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School of Marxist thought
Structural Marxism (or structuralist Marxism) is an approach to Marxism based on structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French philosopher
Structural_Marxism
Modern politico-economic ideology
and psychologists. Examples of neo-Marxism include analytical Marxism, French structural Marxism, political Marxism, critical theory, cultural studies
Neo-Marxism
Group perspectives regarding Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that originates in the works of 19th century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism
Marxist_schools_of_thought
Intellectual current and methodological approach in the social science
Louis Althusser is often associated with structural social analysis, which helped give rise to "structural Marxism," such association was contested by Althusser
Structuralism
Trend in political philosophy and social theory
Mouffe on the one hand, and some strands of autonomism and open Marxism, post-structuralism, cultural studies, ex-Marxists and Deleuzian-inspired 'politics
Post-Marxism
School of Marxist thought
represents a critique of and alternative to dominant forms of Marxism, particularly structural Marxism and the state ideologies of Leninism and social democracy
Open_Marxism
Current of Marxist theory
1976 study, Considerations on Western Marxism, Perry Anderson defines Western Marxism primarily by its "structural divorce from political practice", which
Western_Marxism
Socialism associated with Nicos Poulantzas
The democratic road to socialism is a political philosophy within structural Marxism and democratic socialism which emphasizes a mixture of parliamentary
Democratic_road_to_socialism
School of Marxism aligned with humanist philosophies
the official dialectical materialism of the Soviet Union and to the structural Marxism of Louis Althusser, Marxist humanists argue that Marx's work was an
Marxist_humanism
Political philosophy
Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a dialectical materialist interpretation of historical development, known
Marxism
Topics referred to by the same term
as structural functionalism Structural Marxism, a 1960s approach to Marxist philosophy based on structuralism Structural anthropology, a 1949 theory of
Structuralism (disambiguation)
Structuralism_(disambiguation)
2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-10-12. Douglas Kellner and Harry O'Hara, "Utopia and Marxism in Ernst Bloch" New German Critique 9 (Autumn, 1976) 11-34: 11-13. Louis
List of contributors to Marxist theory
List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory
British sociologist and political theorist
figure in British structural Marxism. By the late 1970s and 1980s, however, Hirst had become a critic of Louis Althusser's brand of Marxism. Drawing upon
Paul_Hirst
1965 book by Louis Althusser
complete English translation in 2016. Reading Capital is a key text of structural Marxism. It offers a philosophical re-reading of Capital as a scientific and
Reading_Capital
German philosopher and socialist (1818–1883)
idealism and the more mature Marx's scientific ideology associated with structural Marxism. However, not all scholars accept this distinction. For Marx and Engels
Karl_Marx
Theoretical system of psychoanalysis
Newman's and Duane Rousselle's post-anarchism, Louis Althusser's structural Marxism, and the works of Slavoj Žižek and Alain Badiou. Influential figures
Lacanianism
Application of political economy methods to anthropological study
anthropologists moved away from modes of production analysis typical of structural Marxism, and focused instead on the complex historical relations of class
Political economy in anthropology
Political_economy_in_anthropology
French anthropologist and ethnologist (1934–1977)
considered "the chapters of a virtual book that could be named Neither Marxism nor Structuralism." For Clastres, in Viveiros de Castro's words, "both privileged
Pierre_Clastres
Pejorative term for reinterpretation of Marxism
of Marxism. According to critics of revisionism, this involves a significant deviation from mainstream Marxist tendencies, such as classical Marxism and
Revisionism_(Marxism)
French Marxist philosopher (1918–1990)
Polish philosopher Leszek Kołakowski undertook a detailed critique of structural Marxism, arguing that the concept was seriously flawed on three main points:
Louis_Althusser
American political scientist
critique of the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, whose theory of structural Marxism challenged the dominant school of Marxist humanism represented by
Steven B. Smith (political scientist)
Steven_B._Smith_(political_scientist)
Group of writers in political economy
Marxian economic analysis up to date. These writers are influenced by structural Marxism, the Annales School, institutionalism, Karl Polanyi's substantivist
Regulation_school
Term in sociology used initially to deride structural functionalism
reformulated to include theories such as critical theory, structuralism, structural Marxism, and structuration theory – all influenced human geography
Grand_theory
theory Freudo–Marxism Gramscianism Neo-Gramscianism Instrumental Marxism Neue Marx-Lektüre Political Marxism Structural Marxism Post-Marxism Radical democracy
List_of_political_ideologies
Philosophical school and tradition
that post-structuralism was funded and encouraged by American intelligence during the Cold War in order to diminish the influence of Marxism among intellectuals
Post-structuralism
Book written by Cedric Robinson
and written about Black Marxism's relevance for 21st-century issues. The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement grounds its structural analysis of Black oppression
Black_Marxism
Far-right antisemitic conspiracy theory
Cultural Marxism is a far-right and antisemitic conspiracy theory that misrepresents Western Marxism (especially the Frankfurt School) as being responsible
Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory
Study of the spatial outcomes of political processes
including quantitative spatial science, behavioural studies, and structural Marxism, were invigorating academic research these were largely ignored by
Political_geography
Sociologist (1939–2018)
of Theoretical Practice which in the 1970s critically examined the Structural Marxism of Louis Althusser. With other editors such as his former pupil, Paul
Barry_Hindess
German author, journalist and cultural critic
pop culture. Diederichsen's writing is influenced by French Post-structuralism, Marxism, Cultural studies, New Journalism, Beat literature, Psychoanalysis
Diedrich_Diederichsen
Greek-French Marxist sociologist (1936–1979)
the remainder of his life. Initially influenced by the existentialist Marxism of Jean-Paul Sartre, he later became associated with the structuralist
Nicos_Poulantzas
Concept of uneven temporal development in the writings of Ernst Bloch and Marxist theories
Theodor Adorno, Nicos Poulantzas, Louis Althusser and Étienne Balibar. As structural Marxists, Althusser and Balibar were concerned to understand how "the
Non-simultaneity
Karl Marx's writings from 1843 and 1844
Press. ISBN 0-521-09619-7. Benton, Ted (1984). The Rise and Fall of Structural Marxism: Althusser and his Influence. New York: Macmillan Education. ISBN 978-0-312-68375-7
Young_Marx
Criticism of Marxism has come from various political ideologies, campaigns and academic disciplines. This includes general intellectual criticism about
Criticism_of_Marxism
Three-volume work by Karl Marx, 1867–1894
Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB. ISBN 9780860917205. Benton, Ted (1984). The Rise and Fall of Structural Marxism: Althusser and his Influence
Das_Kapital
Philosophical and social theory critical of traditional humanism
Object-oriented ontology, which rejects anthropocentrism Social alienation Structural Marxism J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds., The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary
Antihumanism
Philosophical perspectives informed by Freud and Marx
critical theory, Lacanian psychoanalysis, and post-structuralism. Sigmund Freud critiqued Marxism in his 1932 New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
Freudo-Marxism
English historian & activist (1924–1993)
journals. In 1978, he published The Poverty of Theory which attacked the structural Marxism of Louis Althusser and his followers in Britain on New Left Review
E._P._Thompson
Schools of thought on classless society
communism), Marxist communism (left communism, libertarian Marxism, Maoism, Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, and Trotskyism), non-Marxist communism, and religious
List_of_communist_ideologies
French philosopher
witnessing the 1968 political uprisings, his work turned against Althusserian Marxism. He later came to develop an original body of work focused on aesthetics
Jacques_Rancière
1960s–70s Western political movement
Right Old Left Reformist Left Regressive left Revisionism (Marxism) Shinjwapa Structural Marxism Third World socialism Timeline of history of environmentalism
New_Left
Anti-capitalist cultural critique
criticism Media literacy Neo-Marxism New Left One-Dimensional Man Post-Marxism Post-structuralism Psychopolitical validity Structuralism Structure and agency
Marxist_cultural_analysis
Sociological theory of society
Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together
Structural_functionalism
British philosopher (1947–1995)
She posits that Adorno offers a ‘sociology of illusion’ that rivals structural Marxism as well as phenomenological sociology and that of the Frankfurt School
Gillian_Rose
Body of Marxist thought, prominent until World War I
Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought that emerged after the deaths of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the late 19th century, expressed in
Orthodox_Marxism
Treatment of social attributes as real, in Marxist theory
Althusser, Louis. 1969 [1965]. For Marx, translated by B. Brewster. p. 230, "Marxism and Humanism." Retrieved via From Marx to Mao Archived 16 May 2010 at the
Reification_(Marxism)
Historical society
Although Thompson's Marxism waned over the course of his career and he would eventually distance himself from structural Marxism, underlying social history
Communist Party Historians Group
Communist_Party_Historians_Group
Marxism as expounded by Marx and Engels
with orthodox Marxism, Marxism–Leninism, and autonomist Marxism which emerged after their deaths. The core concepts of classical Marxism include alienation
Classical_Marxism
Position between reform and revolution
Centrist Marxism represents a position between revolution and reformism. Within the Marxist movement, centrism thus entails a specific meaning between
Centrist_Marxism
Research centre at the University of Birmingham, England
critical methods like semiotics and structuralism. Drawing on a variety of influences (feminism, structuralism, Marxism—especially the work of Louis Althusser
Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies
Pejorative term for interpretations of Marxism
Vulgar Marxism is a pejorative label used since the early 20th century to criticize interpretations of Marxism that oversimplify its core tenets. Critics
Vulgar_Marxism
Concepts in Marxist theory
canonical interpretation within the Second International and later Soviet Marxism, where it was codified as a fundamental tenet of dialectical materialism
Base_and_superstructure
German-language work by Karl Marx, published 1932
writings", which expound a line of thought that had led him nowhere. The structural Marxism of Louis Althusser inherited the Soviet Union's harsh verdict of Marx's
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844
schools of thought Marxism-Leninism Maoism Trotskyism Left communism Anti-revisionism Western Marxism Structural Marxism Neo-Marxism The Frankfurt School
Outline_of_political_science
School of Marxist theory
Analytical Marxism is an academic school of Marxist theory which emerged in the late 1970s, largely prompted by G. A. Cohen's Karl Marx's Theory of History:
Analytical_Marxism
Marxist debate on the capitalist state
legal philosopher and sociologist based in Paris, associated with the structural Marxism of Louis Althusser. While Miliband undertook an immanent critique
Miliband–Poulantzas_debate
British journalist (born 1960)
freedom, whilst criticising the authoritarianism of Stalinism and the structural Marxism of the likes of Louis Althusser. In another New Statesman article
Paul_Mason_(journalist)
Branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans
experimented with Marxism, and authors such as Rodney Needham and Edmund Leach incorporated Lévi-Strauss's structuralism into their work. Structuralism also influenced
Cultural_anthropology
19th-century German philosopher Karl Marx, the founder and primary theorist of Marxism, viewed religion as "the soul of soulless conditions" or the "opium of
Marxism_and_religion
Political philosophy of Mexico's Zapatista Army of National Liberation
classical Marxism of Marx and Engels; the structural Marxism of Louis Althusser and Nicos Poulantzas; and the post-structural, post-Marxism of Michel
Neozapatismo
French philosopher (born 1938)
Macherey is a central figure in the development of French post-structuralism and Marxism. His work is influential in literary theory and Continental philosophy
Pierre_Macherey
French philosopher (born 1937)
from the Althusserian program of a scientific Marxism. In the 1980s, as both Althusserian structural Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis went into decline
Alain_Badiou
Topics referred to by the same term
analysis of society Structural Marxism, an approach to Marxism based on structuralism, associated with Louis Althusser Structuralism (architecture), a structuralist
Structure_(disambiguation)
Hungarian philosopher and critic (1885–1971)
literary critic, and aesthetician. He was one of the founders of Western Marxism, an interpretive tradition that departed from the Soviet Marxist ideological
György_Lukács
British sociologist and philosopher
Sociologies (1977) The Rise and Fall of Structural Marxism (1984) Natural Relations (1993) The Greening of Marxism (editor) (1996) Philosophy of Social Science
Ted_Benton
Political philosophy
Liberal Marxism is an approach that combines elements of Marxism and liberal thought, seeking to reconcile core liberal values such as individual rights
Liberal_Marxism
Systematic study of the nature of literature
criticism, New Criticism, formalism, Russian formalism, and structuralism, post-structuralism, Marxism or historical materialism, feminism and French feminism
Literary_theory
School of Marxist thought
Autonomist Marxism is a school of Marxist thought and branch of the autonomist movement that emphasizes the ability of the working class to force changes
Autonomist_Marxism
1962 book by Jürgen Habermas
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (German: Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere
The_Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere
Overview of and topical guide to Marxism
following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Marxism: Marxism – method of socioeconomic analysis that analyzes class relations and
Outline_of_Marxism
Impacts on German socialist philosopher
involves a new definition of philosophy as Louis Althusser, founder of structural Marxism in the 1960s, would define it as class struggle in theory. Marx's
Influences_on_Karl_Marx
American philosopher
interests included European Intellectual and Cultural History, Existentialism, Marxism, Critical Theory, and Media Studies. He was known for surveying the work
Mark_Poster
Democratic Socialists of America governing body
2026. "Groundwork Thought Library". Groundwork. Retrieved July 26, 2026. Marxism and Politics is a defining piece of Groundwork thought... This points towards
National_Political_Committee
Social theory developed by Karl Marx
Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, the theory is a foundational concept of Marxism. At its core, it posits that under the capitalist mode of production, workers
Marx's_theory_of_alienation
Status of democracy in Marxist theory
(2000). "Marxism and democracy". Rethinking Marxism. 12 (1): 112–122. doi:10.1080/08935690009358994. ISSN 0893-5696. Miliband, Ralph. Marxism and politics
Democracy_in_Marxism
Christian mysticism – Christian philosophy – Chinese philosophy – Classical Marxism – Cognitivism – Collegium Conimbricense – Color, philosophy of – Common
List_of_philosophies
Strand of Marxist theory
Political Marxism (PM) is a strand of Marxist theory that places history at the centre of its analysis. It is also referred to as a form of neo-Marxism or Western
Political_Marxism
Framework for modelling political and economic behavior
Respond. A parallel can be drawn to the structural dependence of the state on capital within Structural Marxism where the state is seen as being dependent
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Model
Exit,_Voice,_and_Loyalty_Model
German–American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist (1898–1979)
Party of the Soviet Union, publishing his criticism in the book Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis (1958). He retired after the death of his first wife
Herbert_Marcuse
Concept in Marxist theory
of subsumption gained renewed interest, particularly within continental Marxism. Theorists began to extend the concept beyond the factory to describe the
Subsumption_(Marxism)
as the consequences of modernization in rural areas. Later, French Structural Marxism influenced the social sciences to take an interest in the study of
History of anthropology by country
History_of_anthropology_by_country
Philosophy influenced by Marxist political thought
written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew from various sources, and the official philosophy in the Soviet
Marxist_philosophy
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
biological, psychological, social, and cultural determinism, as well as structural determinism, which highlights systemic constraints. Historically, determinism
Determinism
and profit by making the value of reproductive labor visible[vague].[2] Marxism follows the development of oppression and class division in the evolution
Marxist_feminism
Japanese Marxist current associated with the Rōnōha
launched the legal theoretical journal Marxism in May 1924. Fukumoto Kazuo contributed a series of articles to Marxism based on his theory of "separation
Rōnōha_Marxism
State power principle of communist states
administrative and does not create separate, co-equal centers of power. Marxism's opposition to the separation of power can be traced back to the writings
Division of labour of state organs
Division_of_labour_of_state_organs
Marxist school of thought emphasizing futility of capitalist reforms
Left communism Libertarian possibilism Libertarian socialism Orthodox Marxism Possibilism Reformism Revolutionary socialism Revolutionary spontaneity
Impossibilism
Left-wing variant of communism
positions which they regard as more authentically Marxist than the views of Marxism–Leninism espoused by the Communist International after its Bolshevisation
Left_communism
American academic and literary critic (1934–2024)
American academia in the late-1950s and early-1960s. Jameson's shift toward Marxism was also driven by his increasing political connection with the New Left
Fredric_Jameson
Essay by Karl Marx
led to criticism of Marx as well as Marxism. However, many Marxists, and scholars otherwise interested in Marxism, disagree that the essay or his letters
On_the_Jewish_Question
Marx's views on the totality of society, feelings and behaviors
"philosophical anthropology" is offered by G.A. Cohen, the leader of analytical Marxism, in "Reconsidering Historical Materialism" (in Callinicos, ed., 1989).
Marx's_theory_of_human_nature
Public university in Paris, France
practices, bringing together scholars associated with structuralism, post-structuralism, Marxism, psychoanalysis, and avant-garde artistic movements. The
Paris_8_University
Austrian-German Marxist theorist (1854–1938)
Marxist theorist. One of the most authoritative promulgators of orthodox Marxism after the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895, he was for decades the leading
Karl_Kautsky
Belgian born Polish Marxist theorist (1924–1994)
Parliamentary Socialism (1961), The State in Capitalist Society (1969), and Marxism and Politics (1977), and he edited the Writings of the Left series (Jonathan
Ralph_Miliband
Russian Marxist theorist and philosopher (1856–1918)
political organisation. He is widely regarded as the "father of Russian Marxism", and his theoretical works were instrumental in converting a generation
Georgi_Plekhanov
Comparative study of group decisions
development, and his early work was a marriage between French post-structuralism, Marxism and process approach. Interest in anthropology grew in the 1970s
Political_anthropology
1941 book by Erich Fromm
whom we share the world. Two Concepts of Liberty Critical theory Freudo-Marxism Life Against Death The Paradox of Choice Psychohistory Funk, Rainer (2000)
Escape_from_Freedom
German theoretician and political philosopher (1886–1961)
philosopher. He is recognized as one of the "dissidents" that challenged the Marxism of the Second International of Karl Kautsky, Georgi Plekhanov and Lenin
Karl_Korsch
Method of reasoning and philosophical argument
was a central, and often contentious, theme within both Soviet Marxism and Western Marxism. Thinkers of the Frankfurt School, such as Theodor W. Adorno
Dialectic
Romanian-French philosopher, Marxist theoretician, and sociologist (1913–1970)
structuralism. While many Parisian leftists staunchly upheld Marxism's "scientificity" in the 1950s and 1960s, Lucien Goldmann insisted that Marxism was
Lucien_Goldmann
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