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Concept in linguistics
In linguistics, switch-reference (SR) describes any clause-level morpheme that signals whether certain prominent arguments in 'adjacent' clauses are coreferential
Switch-reference
Electrical component that can break an electrical circuit
Centrifugal switch Company switch Crossbar switch Dead man's switch Fireman's switch Hall-effect switch Inertial switch Isolator switch Key switch Kill switch Latching
Switch
Hybrid video game console
Nintendo Switch 2 is a video game console developed by Nintendo and released in most regions on June 5, 2025. Like the original Nintendo Switch, it can
Nintendo_Switch_2
Auto sear installable on a Glock
A Glock switch is a small device that can be attached to the rear of the slide of a Glock handgun, changing the semi-automatic pistol into a machine pistol
Glock_switch
Inuit language spoken in Greenland
special subordinate moods. A so-called fourth-person category enables switch-reference between main clauses and subordinate clauses with different subjects
Greenlandic_language
Uto-Aztecan language spoken in western US
suffix -nna to indicate the present action of eating. Shoshoni exhibits switch reference, in which a non-relative, subordinate clause is marked when its subject
Shoshoni_language
Words requiring context to understand their meaning
great story." this refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse. Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some
Deixis
Location identifier for a circuit component
RLA: Relay SCR: Silicon-controlled rectifier SUS: Silicon unilateral switch SW: Switch TFT: Thin-film transistor (display) TH: Thermistor VC: Variable capacitor
Reference_designator
Baseball pitcher who can throw with both arms
baseball, a switch pitcher is an ambidextrous pitcher who is able to pitch with either the right or left hand from the pitcher's mound. Switch pitchers are
Switch_pitcher
Network switch providing functionality above the data link layer
A multilayer switch (MLS) is a computer networking device that switches on OSI layer 2 like an ordinary network switch and provides extra functions on
Multilayer_switch
Electric switch type
electrical engineering, a limit switch is a switch operated by the motion of a machine part or the presence of an object. A limit switch can be used for controlling
Limit_switch
Yuman language spoken in California and Arizona
subject-object-verb word order. Like other Yuman languages, Quechan features switch-reference by which two clauses can be linked with markers specifying whether
Quechan_language
Switch between processes or tasks on a computer
In computing, a context switch is the process of storing the state of a process or thread, so that it can be restored and resume execution at a later point
Context_switch
Language of the Yupik family
exemplifies a type of switch-reference, though McKenzie (2015) claims Yup'ik does not have the true characteristics of switch-reference, and that the Yup'ik
Central_Alaskan_Yupʼik
Finisterre language of Papua New Guinea
language was published by Ryan Pennington in 2016. Ma Manda has a switch-reference system in which verbal suffixes on non-final verbs in a clause chain
Ma_Manda_language
Baseball player who can hit both left- and right-handed
number of switch hitters in MLB peaked in 1987 and has declined since, according to Baseball Reference data. In 2018, there were 48 switch hitters on
Switch_hitter
Muskogean language of Louisiana
final h). The use of h-grade to indicate sequence (in addition to the switch-reference marker -ok) can be seen below: /kowík icó íhbok onaí꞉patohǫ/ kowí-k
Koasati_language
Pai language spoken in Arizona, US
Havasupai-Hualapai, like other Yuman languages, is known for its switch-reference. This is a mechanism that illustrates whether the subjects are the
Havasupai–Hualapai_language
Colorado River Numic dialect used in the US
tʉka-y-aqh, "eats" to produce wii-tʉka-y-aqh, "s/he is knife-eating it". Switch reference uses the independent pronoun 'uwas, "s/he", or 'umʉs, "they", to refer
Ute_dialect
Changing between languages during a conversation
In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation is the process of shifting from one linguistic code (a language or dialect) to another, depending
Code-switching
Topics referred to by the same term
Ss (digraph) used in Pinyin ß or ss, a German-language ligature ss switch-reference in linguistics Scilicet, used as a section sign sensu stricto (in the
SS_(disambiguation)
Switch operated with pull chain found on ceiling fans
A pull switch, also known as pull-cord switch, or light pull, or pull chain is a switch that is actuated by means of a chain or string. An electric pull
Pull_switch
Electrical switch operated by an applied magnetic field
The reed switch is an electromechanical switch operated by an applied magnetic field. It was invented in 1922 by professor Valentin Kovalenkov at the
Reed_switch
Group of languages spoken in Mesoamerica
bordering on Mesoamerica are verb final (SOV). Also no languages with switch reference are attested in Mesoamerica, but this is supposed by Campbell, Kaufman
Mesoamerican_language_area
Programming statement for branching control based on a value
In computer programming, a switch statement is a selection control flow mechanism that changes execution control based on the value of an expression (i
Switch_statement
Model of communication of seven abstraction layers
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference model developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that "provides
OSI_model
Device that reacts to the loss of the operator
A dead man's switch is a switch that is designed to be activated or deactivated if the human operator becomes incapacitated, such as through abandonment
Dead_man's_switch
Ndu language spoken in Papua New Guinea
subordinate clauses in Iatmul are realised by switch-reference and allow for clause chains. With switch-reference markers on a verb it is possible to express
Iatmul_language
Yuman language spoken in Mexico and US
optional elsewhere. Tiipai exhibits, like other Yuman languages, a switch-reference system, with different suffixes depending on the mood of the dependent
Tiipai_language
Device that connects computer front-end hardware to multiple computers
A KVM switch (with KVM being an abbreviation for "keyboard, video, and mouse") is a hardware device that allows a user to control multiple computers from
KVM_switch
Ok language of Western New Guinea
also take suffixes indicating aspect and mood, they may be marked for switch-reference, and there are a number of non-finite forms. Complex predicates are
Muyu_language
Xbox Series, Switch 2, Switch, and PC". Gematsu. Retrieved September 25, 2025. It will launch for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, Switch 2, Switch, and PC via
List of video games released in 2026
List_of_video_games_released_in_2026
Power supply with switching regulator
A switched-mode power supply (SMPS), also called switching-mode power supply, switch-mode power supply, switched power supply, or simply switcher, is
Switched-mode_power_supply
2023 video game
subsequently ported to Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 in 2024, and on Xbox Series X/S, iOS, Android and Nintendo Switch 2 in 2025 under the Japanese
The_Exit_8
Topics referred to by the same term
("Denzinger-Schönmetzer", DS), a book of Catholic dogma Different subject (DS), in switch-reference "DS 21", a 1989 song by Jane Child from Jane Child All pages with titles
DS
Indigenous language of Mexico
"national languages". In regard to language typology, the language has switch-reference, is highly polysynthetic and verbs may consist of as many as 20 different
Huichol_language
Switch on the console of a computer that can be read by software
A sense switch, or program switch, is a switch on the front panel of a computer whose state can be tested by conditional branch instructions in software
Sense_switch
2023 song by Carly Rae Jepsen
such a trip, it's like a psychedelic switch." It makes direct reference to psychedelic experiences. "Psychedelic Switch" was met with critical acclaim upon
Psychedelic_Switch
Measurement method using interference of waves
monochromatic light only for initially setting up their equipment, always switching to white light for the actual measurements. The reason is that measurements
Interferometry
Switch in motor vehicles
An ignition switch, starter switch or start switch is a switch in the control system of a motor vehicle that activates the main electrical systems for
Ignition_switch
2025 video game
released in September 2025 for both platforms alongside Nintendo Switch and Nintendo Switch 2, and later for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S in April 2026
Hades_II
Yukaghir language of northeastern Russia
are marked for switch reference. Besides indicating whether the verb of a following clause shares the same subject, the switch-reference markers also describe
Tundra_Yukaghir_language
2026 video game
Beethoven & Dinosaur and published by Annapurna Interactive for Nintendo Switch 2, PlayStation 5, Windows and Xbox Series X/S, released on 7 May 2026. It
Mixtape_(video_game)
Flexible rod used for corporal punishment
A switch is a thin, flexible twig from a tree or shrub used as an implement in corporal punishment. The application of a switch is called switching. Switches
Switch_(corporal_punishment)
Electric switch that uses the centrifugal force of a rotating shaft
A centrifugal switch is an electric switch that operates using the centrifugal force created from a rotating shaft, most commonly that of an electric motor
Centrifugal_switch
Operating system for the Nintendo Switch and Nintendo Switch 2
Nintendo Switch system software (also known by its codename Horizon) is an updatable firmware and operating system used by the Nintendo Switch and Nintendo
Nintendo Switch system software
Nintendo_Switch_system_software
Language assessment rubric
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages
Collection of electronic switches arranged in a matrix
a crossbar switch (cross-point switch, matrix switch) is a collection of switches arranged in a matrix configuration. A crossbar switch has multiple
Crossbar_switch
Language spoken in Papua New Guinea
the Strickland River in Western Province of Papua New Guinea. It has switch-reference marking for the subject of a clause. Samo at Ethnologue (18th ed.,
Samo_language_(New_Guinea)
Interconnection of two or more electrical switches
In building wiring, multiway switching is the interconnection of two or more electrical switches to control an electrical load from more than one location
Multiway_switching
Computer device for disabled persons
Switch access is the use of one or more switches to operate computers and other devices and is primarily used by people with severe physical or cognitive
Switch_access
Active electronic circuit controlling the current through a load
electronic switch is a switch controlled by an active electronic component or device. Without using moving parts, they are called solid state switches, which
Electronic_switch
Austroasiatic language
either remain intact or change at par with the main stems. Gtaʔ has two switch reference markers, tʃe (same subject) and la (different subject) to link the
Gtaʼ_language
Mechanism to transfer rail vehicles from one track to another
A railroad switch (AE), turnout, or (set of) points (CE) is a mechanical installation enabling railway trains to be guided from one track to another, such
Railroad_switch
Type of switch
A knife switch is a type of switch used to control the flow of electricity in a circuit. It is composed of a hinge which allows a metal lever, or knife
Knife_switch
List of characters appearing in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Contents: A–L (previous page) M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References Mary MacPherran (portrayed by Jameela Jamil), also known as Titania, is
Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe: M–Z
Characters_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe:_M–Z
Reference management software
ISSN 0020-7101. PMID 3549574. Thomson Reuters Reference Manager web page urging switch to EndNote Reference Manager Email List Archive via the last scrape
Reference_Manager
Two or more expressions in a text with the same referent
co-refers with a later, more specific, expression Nearest referent Switch-reference – Concept in linguistics Word-sense disambiguation – Identification
Coreference
An inertial switch is a switch, firmly mounted upon a vehicle or other mobile device, that triggers in the event of shock or vibration. It is a part of
Inertial_switch
Type of mechanical device
A rotary switch is a switch operated by rotation. These are often chosen when more than 2 positions are needed, such as a three-speed fan or a CB radio
Rotary_switch
Language indigenous to New Mexico
incorporation. Like other languages in the Southwest, Zuni employs switch-reference. Newman (1965, 1996) classifies Zuni words according to their structural
Zuni_language
American baseball player (born 1996)
regarded as one of MLB's elite power hitters, all-around catchers, and switch hitters. In 2024, Raleigh won an American League (AL) Gold Glove Award and
Cal_Raleigh
Fundamental concept of classical mechanics
relativity, an inertial frame of reference (also called an inertial space or a Galilean reference frame) is a frame of reference in which objects exhibit inertia:
Inertial_frame_of_reference
Maipurean language of Brazil
=pita, =ta 'once again', ! completive =niki 'totally, completely' Switch reference and clause-chaining ! Emphatic enclitics a/ya, wani; evidence sõ The
Tariana_language
Dormant Pomoan language
The switch-reference suffixes of Eastern Pomo are given in the table below: 1 Occurs only with meaning (1) An example of one of the switch-reference markers
Eastern_Pomo_language
Simplified Chinese newspaper
in China. On 2 January 1985, Reference News was approved to cancel its "internal publication" designation and switched to public distribution. Milosevic
Reference_News
computers, vacuum switches were employed to regulate the flow of engine vacuums in automobiles. For instance, a dual port vacuum switch located in a port
Vacuum_switch
Aggregate of all public telephone networks
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony
Public switched telephone network
Public_switched_telephone_network
A membrane switch is a custom switch assembly that can open or close the conducting path in an electrical circuit and requires at least one contact made
Membrane_switch
2023 video game
2023 platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It is the first side-scrolling Super Mario game since New Super Mario Bros
Super_Mario_Bros._Wonder
Method for transmitting data over a computer network
In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping data into short messages in fixed format, i.e., packets, that are transmitted over a telecommunications
Packet_switching
Madang language spoken in Papua New Guinea
temporal overlap—actions occur simultaneously). They also encode switch reference. Switch reference indicates whether the referents of the clause in question
Ogea_language
1965 novel by Damon Knight
Mind Switch is a science fiction novel by American writer Damon Knight. It follows two individuals, a reporter for Paris-Soir and an intelligent alien
Mind_Switch
In electronics, a banyan switch is a complex crossover switch used in electrical or optical switches. It is named for its resemblance to the roots of
Banyan_switch
Electromechanical multi-pole switch controlled by a chain of pulses
engineering, a stepping switch or stepping relay, also known as a uniselector, is an electromechanical device that switches an input signal path to one
Stepping_switch
Panoan language of western Amazonia
and categories like associated motion. Yaminawa also has a set of switch reference enclitics that encode same or different subject relationships as well
Yaminawa_language
Handheld game console by Nintendo
action buttons ('A', 'B', 'START', and 'SELECT'), and a sliding on–off switch on the right side of the device. Volume is adjusted by a potentiometer dial
Game_Boy_Color
Telecommunication system for establishing telephone calls
telephone exchange, telephone switch, or central office is a central component of a telecommunications system in the public switched telephone network (PSTN)
Telephone_exchange
Software based telecommunications call routing
A softswitch (software switch) is a call-switching node in a telecommunications network, based not on the specialized switching hardware of the traditional
Softswitch
Layer 2 network routing loop
endpoints (e.g., multiple connections between two network switches or two ports on the same switch connected to each other). The loop creates broadcast storms
Switching_loop
the list of Nintendo Switch games. There are currently 4097 games across List of Nintendo Switch games (0–9), List of Nintendo Switch games (A–Am), this
List of Nintendo Switch games (An–Az)
List_of_Nintendo_Switch_games_(An–Az)
of party switchers in the United States List of United States representatives who switched parties List of United States senators who switched parties
List of American politicians who switched parties in office
List_of_American_politicians_who_switched_parties_in_office
Storytelling device
non-technology swapping, switches can be caused by magic items such as amulets, heartfelt wishes, or just strange quirks of the universe. The switches typically reverse
Body_swap
North American aboriginal language
syntactic suffixes include relativizers, subordinating conjunctions, and switch-reference indicators. A skeletal representation of the Kiowa verb structure can
Kiowa_language
crossover switch or matrix switch is a switch connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs using complex array matrices designed to switch inputs to
Crossover_switch
Curaçaoan baseball player (born 2003)
professional baseball pitcher in the St. Louis Cardinals organization. He is a switch pitcher, having the rare ability to pitch proficiently with both his right
Jurrangelo_Cijntje
Computer expansion bus standard
ability to allocate fewer lanes for slower devices. A PCIe switch is like a network switch, except that it works with PCIe connections. In the tree topology
PCI_Express
Language of Colombia and Venezuela
both verbs. Personal pronouns in Bari distinguish both number and switch-reference, the latter being distinguished solely in the third person plural.
Barí_language
Variable power heating element controller
An infinite switch, simmerstat, energy regulator or infinite controller is a type of switch that allows variable power output of a heating element of
Infinite_switch
Light switch
A wireless light switch is a light switch that commands a light or home appliance to turn itself off or on, instead of interrupting the power line going
Wireless_light_switch
Tendency of a processor to access nearby memory locations in space or time
In computer science, locality of reference, also known as the principle of locality, is the tendency of a processor to access the same set of memory locations
Locality_of_reference
Software resource tracking technique
switching and cache line faults, they collect relatively infrequently, while accessing objects is done continually. Also, less importantly, reference
Reference_counting
2002 Japanese TV program
PythagoraSwitch (ピタゴラスイッチ, Pitagora Suitchi) is a 15-minute Japanese children's puppet animated preschool educational television program that has been
PythagoraSwitch
2025 video game
released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on September 25, 2025. A Nintendo Switch 2 version followed
Sonic_Racing:_CrossWorlds
Papuan language
over longer-terms). (Pilhofer 1933: 26-32) Kâte displays canonical switch-reference (SR) verb morphology. Coordinate-dependent (clause-medial) verbs are
Kâte_language
2025 video game
World is a 2025 kart racing game developed by Nintendo EPD for the Nintendo Switch 2. As in previous Mario Kart games, players control Mario characters as
Mario_Kart_World
Electromechanical telephone switch
The Strowger switch is the first commercially successful electromechanical stepping switch telephone exchange system. It was developed by the Strowger
Strowger_switch
Ethernet switch product line
of network switches, wireless controllers, and wireless access points sold by Cisco Systems. While commonly associated with Ethernet switches, a number
Cisco_Catalyst
American football player and commentator (born 1977)
assigned to Chris Godwin, Godwin offered it to Brady as a sign of respect and switched his number to 14. In April 2020, Brady was reunited with former Patriots
Tom_Brady
2022 video game
X/S in August 2023, macOS in December 2023, Nintendo Switch in November 2024, and Nintendo Switch 2 in May 2026. It received generally positive reviews
Stray_(video_game)
SWITCH REFERENCE
SWITCH REFERENCE
Boy/Male
British, English
Old Leader
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hick.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Devine smile
Boy/Male
Hebrew American Irish Scottish English
Who is like God? Gift from God. In the Bible, St. Michael was the conqueror of Satan and patron...
Boy/Male
Welsh
Seven.
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : ethnic name for someone from Scotland.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : in examples such as William de la Winche (Worcestershire 1275) evidently a topographic name, perhaps for someone who lived at a spot where boats were hauled up onto the land by means of pulleys, from Middle English winche ‘reel’, ‘roller’. However, Old English wince as an element of place names may also have meant ‘corner’ or ‘nook’, and in some cases the surname may be derived from this sense.English : in examples such as William le Wynch (Sussex 1327) it appears to be a nickname, perhaps from the lapwing, Old English (hlēap)wince.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of disputed origin. Reaney rejects the traditional explanation that it is a nickname derived from early modern English fitch ‘polecat’, as this word is not recorded in this form until the 16th century, whereas the byname or surname Fitchet is found as early as the 12th century. He proposes instead that the name may be from Old French fiche ‘stake’ (used as a boundary marker), but with the sense ‘iron point’, and so a metonymic occupational name for a workman who used an iron-pointed implement.The Fitches of CT, a wealthy and prominent family, were established in Norwalk, CT, before 1657 by Thomas Fitch (1612–1704). His great-grandson Thomas Fitch (c. 1700–74) was a lawyer and colonial governor of CT.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Good
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Such 1.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Freedom
Boy/Male
English American Shakespearean
Tradesman.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Rich.Altered spelling of German Ritsch, probably from a short form of a Germanic personal name based on rÄ«c ‘power(ful)’ or hrÅd ‘renown’; or an altered spelling of Swiss German Rütsch, Ruetsch, from Alemannic short forms of Rudolf.
Surname or Lastname
English (Somerset)
English (Somerset) : unexplained.Perhaps an Americanized form of German Kitsche, a Silesian and Saxon pet form of Christian.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a worker in metal, from Middle English smith (Old English smið, probably a derivative of smītan ‘to strike, hammer’). Metal-working was one of the earliest occupations for which specialist skills were required, and its importance ensured that this term and its equivalents were perhaps the most widespread of all occupational surnames in Europe. Medieval smiths were important not only in making horseshoes, plowshares, and other domestic articles, but above all for their skill in forging swords, other weapons, and armor. This is the most frequent of all American surnames; it has also absorbed, by assimilation and translation, cognates and equivalents from many other languages (for forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Girl/Female
Hindu
So sweet, Happiness
Boy/Male
English
Ermine (ferret-like mammal).
Male
English
Short form of English Mitchell, MITCH means "who is like God?"
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Dyke.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Deutsch.
Boy/Male
Welsh
Legendary son of Cleddyv Kyvwkh.
SWITCH REFERENCE
SWITCH REFERENCE
Girl/Female
Hebrew
My delight is in her.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Jain
Lord of Geet; Lord of Bhagavat Gita
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : from the medieval personal name Ponc(h)e, Pons (see Ponce).English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Ponts in La Manche and Seine-Maritime, Normandy, from Latin pontes ‘bridges’ (see Pont).English (of Norman origin) : nickname for a fop or dandy, from points ‘laces for hose’ (see Pointer 1).
Female
Polish
Polish and Scandinavian form of Greek Thekla, TEKLA means "glory of God."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Malya | மாஂலà¯à®²à¯€à®¯à®¾
Worthy to be garlanded
Girl/Female
Muslim
Exalted, Noble, Highest social standing
Boy/Male
Sikh
One whose life is full of elixir of naam
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Finnish, German, Greek, Swedish
Pearl
Girl/Female
Hindu
Born in the month of Shravan, Series
Male
Native American
 Native American Navajo name SANI means "the old one." Compare with another form of Sani.
SWITCH REFERENCE
SWITCH REFERENCE
SWITCH REFERENCE
SWITCH REFERENCE
SWITCH REFERENCE
v. t.
To pull with a sudden jerk; to pluck with a short, quick motion; to snatch; as, to twitch one by the sleeve; to twitch a thing out of another's hand; to twitch off clusters of grapes.
n.
A movable part of a rail; or of opposite rails, for transferring cars from one track to another.
v. t.
To strike with a switch or small flexible rod; to whip.
imp. & p. p.
of Switch
v. t.
To turn from one railway track to another; to transfer by a switch; -- generally with off, from, etc.; as, to switch off a train; to switch a car from one track to another.
v. t.
To trim, as, a hedge.
v. t.
To swing or whisk; as, to switch a cane.
v. i.
A single turn of the thread round a needle in knitting; a link, or loop, of yarn; as, to let down, or drop, a stitch; to take up a stitch.
v. i.
A local sharp pain; an acute pain, like the piercing of a needle; as, a stitch in the side.
v. i.
Any least part of a fabric or dress; as, to wet every stitch of clothes.
n.
A short, spastic contraction of the fibers or muscles; a simple muscular contraction; as, convulsive twitches; a twitch in the side.
n.
A swath.
n.
A mechanical device for shifting an electric current to another circuit.
v. i.
To walk with a jerk.
v. t.
To shift to another circuit.
n.
A separate mass or trees of hair, or of some substance (at jute) made to resemble hair, worn on the head by women.
v. t.
To bewitch; to fascinate; to enchant.
v. t.
To sew, or unite together by stitches; as, to stitch printed sheets in making a book or a pamphlet.
v. t.
To surround with a ditch.
n.
The act of twitching; a pull with a jerk; a short, sudden, quick pull; as, a twitch by the sleeve.