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Standards used to define surface quality
While surface imperfections can be labeled "cosmetic defects", they are not purely cosmetic. Optics for laser applications are more sensitive to surface quality
Surface imperfections (optics)
Surface_imperfections_(optics)
Model of optics describing light as geometric rays
Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometrical optics is an abstraction
Geometrical_optics
Aberration inherent to certain optical designs or due to imperfection in the lens
In optics (especially telescopes), the coma (/ˈkoʊmə/), or comatic aberration, in an optical system refers to aberration inherent to certain optical designs
Coma_(optics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Democrats. It may also refer to: Scratch & Dig, a measure of Surface imperfections of optics Search and destroy, a military strategy, notoriously in the
S&D_(disambiguation)
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
everyday interactions with light can be understood using geometrical optics. Quantum optics is an important research area in modern physics. The main source
Light
Light-conducting fiber
concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. The term was coined by Indian-American physicist Narinder Singh Kapany
Optical_fiber
within tolerance. Surface quality is the condition of the surface of an optical component. It indicates the presence of imperfections, such as scratches
Optical manufacturing and testing
Optical_manufacturing_and_testing
Branch of optics
Nonimaging optics (also called anidolic optics) is a branch of optics that is concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and
Nonimaging_optics
components) Ray transfer matrix analysis Photographic lens design Surface imperfections (optics) Stray light Fischer, Robert E.; Tadic-Galeb, Biljana; Yoder
Optical_lens_design
Final polishing of an optical surface
is the process of final polishing of an optical surface to remove imperfections or modify the surface curvature to achieve the shape required for a given
Figuring
Process whereby two closely conformal surfaces are held together by intermolecular forces
area in contact between the two bodies is small due to surface roughness and minor imperfections. However, if the bodies are conformal to an accuracy of
Optical_contact_bonding
"Bouncing back" of waves at an interface
important principle in the field of thin-film optics. Specular reflection forms images. Reflection from a flat surface forms a mirror image, which appears to
Reflection_(physics)
Locus of points at equal phase in a wave
an advanced approach to lens optics, where a single focal distance may not exist due to lens thickness or imperfections. For manufacturing reasons, a
Wavefront
Optical aberration
eye care, since the human eye often exhibits this aberration due to imperfections in the shape of the cornea or the lens. In the analysis of this form
Astigmatism_(optical_systems)
Type of deformable mirror
a type of deformable mirror with a reflective liquid surface, commonly used in adaptive optics. It is made of ferrofluid and magnetic iron particles
Ferrofluid_mirror
Optical device which transmits and refracts light
this. Anti-fogging treatment of optical surfaces Back focal plane Bokeh Cardinal point (optics) Caustic (optics) Eyepiece F-number Gravitational lens Lens
Lens
Maximum angle at which incoming sunlight can be captured by a solar concentrator
angle. The "optical imperfections" figure shows this. The left part of the figure shows a perfectly made lens with good optical surfaces s1 and s2 capturing
Acceptance angle (solar concentrator)
Acceptance_angle_(solar_concentrator)
Transparent non-crystalline solid material
practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass are named after the material, e.g., a
Glass
of the coupled light, most losses being due to scattering on the surface imperfections or impurities at the waist region. If the fibre being tapered is
Subwavelength-diameter optical fibre
Subwavelength-diameter_optical_fibre
Optical phenomenon
surface should be clear and radiant, however, due to scattering at imperfections in the surface caused by microscopic structures or textures (≈ 0.01 mm wavelength)
Haze_(optics)
Theory in art history
Schechner, Sara J. (2005). "Between Knowing and Doing: Mirrors and their Imperfections in the Renaissance". Early Science and Medicine. 10 (2): 137–162. doi:10
Hockney–Falco_thesis
Object that reflects an image
uncoated surface are better dispersed than reflected back through the medium. Surface defects are small-scale, discontinuous imperfections in the surface smoothness
Mirror
Proportion of observed intensity to ideal intensity, in astronomical imaging
factor given by the Strehl ratio. An optical system with only minor imperfections in this sense may be referred to as "diffraction limited" as its PSF
Strehl_ratio
Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c.965–c.1040)
Iraq. Referred to as "the father of modern optics", he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception in particular. His
Ibn_al-Haytham
Optical telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory in southern Russia
machine removed 8 mm of glass from the upper surface, taking with that all of the optical imperfections. Work was supposed to be finished in 2013, but
BTA-6
Nonlinear optical process
generation Nonlinear optics Optical frequency multiplier Second-harmonic imaging microscopy Spontaneous parametric down-conversion Surface second harmonic
Second-harmonic_generation
Refractive property of materials
manufacturing imperfections in optical fiber leads to birefringence, which is one cause of pulse broadening in fiber-optic communications. Such imperfections can
Birefringence
optical system do not focus on exact points because of diffraction and imperfections. This can be modeled with a point spread function (PSF) weighted within
Cone_tracing
Telescopes which utilize curved mirrors to form an image
image-forming optics. The idea that curved mirrors behave like lenses dates back at least to Alhazen's 11th century treatise on optics, works that had
Reflecting_telescope
Telescope whose mirror is a reflective liquid
of a conventional telescopic mirror. The mirror's surface is very precise, and small imperfections in the cylinder's shape do not affect it. The amount
Liquid-mirror_telescope
Turntable that plays records using laser beams
is very capable of removing pops and clicks produced by imperfections on the record surface. SAPHIR system developed at INA in 2002 (patented in France
Laser_turntable
State of a matter that cannot be seen
fibre optics: 'Instead of the fish appearing to be slightly ahead of where it is in the water, it would actually appear to be above the water's surface. For
Invisibility
Optical instrument used to measure optical densities in the microscopic domain
particularly useful to detect microscopic imperfections in optical coatings or transmission optical surfaces. Densitometer Particle size N-slit interferometer
Microdensitometer
Scientific field of study
Biophysics: a water strider using water’s surface tension to move across a pond. Astrophysics, Relativity & Optics: an astrophotograph distorted by gravitational
Physics
Light measurement tool
sizes. Hand held systems with integrated displays typically have built in optics, and an onboard computer with pre-programmed software. Mini spectrometers
Spectroradiometer
Optical drawing aid
patented in 1806 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. The basic optics were described 200 years earlier by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler
Camera_lucida
Telescope for observations with visible light
image by turbulence in the atmosphere (atmospheric seeing) and optical imperfections of the telescope, the angular resolution of an optical telescope is
Optical_telescope
for bio-inspired optics. The most abundant biopolymer on earth, cellulose, has been also utilized as a principal component for bio-optics. Modification of
Bio-inspired_photonics
Material with a continuous, unbroken crystal lattice
technological applications, especially in optics and electronics. Because entropic effects favor the presence of some imperfections in the microstructure of solids
Single_crystal
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
law, they form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model
Maxwell's_equations
Technique for determining surface structures
curves of a large set of trial structures. A real surface is not perfectly periodic but has many imperfections in the form of dislocations, atomic steps, terraces
Low-energy electron diffraction
Low-energy_electron_diffraction
Season of television series
Barnhardt, Adam (March 8, 2023). "First Daredevil: Born Again Set Videos Surface". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved
Daredevil: Born Again season 1
Daredevil:_Born_Again_season_1
Process of refining or protecting a wooden surface
sanding block or power sander, scraping, or planing. Imperfections or nail holes on the surface may be filled using wood putty or pores may be filled
Wood_finishing
Simulation of reflective surfaces
untinted. Many materials are imperfect reflectors, where the reflections are blurred to various degrees due to surface roughness that scatters the rays
Reflection (computer graphics)
Reflection_(computer_graphics)
Proposed telescope
(ELF) Telescope: New Adaptive Optics and Hybrid Dynamic Live-Optical Surfaces Strategies". Imaging and Applied Optics 2018 (3D, AO, AIO, COSI, DH, IS
ExoLife_Finder
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
The scanner uses Zeiss optics, which that company calls "the most precise mirrors in the world", produced by locating imperfections and then knocking off
EUV_lithography
Type of transmissive optical device
Perfect Lens: Resolution Beyond the Limits of Wavelength' "Surface plasmon subwavelength optics" 2009-12-05 "Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit
Superlens
Lenses placed on the eye's surface
Contact lenses, or simply contacts, are thin lenses placed directly on the surface of the eyes. Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over
Contact_lens
Materials testing procedure
method of infrared defectoscopy, that is capable of revealing material imperfections such as cracks, defects, voids, cavities and other inhomogeneities.
Active_thermography
Chemical compound
in the optics industry for its exceptional polishing capabilities. It effectively removes minor scratches and imperfections from glass surfaces through
Cerium(IV)_oxide
Research of materials
116049. OSTI 1974987. "Crystal Structure Defects and Imperfections", Crystalline Imperfections: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering, ASM
Materials_science
Physical property of allowing light
In the field of optics, transparency (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without
Transparency_and_translucency
Fused coating on ceramic objects
liquid. During this liquid phase, the glaze "heals" over the surface, smoothing out imperfections and eliminating porosity. This transition transforms the
Ceramic_glaze
grades of welds, edges and other areas with surface imperfections ISO 8501-4:2006 Part 4: Initial surface conditions, preparation grades and flash rust
List of ISO standards 8000–9999
List_of_ISO_standards_8000–9999
Physics demonstrations of light interference
W. (1991). Insight into Optics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-92769-3. Born, M.; Wolf, E. (1999). Principles of Optics. Cambridge University Press
Young's interference experiment
Young's_interference_experiment
Physics experiment
FA and White HE, Fundamentals of Optics, 1967, McGraw Hill, New York Longhurst RS, Physical and Geometrical Optics, 1967, 2nd Edition, Longmans Zee,
Double-slit_experiment
Special glass type used for optical systems
Optical Newport Glass NSG America Optics for Research OptoSigma Philips Quantum Rolyn Optics Ross Optical Special Optics Thorlabs Optical glasses are mainly
Optical_glass
Method of bulk crystal growth used to obtain single crystals
grow brittle alkali halide and alkali earth metal crystals for precision optics. The method was a response to the limited boule sizes attainable by the
Kyropoulos_method
Supernormal aspect of visual perception
When presented with colored information the optical imperfections are particularly great. The optics have residual uncorrected chromatic aberration of nearly
Hyperacuity
Form of carbon
so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections, arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth, that allow
Diamond
Apparatus for displaying a projected image
of the image source. Flat or curved screens may be used depending on the optics used to project the image and the desired geometrical accuracy of the image
Projection_screen
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
between mechanics and optics (see Hamilton's optico-mechanical analogy), encoded in the observation that the zero-wavelength limit of optics resembles a mechanical
Matter_wave
Transmitting information over optical fiber
communication.[better source needed] First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optics have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major
Fiber-optic_communication
Type of angular momentum in light
of the beam) and its total linear momentum. While widely used in laser optics, there is no unique decomposition of spin and orbital angular momentum of
Orbital angular momentum of light
Orbital_angular_momentum_of_light
ISO 10110-2:1996 Part 2: Material imperfections – Stress birefringence ISO 10110-3:1996 Part 3: Material imperfections – Bubbles and inclusions ISO 10110-4:1997
List of ISO standards 10000–11999
List_of_ISO_standards_10000–11999
Characteristic of an optical system
optical transfer function is used by optical engineers to describe how the optics project light from the object or scene onto a photographic film, detector
Optical_transfer_function
Coloured disk that appears gray when rotated
projection have been produced. Around 165 CE, Ptolemy described in his book Optics a rotating potter's wheel with different colors on it. He noted how the
Newton_disc
Type of accelerometer
range is widened by small temperature changes and vibrations, and by imperfections in the laser cavity. The line width of a specialised scientific laser
Laser_accelerometer
Munich maker of surveying, astronomical and optical instruments
Fraunhofer developed optical glass, lens-making and methods of testing finished optics. The Optical Institute at Benediktbeuern was separated contractually from
Mathematical-Mechanical Institute
Mathematical-Mechanical_Institute
Aspect of a lens or reflector
of the optical system. Lens-reflector artifacts, geometry and other imperfections determine the actual diameter of the focal cloud. A focal cloud can
Focal_cloud
Measure of lens speed
Eugene (1987). Optics (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. p. 152. ISBN 0-201-11609-X. Greivenkamp, John E. (2004). Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides
F-number
Type of bearings which use pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing surfaces
centripetal force. In contrast, fluid bearings self-correct for minor imperfections and slight deformations. Fluid bearings are typically quieter and smoother
Fluid_bearing
British physical chemist (1933–2020)
into organic crystals, particularly their growth and the effects of imperfections. He grew large high-purity crystals of various compounds, and established
John_Sherwood_(chemist)
Telecommunications device for handling signals on optical fiber
in the time delays amongst the fiber's propagating modes caused by imperfections or nonideality of the fiber refractive index profile. The primary purpose
Mode_scrambler
Visual distortion of Venus when it transits the sun
been reported in earlier centuries' transits. Larger telescopes, better optics, and limb darkening may have been factors. The Shuckburgh telescope of the
Black_drop_effect
dirt, film, or scratches on lens surfaces; reflections from lens surfaces or their mounts; and the slightly imperfect transparency (or reflection) of real
Veiling_glare
Visual artifact that depicts or records perception
signal processing, an image is a distributed amplitude of color(s). In optics, the term image (or optical image) refers specifically to the reproduction
Image
Set of waveguides including a closed loop
Ksendzov, Alexander; Lin, Ying (2005). "Integrated optics ring-resonator sensors for protein detection". Optics Letters. 30 (24): 3344–3346. Bibcode:2005OptL
Optical_ring_resonators
Interference pattern
moiré effect from opaque lines are two ends of a continuous spectrum in optics, which is called the universal moiré effect. The phase moiré effect is the
Moiré_pattern
Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
of the lens also masks optical imperfections, which are more common at lens edges. The need to mask lens imperfections gradually increases with lens curvature
Evolution_of_the_eye
which acts like a linear system with a given impulse response. Due to imperfections (e.g., aberrations) in the lens, the impulse response, a.k.a. the point
Oversampled binary image sensor
Oversampled_binary_image_sensor
Quality control process in welding
S S (2014). "Quality Level Assessment for Imperfections in GMAW". Quality Level Assessment for Imperfections in GMAW. 93 (3): S85–S97. OCLC 5562375552
Welding_inspection
Optical component
S2CID 124621249. "Integrating Sphere Design and Applications" (PDF). SphereOptics. SphereOptics LLC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-15. Schott, John
Integrating_sphere
were followed by many centuries of writings on optics, including Ptolemy (2nd century) in his Optics, who wrote about the properties of light including
History_of_the_telescope
Process in quantum computing
resonance qubits. Subsequently, demonstrations have been made with linear optics, trapped ions, and superconducting (transmon) qubits. In 2016 for the first
Quantum_error_correction
Optical device for selecting part of a spectrum
device that can produce monochromatic light has many uses in science and in optics because many optical characteristics of a material are dependent on wavelength
Monochromator
Emergence of modern science (1572-1687)
optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies. Astronomiae Pars Optica is generally recognized as the foundation of modern optics
Scientific_Revolution
State of matter with properties of both conventional liquids and crystals
2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022. "Researchers claim that ripples and imperfections in liquid crystals like those found in LCD TVs could be used to build
Liquid_crystal
Materials engineered to have properties that have not yet been found in nature
involves such fields as electrical engineering, electromagnetics, classical optics, solid state physics, microwave and antenna engineering, optoelectronics
Metamaterial
Particle with size less than 100 nm
1126/science.1242477. PMID 26450215. Cai W, Nix WD (September 2016). Imperfections in Crystalline Solids. Cambridge Core. doi:10.1017/cbo9781316389508
Nanoparticle
Used to help answer questions about Earth's carbon cycle
platforms may include instruments to measure clouds. Because of measurement imperfections and errors in fitting signals to obtain XCO2, space-based observations
Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide
Space-based_measurements_of_carbon_dioxide
French polymath (1596–1650)
geometry and algebra into analytic geometry; science, including physics, optics, mechanics, cosmology, and meteorology; physiology; and medicine. He has
René_Descartes
Blurry region in optics
In optics, a circle of confusion (CoC) is an optical spot caused by a cone of light rays from a lens not coming to a perfect focus when imaging a point
Circle_of_confusion
1—design, manufacturing and testing of the infrared channels". Applied Optics. 54 (28): 8494–8920. Bibcode:2015ApOpt..54.8494N. doi:10.1364/AO.54.008494
Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery
Nadir_and_Occultation_for_Mars_Discovery
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
every lens in the lens stacks. The stigmators compensate for slight imperfections and aberrations that cause astigmatism—a lens having a different focal
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Luminescent substance
surface of interest and, usually, the decay time is the emission parameter that indicates temperature. Because the illumination and detection optics can
Phosphor
Form of optical aberration
zone size and imperfect centration. These adverse effects are particularly noticeable when the pupil is large. A wavefront is a surface over which an
Aberrations_of_the_eye
Material that does not conduct an electric current
While glass insulators are prone to spontaneous shattering from surface imperfections or thermal shock, porcelain maintains superior mechanical stability
Insulator_(electricity)
Unreproducible object used in digital security
technology imperfections as a source of randomness by designing a PUF as a device which operation is strongly affected by technology imperfections instead
Physical_unclonable_function
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
performance, and lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes. Imperfections in the surface of the anode decrease anode-organic film interface adhesion,
OLED
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