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Second infection on top of a previous one
A superinfection is a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that
Superinfection
Multiple strains of HIV in one person
HIV superinfection (also called HIV reinfection) is a condition in which a person with an established human immunodeficiency virus infection acquires a
HIV_superinfection
Inhibition of virus growth caused by previous exposure of cells to another virus
Viral interference, also known as superinfection resistance, is the inhibition of viral reproduction caused by previous exposure of cells to another virus
Viral_interference
1918–1920 global influenza pandemic
camps and hospitals, and poor hygiene which in turn promoted bacterial superinfection, killing most of the victims after a typically prolonged death bed.
Spanish_flu
Human infectious disease
hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection). HDV infecting a person with chronic hepatitis B (superinfection) is considered the most serious type
Hepatitis_D
Sexual penetration without the use of a condom
embryo. Human sexuality portal LGBTQ portal Creampie (sexual act) HIV superinfection Saddlebacking Sexual practices between men Condom fatigue Partridge
Bareback_sex
Species of flea
Heukelbach J, Eisele M, Souza A, Barbosa L, Carvalho C (2002). "Bacterial superinfection in human tungiasis". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 7 (7):
Tunga_penetrans
Virus that infects bacteria
from phagocytosis, protecting hosts from secondary infection through superinfection exclusion, enhancing host pathogenicity, or enhancing bacterial metabolism
Bacteriophage
Itchy skin rash due to clogged sweat glands
duration of symptoms in miliaria rubra even in the absence of obvious superinfection. Other topical agents that may reduce the severity of symptoms include
Miliaria
Tuberculosis of the spine
collapse and spinal damage. A dry soft-tissue mass often forms and superinfection is rare. Spread of infection from the lumbar vertebrae to the psoas
Pott's_disease
Poisonous plant from tropical North and South America
produce severe gastroenteritis with bleeding, shock, and bacterial superinfection, as well as the potential for airway compromise due to edema. When ingested
Manchineel
Spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection
co-infected by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as HIV superinfection. The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact
HIV/AIDS
equivalence Substitution Suicide gene Supercoil Supercoiling Supergene Superinfection Suppressor gene Suppressor mutation Svedberg unit Swivelase Sympatric
Index_of_genetics_articles
Medical condition
lesions. The destructive nature of donovanosis also increases the risk of superinfection by other pathogenic microbes. Small, painless nodules appear after about
Granuloma_inguinale
Viral disease affecting humans
develops. Instead the medications are generally aimed at treating superinfections, maintaining good hydration with adequate fluids, and pain relief.
Measles
Antibiotic derived from Penicillin
nausea, rash, urticaria, pain and inflammation at injection site, superinfection (including candidiasis), allergy, and transient increases in liver enzymes
Flucloxacillin
bacterial host, as with the example of gp15 of phage HK97 serving as a superinfection exclusion protein. The term moron comes from the notion that the additional
Moron_(bacteriophage)
Sexually transmitted bacterial infection in humans
abscesses may develop and rupture to form draining sinus or giant ulcer. Superinfection by Fusarium and Bacteroides. These later require debridement and may
Chancroid
Simultaneous infection from multiple pathogens
virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection.[citation needed] Global prevalence or incidence of coinfection among
Coinfection
Inflammation of the liver
In people who have chronic hepatitis B infection and are at risk for superinfection with the hepatitis D virus, the preventive strategies are the same as
Hepatitis
Subtype of Influenza A virus
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1
Model concept in transmission of infectious disease
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Secondary_attack_rate
Activation or suppression of the immune system to treat disease
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Immunotherapy
Inflammation of the mouth, lips, and gums, often due to herpes infection
preventing outbreak. Antibiotics are rarely prescribed to treat bacterial superinfection of oral lesions. Antiviral drugs are used to treat herpetic gingivostomatitis
Herpetic_gingivostomatitis
Group of antibiotics derived from fungi
diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, rash, neurotoxicity, urticaria, and superinfection (including candidiasis). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people)
Penicillin
Fingertip skin lesion due to infection by the herpes virus
Lancing or surgically debriding the lesion may make it worse by causing a superinfection or encephalitis. Even though the disease is self-limiting, as with many
Herpetic_whitlow
First documented patient in the population of an epidemiological investigation
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Index_case
Illness from eating spoiled or contaminated food
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Foodborne_illness
Infection by a pathogen of non-human origin
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Zoonosis
Epithelial disruption of the cornea of the eye due to trauma or infection
any type of corneal ulcer because they prevent healing, may lead to superinfection with fungi and other bacteria and will often make the condition much
Corneal_ulcer
Superfamily of insects
M.; Moran, Nancy A.; Hunter, M. S. (2006). "Costs and benefits of a superinfection of facultative symbionts in aphids". Proceedings of the Royal Society
Aphid
Translational immunologist
progression," Journal of Virology. "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection occurs despite relatively robust neutralizing antibody responses," Journal
Catherine_Blish
Reluctance or refusal of vaccines
example, natural varicella infection carries a higher risk of bacterial superinfection with Group A streptococci. Natural measles infection carries a high
Vaccine_hesitancy
Resistance of microbes to drugs directed against them
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Antimicrobial_resistance
hypersensitivity, nausea, rash, neurotoxicity, urticaria (hives), and superinfection (including candidiasis). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people)
Side_effects_of_penicillin
Class of pharmaceutical drugs
dizziness, oral and vaginal candidiasis, pseudomembranous colitis, superinfection, eosinophilia, nephrotoxicity, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and fever
Cephalosporin
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Infection
Rapid spread of disease affecting a large number of people in a short time
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Epidemic
Ongoing global outbreak of avian flu H5N1
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
2020–2026_H5N1_outbreak
Surgical procedure
Reconstructive vaginoplasty in children and adolescents carries the risk of superinfection. In adults, rates and types of complications varied with gender-affirming
Vaginoplasty
Concentration of water vapour in the air
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Humidity
Infection transmitted through human sexual behavior
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Sexually transmitted infection
Sexually_transmitted_infection
Infectious disease
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Influenza
Choosing sexual partners based on their HIV status
Petropoulos, CJ; et al. (2005). "HIV drug resistance acquired through superinfection". AIDS. 19 (12): 1251–1256. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000180095.12276.ac
Serosorting
Non-living object capable of carrying infectious agents
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Fomite
Antibiotic medication
Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea Drug-resistant bacterial superinfection Severe allergic reactions including hives, rashes and itching Rifaximin
Rifaximin
Medical condition
and gangrene are other common complications of severe infestation and superinfection. Staphylococcus aureus and Wolbachia endobacteria can be transmitted
Tungiasis
Medication for urinary tract infections
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Urinary_anti-infective_agent
Equipment designed to help protect an individual from hazards
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Personal_protective_equipment
Species of bacterium
during a viral respiratory infection, which may lead to S. pyogenes superinfection. S. pyogenes can also cause disease in the form of post-infectious "non-pyogenic"
Streptococcus_pyogenes
Subtype of influenza A virus
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1
Pandemic involving influenza
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Influenza_pandemic
Medical condition
to date but antibiotics are typically unnecessary unless a bacterial superinfection is suspected. Antivenom drugs have been created for certain species
Arthropod_bites_and_stings
Infection caused by influenza viruses endemic to pig
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Swine_influenza
Species of virus
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Influenza_A_virus
Variants of the human immunodeficiency virus
with severe variants still appearing. HIV Drug Resistance Database HIV superinfection History of HIV/AIDS Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS Timeline of HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS
Subtypes_of_HIV
Tetracycline-class antibiotic
in terms of patient outcomes, heightened risks of adverse events, superinfections, increased healthcare costs, and the potential for development of antibiotic
Doxycycline
Family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms
suggesting that mini-CRISPR arrays represent a mechanism of heterotypic superinfection exclusion and participate in interviral conflicts. CRISPR gene editing
CRISPR
Species of virus
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Influenza_B_virus
Species of flatworm
eggs are spheroid and are between 31 and 36 micrometers in diameter. Superinfection in cats is possible if they are fed young tapeworms in the presence
Taenia_taeniaeformis
Antibiotic derived from Penicillin
nausea, rash, urticaria, pain and inflammation at injection site, superinfection (including candidiasis), allergy, and transient increases in liver enzymes
Dicloxacillin
Drug used to killed microorganisms or stop their growth
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Antimicrobial
Medical condition
period. The use of steroids can actually cause a corneal microbial superinfection which then requires antimicrobial therapy to eliminate. Wright, P. W
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Acute_hemorrhagic_conjunctivitis
Antibiotic medication
include anaphylaxis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, superinfection, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, tinnitus, dizziness and/or
Vancomycin
Bacteriophage genome that is integrated into a bacterial cell
microbial population. On the other hand, induction, transduction and superinfection exclusion mechanisms confer many beneficial functions to the host. Induction
Prophage
Inflammation of the parotid glands
of acute parotitis, with further inflammation secondary to bacterial superinfection. The blockage may be from a salivary stone, a mucous plug, or, more
Parotitis
Recurring periods of influenza
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Flu_season
Promoting health through informed choices
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Public_health
Family of RNA viruses including the influenza viruses
more than one variety of influenza virus has infected the same cell (superinfection). The resulting alteration in the genome segments packaged into viral
Orthomyxoviridae
Mouth and nose cover against bacterial aerosols
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Surgical_mask
Organism that harbours another organism
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Host_(biology)
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
SARS-CoV-2_in_mink
Vaccine against influenza
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Influenza_vaccine
Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Antibiotic
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Simulation_exercise
2009–2010 pandemic of swine influenza caused by H1N1 influenza virus
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
2009_swine_flu_pandemic
Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
bombardments in the weeks and months to come, because of the risks of superinfection and because their pathology will be treated late, then yes, the figure
Casualties_of_the_Gaza_war
Practices performed to preserve health
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Hygiene
Reddening, swelling, numbness and skin peeling due to chemotherapy
symptomatic treatment to provide analgesia, lessen edema, and prevent superinfection. However, the treatment for the underlying cancer of the patient must
Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema
Chemotherapy-induced_acral_erythema
Infectious disease = Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
possibly due to a weak immune response or the nature of the pathogen. Superinfection – secondary infection occurring on top of a pre-existing one, often
Outline of infectious disease concepts
Outline_of_infectious_disease_concepts
Therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections
phage insensitivity can be caused by: prevention of phage DNA entry by superinfection exclusion systems; or degradation of phage DNA by restriction-modification
Phage_therapy
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Influenza A virus subtype H5N9
Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N9
The following is a partial list of the "C" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM)
List_of_MeSH_codes_(C03)
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
United States influenza statistics by flu season
United_States_influenza_statistics_by_flu_season
Respiratory failure due to widespread inflammation in the lungs
M, Pierce RJ, Dei-Cas E, Viscogliosi E (September 2007). "Pulmonary Superinfection by Trichomonads in the Course of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome"
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome
Pathogen that is transmitted through blood transfusion
donations. However, the Delta agent is not screened, since it is a superinfection of Hepatitis B and cannot exist alone. Hepatitis C is often a silent
Transfusion–transmitted infection
Transfusion–transmitted_infection
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Global_spread_of_H5N1_in_2004
Type of mathematical model used for infectious diseases
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Compartmental models (epidemiology)
Compartmental_models_(epidemiology)
Strain of H5N1 influenza virus
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Influenza pandemic Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza
Goose_Guangdong_virus
Disease which is constantly present in an area
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Endemic_(epidemiology)
Disease transmission via pathogens from fecal particles
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Fecal–oral_route
Chemical compound
partial-thickness burns. [citation needed] Adverse reactions can include superinfection, pain or burning upon application, rash, pruritus, tachypnea, or hyperventilation
Mafenide
Concept in epidemiology
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Herd_immunity
Field of immunology research
reverse-transcriptase inhibitors Health interventions History of HIV/AIDS HIV superinfection Innate resistance to HIV Sex education "Male Circumcision". Centers
HIV/AIDS_research
Chance over time of a medical condition
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Incidence_(epidemiology)
Elimination of a disease from all hosts
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Eradication of infectious diseases
Eradication_of_infectious_diseases
Infectious disease readily spread by pathogen transmission
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Contagious_disease
Co-occurrence of two or more diseases
comorbidity. Coinfection Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders Superinfection Syndemic "comorbidity", Wiktionary, 2022-02-07, retrieved 2022-08-18
Comorbidity
Occurs when a reservoir population causes an epidemic in a novel host population
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Spillover_infection
Scientific discipline
Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Transmission heterogeneity Super-spreader Viral load Window period Modes
Food_safety
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