the accident, were confident in the MRT system and
Clementi_rail_accident
Mountaineering expedition disaster on K2 in Pakistan
course of the Friday ascent and Saturday descent, was the worst single accident in the history of K2 mountaineering. Some of the specific details remain
2008_K2_disaster
Low-cost airline of the United States (1993–2014)
the May 11, 1996 crash in the Florida Everglades as an example of a system accident, in which the complexity of the overall operation was the major contributing
AirTran_Airways
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