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See searches and references containing SUBJECTIVE LOGIC!SUBJECTIVE LOGIC
Type of probabilistic logic
Subjective logic is a type of probabilistic logic that explicitly takes epistemic uncertainty and source trust into account. In general, subjective logic
Subjective_logic
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
probabilities, the analyst can express arguments as subjective opinions. Abduction in subjective logic is thus a generalization of probabilistic abduction
Abductive_reasoning
Work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
'The Subjective Logic', was published in 1816 the same year he became a professor of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. Science of Logic is too
Science_of_Logic
Applications of logic under uncertainty
uncertainty about the probabilities they provide, such as defined in subjective logic, are additional elements to consider. The need to deal with a broad
Probabilistic_logic
Rule of logical inference
Introduction to Logic Second Edition, Harcourt Academic Press, Burlington MA, ISBN 978-0-12-238452-3. Audun Jøsang, 2016, Subjective Logic; A formalism for
Modus_ponens
Interpretation of probability
interpretation of probability can be seen as an extension of propositional logic that enables reasoning with hypotheses; that is, with propositions whose
Bayesian_probability
Term in psychology and sociology
can be used to estimate his subjective probability of a transaction. The logic for uncertain probabilities (subjective logic) has been introduced by Josang
Trust_metric
Rule of logical inference
Modus tollens represents an instance of the abduction operator in subjective logic expressed as: ω P ‖ ~ Q A = ( ω Q | P A , ω Q | ¬ P A ) ⊚ ~ ( a P
Modus_tollens
Mathematical logic concept
P)} . Contraposition represents an instance of the subjective Bayes' theorem in subjective logic expressed as: ( ω P | ~ Q A , ω P | ~ ¬ Q A ) = ( ω
Contraposition
Situations involving imperfect or unknown information
probability density functions over (first-order) probabilities. Opinions in subjective logic carry this type of uncertainty. Risk exists when the future realized
Uncertainty
Basic distinction in philosophy
consciousness that can believe, they must be subjective. This is in contrast to what has been proven by pure logic or hard sciences, which does not depend
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Probability distribution
be derived. In standard logic, propositions are considered to be either true or false. In contradistinction, subjective logic assumes that humans cannot
Beta_distribution
Science of characterizing uncertainties
mathematically equivalent ways consisting of a triangle of subjective opinions from subjective logic and as a Beta probability density function. The opinion
Uncertainty_quantification
System for reasoning about vagueness
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept
Fuzzy_logic
German philosopher (1770–1831)
standards are arbitrary or subjective. Hegel's translator and scholar of German idealism George di Giovanni likewise interprets the Logic as (drawing upon, yet
Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel
Process to evaluate alternative hypotheses
automation is visualization-oriented. Work by Pope and Jøsang uses subjective logic, a formal mathematical methodology that explicitly deals with uncertainty
Analysis of competing hypotheses
Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses
Irish philosopher (1867–1937)
Henry Stewart (1929). Hegel's logic of world and idea: being a translation of the second and third parts of the Subjective logic. Subjektive Logik.Pt. 2-3English
Henry_Stewart_Macran
Mathematical framework to model epistemic uncertainty
to optimizing robustness to failure Subjective logic – Type of probabilistic logic Doxastic logic – Type of logic regarding reasoning about beliefs Linear
Dempster–Shafer_theory
Form of reasoning
of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning Subjective logic – Type of probabilistic logic Theory of justification – Concept in epistemologyPages
Deductive_reasoning
Branch of mathematics concerning probability
particlesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Subjective logic – Type of probabilistic logic Pairwise independence§Probability of the union of pairwise
Probability_theory
Study of correct reasoning
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical
Logic
Fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society
that is only "true for them". Subjective logic is a belief-reasoning formalism where beliefs explicitly are subjectively held by individuals but where
Worldview
Philosophical view rejecting objectivity
Relationism Religiocentrism Science wars Scientism Social constructionism Subjective logic Worldview Baghramian, Maria; Carter, J. Adam (2025), Zalta, Edward
Relativism
American mathematician and philosopher (1937–2023)
categorical formalizations of Hegelian notions such as objective and subjective logic, Aufhebung, being versus becoming, and intensive versus extensive quantity
William_Lawvere
Philosophical method and schools of philosophy
early 20th century that seeks to objectively investigate the nature of subjective, conscious experience. It attempts to describe the universal features
Phenomenology_(philosophy)
Conformity to reality
mental states are concrete psychological entities, taking the form of subjective attitudes about what is the case. They establish a direct link between
Truth
Probabilistic graphical representation of causal relationships
fusion Sequence alignment Staged tree Structural equation modeling Subjective logic Variable-order Bayesian network Ruggeri, Fabrizio; Kenett, Ron S.;
Bayesian_network
Ancient philosophy
traditionally divided into three interconnected disciplines: logic, physics, and ethics. Stoic logic focuses on highly intentional reasoning through propositions
Stoicism
(see: Winged Victory of Samothrace) 1816 Hegel, Science of Logic part three ('The Subjective Logic') 1817 Hegel, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
Timeline_of_German_idealism
Study of general and fundamental questions
self-cultivation. Major branches of philosophy are epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epistemology studies what knowledge is and how to acquire
Philosophy
Philosophy terms referring to an observer versus the thing observed
distinction between subjectivity and objectivity: the existence of knowledge, ideas, or information either dependent upon a subject (subjectivity) or independent
Subject and object (philosophy)
Subject_and_object_(philosophy)
Probability distribution
is to use the noninformative prior weight W {\displaystyle W} from subjective logic, where the concentration parameters α i {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}}
Dirichlet_distribution
Community rating algorithm
currency Social media optimization Social profiling Social translucence Subjective logic Trust metric Web of trust Whuffie "What is reputation? How do I earn
Reputation_system
Study of the scope and nature of logic
Philosophy of logic is the branch of philosophy that studies the scope and nature of logic. It investigates the philosophical problems raised by logic, such as
Philosophy_of_logic
Austrian-German philosopher (1859–1938)
focusing on the relation between subjective processes that offer objective knowledge of pure logic. All subjective activities of consciousness need an
Edmund_Husserl
Book by Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
"subjective logic" to account for the conditions that make the subjective growth of knowledge rational. Al-Sadr points out that the subjective growth of
The Logical Foundations of Induction
The_Logical_Foundations_of_Induction
American scientist (1839–1914)
contributions to logic, such as theories of relations and quantification. C. I. Lewis wrote, "The contributions of C. S. Peirce to symbolic logic are more numerous
Charles_Sanders_Peirce
Perception or knowledge of something
networks. As awareness provides the materials from which one develops subjective ideas about their experience, it is said that one is aware of one's own
Awareness
Philosophical study of knowledge
methods and discoveries, whereas formal epistemology uses formal tools from logic. Social epistemology investigates the communal aspect of knowledge, and
Epistemology
Method of reasoning and philosophical argument
principles of change and the unity of opposites. This was followed by a "subjective dialectic" pioneered by the Sophists and Socrates, which shifted the focus
Dialectic
Philosophical idea that only one's own mind is certain to exist
Metaphysical solipsism is a variety of solipsism based on a philosophy of subjective idealism. Metaphysical solipsists maintain that the self is the only existing
Solipsism
philosophy of – Logic – Logical atomism – Logical positivism – Logicians – Logic in China – Logic in Islamic philosophy – Logicism – Logic, philosophy of
List_of_philosophies
1781 book by Immanuel Kant
Transcendental Logic, there is a section (titled The Refutation of Idealism) that is intended to free Kant's doctrine from any vestiges of subjective idealism
Critique_of_Pure_Reason
1817 book by G.W.F Hegel
unity. Science of Logic Being Essence Concept (Begriff, or notion) Science of Nature Mechanics Physics Organics Science of Geist Subjective Objective Absolute
Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline
Encyclopaedia_of_the_Philosophical_Sciences_in_Basic_Outline
British philosopher, mathematician and economist (1903–1930)
probabilities, leading to the notions of subjective probability and Bayesian probability. Consequently, subjective probabilities can be inferred by observing
Frank_P._Ramsey
Steps in reasoning
or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion
Inference
Type of memory error
did not happen or was imagined. Errors will occur if an individual's subjective logic leads them to perceive an event as unlikely to occur or belong to a
Source-monitoring_error
Process of drawing correct inferences
would find convincing. The main discipline studying logical reasoning is logic. Distinct types of logical reasoning differ from each other concerning the
Logical_reasoning
Look up Appendix:Glossary of logic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This is a glossary of logic. Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning
Glossary_of_logic
Statistics concept
Laplace Probabilistic logic Probabilistic programming language Subjective logic Jaynes, E. T. (10 April 2003). Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. Cambridge
Bayesian_programming
2009 short story by Andy Weir
Thomas Carlyle – Philosophy of 19th-century British thinker Thomas Carlyle Subjective idealism – Philosophy that only minds and ideas are real Hadi, Shana E
The_Egg_(Weir_short_story)
1936 book by A. J. Ayer
Language, Truth and Logic is a 1936 book about meaning by the philosopher Alfred Jules Ayer, in which the author defines, explains, and argues for the
Language,_Truth,_and_Logic
Type of statistical inference
Logic. In Johnson's work, the former mode was called 'eduction' and the latter was called 'induction'. Bruno de Finetti developed a purely subjective
Transduction (machine learning)
Transduction_(machine_learning)
In mathematics, a statement that has been proven
In mathematics and formal logic, a theorem is a statement that has been proven, or can be proven. The proof of a theorem is a logical argument that uses
Theorem
will subjectively perceive themselves as existing in a physically 'real' world". Logicism is the thesis that mathematics is reducible to logic, and hence
Philosophy_of_mathematics
Philosophical tradition of the Irish people
One of the most prominent Irish philosophers is British empiricist and subjective idealist Bishop Berkeley. Due to the learning that flourished in Ireland
Irish_philosophy
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
of the epistemic approach. Bayesianism interprets degrees of belief as subjective probabilities, i.e. as the degree of certainty of the believer that the
Informal_fallacy
Number measuring the chance an event occurs
appearance of subjectively probabilistic experimental outcomes. Mathematics portal Philosophy portal Contingency Equiprobability Fuzzy logic Heuristic (psychology)
Probability
Cultural or emotional association
University, Northridge. pp. 1–8. BK Sahni (2017). BPY-002: Logic: Classical and Symbolic Logic. Not all theories of linguistic meaning honor the distinction
Connotation
American philosopher (born 1941)
for his contributions to philosophy of science, epistemology and formal logic. He is a distinguished professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University
Bas_van_Fraassen
Believability of a source or message
Credibility comprises the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. Credibility is deemed essential in many fields
Credibility
German philosopher (1874–1945)
theory of symbolism and used it to expand the "logic and psychology of thought" into a more general "logic of the cultural sciences". Cassirer was one of
Ernst_Cassirer
Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted
was introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934). Popper emphasized that the contradiction
Falsifiability
Philosophical tradition of the British people
Cathar heresy, particularly its belief in dualism, and he applies dialectic logic to the study of theology. He also contributed the earliest European description
British_philosophy
Canadian philosopher (1936–2023)
In the latter book, Hacking proposed that the modern schism between subjective or personalistic probability, and the long-run frequency interpretation
Ian_Hacking
Bohemian polymath (1781–1848)
sentences. (2) The realm of thought, consisting in subjective ideas and judgements. (3) The realm of logic, consisting in objective ideas (or ideas in themselves)
Bernard_Bolzano
Engineer, academic, and author
Perceptual Computing: Aiding People in Making Subjective Judgments, and Introduction to Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control: Theory and Application. He is the recipient
Jerry_M._Mendel
American logician
Computability and Logic (with George Boolos and John P. Burgess). 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-00758-5 Subjective Probability: The
Richard_Jeffrey
Epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper
interfere with the use of deductive logic to test theories. Popper did not reject the role of beliefs and other subjective aspects in the development of knowledge
Critical_rationalism
then B; not A, therefore not B. A quantification fallacy is an error in logic where the quantifiers of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier
List_of_fallacies
Concept in computer science
In computer science, separation logic is an extension of Hoare logic, a way of reasoning about programs. It was developed by John C. Reynolds, Peter O'Hearn
Separation_logic
Intelligence of machines
techniques including state space search and mathematical optimisation, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, operations
Artificial_intelligence
Type of modal logic
modal logic is an idealized account of knowledge, and explains objective, rather than subjective knowledge (if anything). In philosophical logic, the masked-man
Epistemic_modal_logic
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
Reason is the capacity to consciously apply logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking truth. It is
Reason
Analysis of facts to form a judgment
knowing, feminist theory, subjectivity, ambiguity, and inconclusiveness. Some definitions of critical thinking exclude these subjective practices. According
Critical_thinking
Belief without doubt in propositions that are in fact true
certainty is not the same thing as psychological certainty (also known as subjective certainty or certitude), which describes the highest degree to which a
Certainty
Hypothesis in epistemological philosophy
S2CID 120881078. Kyburg, H. (1978). "Subjective probability: Criticisms, reflections and problems". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 7: 157–180. doi:10.1007/bf00245926
Radical_probabilism
State of being real
other. Formal logic studies deductively valid arguments. In first-order logic, which is the most-commonly used system of formal logic, existence is expressed
Existence
American academic (1922–1998)
strongly promoted the interpretation of probability theory as an extension of logic. In 1963, together with his doctoral student Fred Cummings, he modeled the
Edwin_Thompson_Jaynes
French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher (1930–2002)
attempts to reconcile the influences of both external social structures and subjective experience on the individual. The book was named "the sixth most important
Pierre_Bourdieu
Field of philosophical and mathematical logic studying agency and action
Agentive logic (also called the logic of action or logic of agency) is the field of philosophical logic and logic in computer science that studies formal
Agentive_logic
Theory of consciousness and subjective awareness
consciousness (or subjective awareness) developed by neuroscientist Michael Graziano at Princeton University. It proposes that brains construct subjective awareness
Attention_schema_theory
Philosophy of the Western world
poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, politics, and logic. Aristotelian logic was the first type of logic to attempt to categorize every valid syllogism.
Western_philosophy
Art of persuasion
arts of discourse (trivium) of classical antiquity, along with grammar and logic/dialectic. As an academic discipline within the humanities, rhetoric aims
Rhetoric
blanket / Mar Posterior probability / (2:C) Prior probability SIPTA Subjective logic Subjectivism#Subjectivism in probability / hst Allais paradox Black–Scholes
Catalog of articles in probability theory
Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory
Concept in logic
In classical logic, propositions are typically unambiguously considered as being true or false. For instance, the proposition one is both equal and not
Degree_of_truth
Sense or significance of an entity
meaning is central to philosophy of language, but it also informs semiotics, logic, philosophy of mind, hermeneutics, aesthetics, ethics, and philosophy of
Meaning_(philosophy)
1966 book by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann
reality: “A sign [has the] explicit intention to serve as an index of subjective meanings … Language is capable of becoming the objective repository of
The Social Construction of Reality
The_Social_Construction_of_Reality
German philosopher (1724–1804)
Enlightenment. His comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, political theory, and the philosophy of religion have
Immanuel_Kant
Type of philosophical counseling
Logic-based therapy (LBT) is a modality of philosophical counseling developed by philosopher Elliot D. Cohen beginning in the mid-1980s. It is a philosophical
Logic-based_therapy
Study of meaning in language
meanings can be created by arranging words. Formal semantics relies on logic and mathematics to provide precise frameworks of the relation between language
Semantics
Philosophical tradition
Logic. In this sequel, Logic for Use, Schiller attempted to construct a new logic to replace the formal logic that he had criticized in Formal Logic.
Pragmatism
Useful connection between topics
Relevance is studied in many different fields, including cognitive science, logic, and library and information science. Epistemology studies it in general
Relevance
Philosophical interpretation of the axioms of probability
when no random process is involved, as a way to represent its rational subjective plausibility, or the degree to which the statement is supported by the
Probability_interpretations
matter of merely subjective thoughts. Hegel's truth is analogous to an organism in that it is self-determining according to its own inner logic: "Truth is its
Theories_of_truth
Use of various control systems for operating equipment
based on solid-state digital logic modules for hard-wired programmed logic controllers (the predecessors of programmable logic controllers [PLC]) emerged
Automation
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
with an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, rigorous arguments, formal logic, mathematics, and the natural sciences (with less emphasis on the humanities)
Analytic_philosophy
2006 animated film by George Miller
Feet was the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller and Animal Logic. An international co-production between the United States and Australia
Happy_Feet
Logic System in India
The tetralemma is a figure that features prominently in the logic of India. It states that with reference to any logical proposition (or axiom) X, there
Tetralemma
1974 philosophy paper by Thomas Nagel
limits of objectivity and reductionism, the "phenomenological features" of subjective experience, the limits of human imagination, and what it means to be a
What_Is_It_Like_to_Be_a_Bat?
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