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CRT screen
A surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) is a display technology for flat panel displays developed by a number of companies. SEDs uses nanoscopic-scale
Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display
Flat panel display technology
another developing display technology, the surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED), differing primarily in details of the electron-emission system
Field-emission_display
Output device for presentation of information in visual form
Digital Light Processing display (DLP) Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) (experimental) Field-emission display (FED) (experimental) Laser
Display_device
Vacuum tube used to display images
presented the surface-conduction electron-emitter display and field-emission displays, respectively. They both were flat-panel displays that had one (SED)
Cathode_ray_tube
Display device for presentation of images, video, or text transmitted electronically
visual displays: Liquid crystal display (LCD) including LED-backlit LCD LED display OLED display AMOLED display Plasma display Quantum dot display Electroluminescent
Electronic_visual_display
Emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
use the emitted electron energy distribution to probe aspects of the emitter surface physics and for the field emission sources used in electron beam instruments
Field_electron_emission
Television set with liquid-crystal display
backlight, organic LED, microLED, field-emission display and surface-conduction electron-emitter display technologies all produce an illuminated image directly
LCD_television
Technology rapidly developed in the late 1990s and 2000s
as not-yet-released technologies like surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) or field-emission display (FED) are in development to supersede
Large-screen television technology
Large-screen_television_technology
Electronic display technology
electroluminescent display Interferometric modulator display Field-emission display Surface-conduction electron-emitter display Static flat-panel displays rely on
Flat-panel_display
Practical physics application
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produce light (or infrared radiation) by the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor, a process
Light-emitting_diode_physics
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
schemePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets (Dark Mode) Surface-conduction electron-emitter display – CRT screen LED display microLED Mini
OLED
Electromechanical display device
A split-flap display, or a flap display, is a digital electromechanical display device that presents changeable alphanumeric text, and occasionally fixed
Split-flap_display
Type of electron microscope
electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
Scanning_electron_microscope
Two-terminal electronic component
therefore emit electrons more readily than bare metal surfaces. The plate is not heated and does not normally emit electrons; it serves as the electron-collecting
Diode
Device that controls current between electrodes
directly heated) and warm-up time (including "bright-emitter" pure tungsten filament or "dull-emitter" thoriated tungsten filament) by characteristic curves
Vacuum_tube
Type of field-effect transistor
thus it has excess electrons in its conduction band. These electrons will diffuse to the adjacent narrow band material's conduction band due to the availability
High-electron-mobility transistor
High-electron-mobility_transistor
Multi-part standard from the International Organization for Standardization
electronic visual displays Part 308: Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SED) Part 309 (TR): Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays Part 310 (TR):
ISO_9241
Type of display device
OLED display technologies. To realize all-QD LED, the challenge that should be overcome is the currently poor electrical conduction in the emitting QD layers
Quantum_dot_display
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
Hall effect. The discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson in 1897 prompted theories of electron-based conduction in solids. Karl Baedeker, by observing
Semiconductor
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
current conduction from the emitter to the collector (or the other direction in the case of NPN, with negatively charged carriers flowing from emitter to collector)
Bipolar_junction_transistor
Light dependent resistor
by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct
Photoresistor
Type of field-effect transistor
near the semiconductor surface the conduction band edge is brought close to the Fermi level, populating the surface with electrons in an inversion layer
MOSFET
Elementary particle with negative charge
The electron (e− , or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. It is an elementary particle
Electron
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
low-input-impedance device. Also, as the base–emitter voltage (VBE) is increased, the base–emitter current and hence the collector–emitter current (ICE) increase exponentially
Transistor
Set of chipsets
display Liquid crystal on silicon Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) "How Digital Light Processing Works"
Digital_light_processing
Third planet from the Sun
being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its ocean, which covers
Earth
Luminescent substance
de-excite by emitting scintillation light (fast component). In the conduction band, electrons are independent of their associated holes. Those electrons and holes
Phosphor
Topics referred to by the same term
Stochastic electrodynamics, in quantum mechanics Surface-conduction electron-emitter display, a flat-panel display technology Scottish Education Department SED
Sed_(disambiguation)
Long conducting wires which can act as electrical motors or generators
Field Emitter Arrays (FEAs), such as the cathode design by Spindt et al. The figure below displays close up visual images of a Spindt emitter. A variety
Electrodynamic_tether
Smallest unit of a chemical element
Theory of Matter (1907), Thomson estimates electrons to be 1/1700 the mass of hydrogen. "The Mechanism Of Conduction In Metals" Archived 25 October 2012 at
Atom
Diode that allows current to flow in the reverse direction at a specific voltage
junction with a low Zener voltage, in which case the reverse conduction occurs due to electron quantum tunnelling in the short distance between p and n regions
Zener_diode
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing
Quantum_dot
State of matter
thus consists of a significant portion of charged particles (ions and/or electrons). While rarely encountered on Earth, it is estimated that 99.9% of all
Plasma_(physics)
Type of field-effect transistor
closer to the bottom of the conduction band than to the top of the valence band, therefore, it forms an inversion layer of electrons, providing the conducting
Organic field-effect transistor
Organic_field-effect_transistor
Type of transistor
external field was blocked at the surface because of extra electrons which are drawn to the semiconductor surface. Electrons become trapped in those localized
Field-effect_transistor
Electronic component that exploits the electronic properties of semiconductor materials
make excellent sensors. Current conduction in a semiconductor occurs due to mobile or "free" electrons and electron holes, collectively known as charge
Semiconductor_device
Discrete device in an electronic system
device or physical entity part of an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial
Electronic_component
Type of display technology
Next generation of display technology is any display technology considered likely to outperform current display technologies like LCD or OLED. "Notice
Next generation of display technology
Next_generation_of_display_technology
carriers (typically, electrons) can cross from one region to the next. For this reason, researchers want to use ballistic conduction to improve the charge-carrier
Ballistic deflection transistor
Ballistic_deflection_transistor
Telecommunications, sound and video
ultra-large flat panel video displays that other technologies are currently not able to match in performance. OLED (organic light-emitting diode) technology is
Technology_of_television
Light source based on gas discharge
alphanumerical displays known as Nixie tubes. These have since been replaced by other display devices such as light emitting diodes, vacuum fluorescent displays, and
Neon_lamp
Type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature
temperature rises; usually because electrons are bumped up by thermal agitation from the valence band to the conduction band. An NTC is commonly used as
Thermistor
DC-DC voltage step-down power converter
caused by conduction of the body diode. Many MOSFET based buck converters also include a diode to aid the lower MOSFET body diode with conduction during
Buck_converter
Semiconductor diode
(mobile electrons) play a significant role in the normal operation of the device. The majority carriers are quickly injected into the conduction band of
Schottky_diode
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
the conduction band of the quantum dot, allowing for the transfer of electrons between the two, preventing recombination of the holes and electrons within
Silicon
Type of solid-state switch
larger current of the anode-to-cathode path. In a two-lead thyristor, conduction begins when the potential difference between the anode and cathode themselves
Thyristor
Type of electrode and part of cold cathode fluorescent lamp
vacuum fluorescent displays. The surface of cold cathodes can emit secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity (breakdown). An electron that leaves the
Cold_cathode
Quantum mechanical phenomenon
close to a conduction surface that has a voltage bias, measuring the current of electrons that are tunnelling between the needle and the surface reveals
Quantum_tunnelling
Assembly of electrodes at either end of an insulated tube filled with gas
ionizing the gas with an applied voltage sufficient to cause electrical conduction by the underlying phenomena of the Townsend discharge. A gas-discharge
Gas-filled_tube
Sensors of light or other electromagnetic energy
Photons cause electrons to transition from the conduction band of a material to free electrons in a vacuum or gas. Thermal: Photons cause electrons to transition
Photodetector
Experimental transistor
tunneling (BTBT) occurs when the conduction band of the intrinsic region aligns with the valence band of the P region. Electrons from the valence band of the
Tunnel field-effect transistor
Tunnel_field-effect_transistor
Type of electrical rectifier with a liquid cathode
continues. While the current is carried by electrons, the positive ions returning to the cathode allow the conduction path to be largely unaffected by the space
Mercury-arc_valve
Magnetic effect in insulators between ferromagnets
consideration for this are called ferromagnetic half-metals. Their conduction electrons are fully spin-polarized. This property is theoretically predicted
Tunnel_magnetoresistance
Electronic device
bias voltage is applied to the QWIP, the entire conduction band is tilted. Without light the electrons in the quantum wells just sit in the ground state
Quantum well infrared photodetector
Quantum_well_infrared_photodetector
Transistor using different semiconductor materials
holes from the base into the emitter region, since the potential barrier in the valence band is higher than in the conduction band. Unlike BJT technology
Heterojunction bipolar transistor
Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor
Scanning electron microscope with a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber
environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens
Environmental scanning electron microscope
Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope
Type of solid state switch
decrease, resulting in roughly square relationship decrease in forward conduction versus blocking voltage capability of the device. By injecting minority
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor
System designed to maintain a constant voltage
load (causing an increase in the collector–emitter voltage to observe KVL), the transistor's base–emitter voltage (UBE) increases, turning the transistor
Voltage_regulator
Atmospheric electrical phenomenon
is set by the second Townsend coefficient (the mean free path of conduction electrons) near breakdown. Wandering glow discharges are found to occur within
Ball_lightning
Solar power cell with multiple band gaps from different materials
to an electron if hν ≥ Eg, generating an electron-hole pair. In the depletion region, the drift electric field Edrift accelerates both electrons and holes
Multi-junction_solar_cell
Gas-filled tube used as a rectifier
heavy conduction between the main electrodes. At the surface of the mercury, heating by the resulting arc liberates large numbers of electrons which help
Ignitron
Electric light bulb with a resistively heated wire filament
vacuum tubes as a source of electrons or in vacuum tubes to heat an electron-emitting electrode. When used as a source of electrons, they may have a special
Incandescent_light_bulb
Form of diode
energy comes from the kinetic energy of ballistic electrons, that is, electrons in the conduction band but moving with sufficient kinetic energy such
Gunn_diode
Gas-filled tube, electrical switch, rectifier
tube, conduction is dominated by free electrons because the distance between anode and cathode is small compared to the mean free path of electrons. A thyratron
Thyratron
Device measuring ionizing radiation
the semiconductor. As a result, a number of electrons are transferred from the valence band to the conduction band, and an equal number of holes are created
Semiconductor_detector
lead, the electrons or holes would be pushed out, across the block of semiconductor, and collect on the far surface. As long as the emitter and collector
History_of_the_transistor
Diode that works using quantum tunneling
(100 Å) wide. The heavy doping results in a broken band gap, where conduction band electron states on the N-side are more or less aligned with valence band
Tunnel_diode
the relative conduction and valence band edge alignment of the core and the shell. In type I semiconductor heterostructures, the electron and holes tend
Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal
Core–shell_semiconductor_nanocrystal
Form of electromagnetic radiation
flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum
Infrared
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
common emitter (or common source, common cathode, etc.) is most often configured to provide amplification of a voltage applied between base and emitter, and
Amplifier
charge carrier concentration at emitter side in n-base layer is low as holes injected from collector easily pass to emitter electrode through p-base layer
MOS composite static induction thyristor
MOS_composite_static_induction_thyristor
Metal-free biologically compatible quantum dots with photoluminescence
the conduction band and valence band being forbidden because of its indirect band gap. In 1990, Leigh Canham showed that silicon wafers can emit light
Silicon_quantum_dot
Solid-state photodetector
region and the forward voltage are used during conduction, while the reverse bias region prevents conduction. When operated with a low reverse bias voltage
Single-photon_avalanche_diode
Four-layer solid-state current-controlling device
applied with respect to the instant of natural conduction (ωt = 0), controls the start of conduction. Once the SCR conducts, the SCR does not turn off
Silicon_controlled_rectifier
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
lattice constant a ≈ 2.46 Å. The conduction and valence bands correspond to the different signs. With one pz electron per atom in this model, the valence
Graphene
Lamp using fluorescence to produce light
shorten the life of lamps. Each start cycle slightly erodes the electron-emitting surface of the cathodes; when all the emission material is gone, the lamp
Fluorescent_lamp
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
heated by a separate current, and a metal plate anode. The filament emitted electrons by thermionic emission (the Edison effect), discovered by Thomas Edison
Rectifier
Type of thin-film solar cell
push an electron out of the lower-energy valence band into the higher-energy conduction band. As the name implies, electrons in the conduction band are
Dye-sensitized_solar_cell
Type of non-planar transistor
some device width is sacrificed by cutting it into narrow widths, the conduction of the side wall of narrow fins more than make up for the loss, for tall
Fin_field-effect_transistor
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
memristive device, with resistance being a function of the number of conduction electrons ne. v M = R ( n e ) i M d n e d t = β n + α R ( n e ) i M 2 {\displaystyle
Memristor
Passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in its magnetic field
current equally between the strands, resulting in a larger cross-sectional conduction area than an equivalent single wire. Axial Inductor Small inductors for
Inductor
Stream of charged particles from the Sun
outermost atmospheric layer, the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV
Solar_wind
Electronic component
field strength becomes large enough to pull electrons in the dielectric from their atoms thus causing conduction. Other scenarios are possible, such as impurities
Capacitor
Type of field-effect transistor
depletion layer spans the width of the conduction channel, pinch-off is achieved and drain-to-source conduction stops. Pinch-off occurs at a particular
JFET
Device used to produce electricity from light
valence and conduction bands. Theoretically, introducing an IB allows two photons with energy less than the bandgap to excite an electron from the valence
Solar_cell
Electrical device
rather than current as with BJTs. A SEPIC is said to be in continuous-conduction mode ("continuous mode") if the currents through inductors L1 and L2 never
Single-ended primary-inductor converter
Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter
Gas-filled tube used as a high-speed switch
metallization on the inner surface of an alumina tube. The trigger pulse causes surface flashover, which liberates electrons and vaporized surface discharge material
Krytron
Field of materials science
McNeill, R.; Siudak, R.; Wardlaw, J. H.; Weiss, D. E. (1963). "Electronic Conduction in Polymers. I. The Chemical Structure of Polypyrrole". Aust. J. Chem
Organic_electronics
Electronic component
below which no significant conduction occurs. Breakdown voltage: the voltage at which some specified and significant conduction occurs. Clamping voltage:
Transient-voltage-suppression diode
Transient-voltage-suppression_diode
Tunneling diode
of the emitter side. As voltage is increased, the terahertz wave dies out because the energy value in the quantum well is outside the emitter side energy
Resonant-tunneling_diode
Optical instrument
populated with low energy electrons and the conduction band, which is sparsely populated with high energy electrons. The two energy bands are separated by
Quantum-cascade_laser
Type of semiconductor
appropriate work function. When both electrons and holes are injected from opposite contacts, they can recombine radiatively and emit light (electroluminescence)
Organic_semiconductor
Power amplifier
drive the gate of the high side FET gate a few volts above the source or emitter pin's voltage so as to switch it on. This strategy works well provided
Gate_driver
Thin semiconductors
hundreds meV in the valence band and a few meV in the conduction band, which allows control of the electron spin by tuning the excitation laser photon energy
Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers
Solid-state semiconductor device
on because its n-type base becomes forward-biased with respect to its emitter (MT2). Thus, the triggering scheme is the same as an SCR. The equivalent
TRIAC
Austrian-Swedish nuclear physicist (1878–1968)
and thorium-238. Meitner discovered the cause of the emission of electrons from surfaces of atoms with "signature" energies, now known as the Auger-Meitner
Lise_Meitner
"excites" it into the conduction band where it is free to move around within the semiconductor. The network of covalent bonds that the electron was previously
Theory_of_solar_cells
Weather phenomenon involving electrostatic discharge
cloud and the positive surface charge excess below, there is a large drop in resistance across the lightning channel. Electrons accelerate rapidly as a
Lightning
emit photoelectrons from the surface of the material. These photoelectrons are detected by an electron analyzer placed close to the samples surface in
Nano-ARPES
Gem variety of the mineral corundum
charge transfer, which is the transfer of an electron from one transition-metal ion to another via the conduction or valence band. The iron can take the form
Sapphire
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