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Community of microorganisms found in or around sponges
Sponge microbiomes are diverse communities of microorganisms in symbiotic association with marine sponges as their hosts. These microorganisms include
Sponge_microbiomes
Microbial community assemblage and activity
protists, fungi, and viruses. Sponge microbiomes are composed of specialists and generalists, and complexity of their microbiome appears to be shaped by host
Microbiome
Animals of the phylum Porifera
Sponges or sea sponges are primarily marine invertebrates of the animal phylum Porifera (/pəˈrɪfərəˌ pɔː-/; meaning 'pore bearer'). They are sessile filter
Sponge
Community of microorganisms found in or around specific marine environments
microbiomes also influence biogeochemical cycling within ecosystems with cascading effects on biodiversity and ecosystem processes. The microbiomes of
Marine_microbiome
Shrub growing in brackish water
maize and soybean. There is less information on the microbiomes of tree species. Plant microbiomes are determined by plant-related factors (e.g., genotype
Mangrove
Assembly of microorganisms near plants
March 2020). Plant Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-38453-1. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plant microbiomes.
Plant_microbiome
Marine invertebrates of the subphylum Anthozoa
their tissue and skeleton microbiomes. The coral skeleton, which represents the most diverse of the three coral microbiomes, showed the strongest evidence
Coral
Host and associated species living as a discrete ecological unit
Franke A, Hentschel U (March 2018). "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems". Microbiome. 6 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1
Holobiont
Island in Bangladesh
Taylor, Michael W. (2012-07-30). "Genomic insights into the marine sponge microbiome". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 10 (9): 641–654. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2839
Saint_Martin's_Island
Community of microorganisms
microbial organisms. Several advances have driven the perception of microbiomes, including: the ability to perform genomic and gene expression analyses
Microbiota
activity of those communities. Metagenomic DNA - Gene profiles of sponge microbiomes were compared to surrounding planktonic communities. Core function
Hologenomics
Microorganisms in or on human skin and biofluids
Callewaert C, Debelius J, et al. (July 2018). "Best practices for analysing microbiomes". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 16 (7): 410–422. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0029-9
Human_microbiome
Biochemical signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system
gut-brain axis is interpreted and studied. The diversity in the gut microbiomes across individuals has led to inconsistencies in this field of research
Gut–brain_axis
Species of sponge
of barrel sponge in the family Petrosiidae. More commonly known as Giant Barrel Sponges, they have the basic structure of a typical sponge. Their body
Xestospongia_testudinaria
Microbe community of plant roots
microbiomes and other plant tissues. Root microbiota affect plant host fitness and productivity in a variety of ways. Members of the root microbiome benefit
Root_microbiome
Marine community of plankton and microbes
fungi and viruses—that live in association with phytoplankton. These microbiomes play a critical role in marine ecosystems by supporting phytoplankton
Phytoplankton_microbiome
Plant surfaces as habitats for microorganisms
between plants and their associated microorganisms in many of these microbiomes can play pivotal roles in host plant health, function, and evolution
Phyllosphere
Microbial Diversity and Decreased Prevalence of Common Pathogens in the Gut Microbiomes of Wild Turkeys Compared to Domestic Turkeys". Applied and Environmental
Poultry_microbiome
Marine flowering plants
given host. Seagrass literature has been interested in defining core microbiomes across populations, species, genera, and geographical regions. The findings
Seagrass
Order of sponges
Spongillida is an order of sponges in the subclass Heteroscleromorpha, originally described as the suborder Spongillina. Members of this order are exclusively
Spongillida
American-Filipino molecular biologist
hypothesized that sponge microbiomes could serve as indicators for the communities in their immediate seawater environment since sponges are filter feeders
Jose_V._Lopez
Type of symbiotic relationship
Claudia; Laport, Marinella Silva (December 2020). "Transmission of the sponge microbiome: moving towards a unified model". Environmental Microbiology Reports
Photosymbiosis
Family of sponges
shift in their microbiome; an increase in cyanobacteria numbers is often observed. This bleaching disease risks the health of the sponge population in
Lubomirskiidae
Phylum of bacteria
a candidate phylum of bacteria originally discovered in the microbiome of marine sponges (Porifera). Poribacteria are Gram-negative primarily aerobic
Poribacteria
Communities of microorganisms that live in human constructed environments
kitchen sponges, and household appliances such as dishwashers and washing machines. Overall the many studies that have been conducted on the microbiomes of
Microbiomes of the built environment
Microbiomes_of_the_built_environment
Microorganisms living in the fruit fly
comprehensive toolkit available for research in Drosophila, analysis of its microbiome could enhance our understanding of similar processes in other types of
Microbiome in the Drosophila gut
Microbiome_in_the_Drosophila_gut
Endosymbiotic bacterium or fungus
considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant. Endophytes were first described by the German botanist Johann
Endophyte
Fungal community in and on an organism
The mycobiome, mycobiota, or fungal microbiome, is the fungal community in and on an organism. The word "mycobiome" comes from the ancient Greek μύκης
Mycobiome
Region of soil or substrate comprising the root microbiome
Mary; Hofmockel, Kirsten S.; Jansson, Janet K. (2020-10-17). "Soil Microbiomes Under Climate Change and Implications for Carbon Cycling". Annual Review
Rhizosphere
Total collection of viruses in and on the human body
2024. Zheludev, Ivan N.; et al. (2024). "Viroid-like colonists of human microbiomes". Cell. 187 (23): 6521–6536.e18. bioRxiv 10.1101/2024.01.20.576352. doi:10
Human_virome
Scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites
on Microbiomes Plant microbiomes Endosphere Phyllosphere Rhizosphere laimosphere root microbiome soil microbiome spermosphere Marine microbiomes Cetacean
Metabolomics
Group of communities of microorganisms that reside within whales
The cetacean microbiome is the group of communities of microorganisms that reside within whales. Microbiomes play an important role in individual health
Cetacean_microbiome
Franke, A. and Hentschel, U. (2018) "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems". Microbiome, 6(1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1
Marine_microbial_symbiosis
Species of sponge
Shinichi; Piel, Jörn (2020-04-28). "A multiproducer microbiome generates chemical diversity in the marine sponge Mycale hentscheli". Proceedings of the National
Mycale_hentscheli
Marine animals without a vertebral column
Branching vase sponge Venus' flower basket at a depth of 2572 meters Barrel sponge Stove-pipe sponge Linnaeus mistakenly identified sponges as plants in
Marine_invertebrates
Genus of sponges
Symbiotic bacteria forming microbiomes within sponges is fairly standard across Porifera. They can provide chemical defenses for the sponge, a necessity for a
Pseudoceratina
Genus of archaea
lower abundances, while in some genera of marine sponges it is one of the most abundant microbiome members. Its genome sequence and diversity has been
Cenarchaeum
Outcrop of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of stony coral skeletons
ago, at the dawn of the Early Ordovician, displacing the microbial and sponge reefs of the Cambrian. Sometimes called rainforests of the sea, shallow
Coral_reef
Microscale mucus region that is rich in organic matter surrounding a phytoplankton cel
sugars and amino acids are implicated in the mechanisms of action of both microbiomes. The microscale interactions between the phytoplankton and bacteria are
Phycosphere
Genus of Gram-positive bacteria
upper respiratory tracts of mammals and birds and also in marine sponge. Marine sponge associated Staphylococcus species are highly salt tolerant. Some
Staphylococcus
Collection of viruses in an organism or ecosystem
viruses and their potential health impacts. Global Virome Project Human microbiome Mangrove virome Virosphere Anderson NG, Gerin JL, Anderson NL (July 2003)
Virome
Franke, A.; Hentschel, U. (2018). "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: From microbes to ecosystems". Microbiome. 6 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1
Marine_holobiont
Process by which living organisms produce minerals
identified in organisms. Examples include silicates in algae, diatoms and sponges, carbonates in invertebrates, and calcium phosphates and carbonates in
Biomineralization
Structure and development of early multicellular organisms
Bourguet-Kondracki, Marie-Lise (December 2013). "First insights into the microbiome of a carnivorous sponge". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 86 (3): 520–531. Bibcode:2013FEMME
Precambrian_body_plans
Species of bacterium
microbiota, and less commonly the mucosal microbiota and also found in marine sponges. It is a facultative anaerobic bacteria. Although S. epidermidis is not
Staphylococcus_epidermidis
Group of bacteria affecting plant growth
faeces bacteria. endophyte endosymbiont symbiogenesis microbiota plant microbiome actinorrhiza Mycorrhiza Arbuscular mycorrhiza Common symbiosis signaling
Rhizobacteria
Biological ability of cells to distinguish between types of neighboring cells
unfold due to cell–cell recognition are important for animal development, microbiomes, and human medicine. Cell–cell recognition occurs when two molecules
Cell–cell_recognition
French marine biologist
Bourguet-Kondracki, M.-L. (2013). "First insights into the microbiome of a carnivorous sponge". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 86 (3): 520–531. doi:10.1111/1574-6941
Jean_Vacelet
Catalase-positive bacterium
in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, humans, and marine sponges. Bacillus subtilis is motile and amylase-positive. It forms biofilms through
Bacillus_subtilis
Region of soil surrounding a germinating seed
interactions take place among the germinating seed, the soil, and the microbiome. Because germination is a brief process, the spermosphere is transient
Spermosphere
research on plant microbiomes have dramatically furthered knowledge on ecological functions and key roles of the plant microbiome in supporting plant
Plant_holobiont
Any life form too small for the naked human eye to see that lives in a marine environment
Pal; Kothari, Ramesh (2017). "The Omics Era and Host Microbiomes". Understanding Host-Microbiome Interactions - an Omics Approach. pp. 3–12. doi:10
Marine_microorganisms
Phylum of gelatinous marine animals
function of mucus: A first defence against infection". npj Biofilms and Microbiomes. 4 (1): 14. doi:10.1038/s41522-018-0057-2. PMC 6031612. PMID 30002868
Ctenophora
Individual living life form
demonstrate that the concept of organism is not sharply defined. In his view, sponges, lichens, siphonophores, slime moulds, and eusocial colonies such as those
Organism
Species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments
(2022) "Marine fungi". In: Stal LJ and Cretoiu MS (ed) The marine microbiome: The microbiomes of humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Berlin, pp 243–295
Marine_fungi
Family of flies
Yoskowitz, Katherine H.; Benbow, M. Eric (27 November 2025). "Host-specific microbiomes of blow flies: ecological drivers and implications for pathogen carriage"
Calliphoridae
Species of sponge
Geodia barretti is a massive deep-sea sponge species found in the boreal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, and is fairly common on the coasts of Norway
Geodia_barretti
Domain of organisms
Schmitz RA (January 2018). "Archaea Are Interactive Components of Complex Microbiomes". Trends in Microbiology. 26 (1): 70–85. Bibcode:2018TrMic..26...70M
Archaea
Medical condition
aseptic technique and sterile equipment (including sterile gloves, drape, sponges, antiseptic and sterile solution), particularly in an acute care setting
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
Catheter-associated_urinary_tract_infection
Bony fish with a natural lure
with shallow-water species such as frogfish often camouflaging as rocks, sponges or seaweed. To blend in with the featureless dark depths they inhabit,
Anglerfish
Bacterial lineage
Saccharibacteria in a high-quality genome collection". npj Biofilms and Microbiomes. 10 (1): 153. doi:10.1038/s41522-024-00617-2. ISSN 2055-5008. He, Xuesong;
Saccharibacteria
Formation of an organism's microbiota at birth
commensal flora into eggs. Marine sponges are host to many sponge-specific microbe species that are found across several sponge lineages. These microbes are
Initial acquisition of microbiota
Initial_acquisition_of_microbiota
Species of insect
Drautz-Moses DI, Premkrishnan BN, Costea PI, et al. (November 2017). "The microbiomes of blowflies and houseflies as bacterial transmission reservoirs". Scientific
Housefly
Group of eukaryotes considered the closest living relatives of animals
Choanoflagellates bear morphological similarities to the choanocyte, a type of cell in sponges. As the closest living relatives of animals, choanoflagellates serve as
Choanoflagellate
Type of inflammatory bowel disease
normal homeostasis between the intestinal immune system and the commensal microbiome. Crohn's disease can be described as a multifactorial autoinflammatory
Crohn's_disease
Basic unit of life forms
organism. Different groups of cells differentiate from the germ layers. The sponge has only one layer. Some other animals known as diploblasts have two germ
Cell_(biology)
Cleaning the mouth by brushing the teeth and cleaning in between the teeth
Toothettes, are small sponges attached to a stick, often used for oral care in hospital or long-term care settings. The sponge is used to moisten and
Oral_hygiene
Operation to construct or reconstruct a penis
and genitals are shaved, scrubbed for five minutes with a chlorhexidine sponge and prepped with chorhexidine/alcohol applicator. The area is then draped
Phalloplasty
Common and widespread fly of the family Stratiomyidae
humans. Unlike houseflies, adult black soldier flies have greatly reduced sponging mouthparts, meaning they can only consume liquids such as flower nectar
Hermetia_illucens
Material of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids
Egg tray made of PETE A piece of packaging foam made of LDPE A kitchen sponge made of polyurethane foam Non-stick cookware with Teflon coating iPhone
Plastic
Kitchen cooking appliance
Cardinale, Massimiliano (19 July 2017). "Microbiome analysis and confocal microscopy of used kitchen sponges reveal massive colonization by Acinetobacter
Microwave_oven
Species of fish
spongivores and were observed to consume up to 23 out of 24 different species of sponge surveyed with a specific preference for the order Hadromerida. King angelfish
Holacanthus_passer
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
CO2 can diffuse out, RuBisCO concentrated within the carboxysome quickly sponges it up. HCO− 3 ions are made from CO2 outside the cell by another carbonic
Photosynthesis
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
available to plants and other microbes. As part of the plant-associated microbiomes (rhizosphere near the roots, phyllosphere on the leaves), predatory protists
Protist
Organ system within humans and other animals
"through-gut" or complete digestive tract. Exceptions are more primitive ones: sponges have small pores (ostia) throughout their body for digestion and a larger
Gastrointestinal_tract
Earth's southernmost continent
Researchers uncovered ecosystems unexpectedly rich in large corals, ancient sponges, icefish, giant sea spiders, and even octopuses at depths of up to 1,300
Antarctica
Organism that harbours another organism
which has no mouth, with nutrients. Some hermit crabs place pieces of sponge on the shell in which they are living. These grow over and eventually dissolve
Host_(biology)
Organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism
endogenous hormone content and promote growth. Archaea are members of most microbiomes. While archaea are abundant in extreme environments, they are less abundant
Endosymbiont
Productive wetlands that occur in coastal intertidal zones
ecosystems. However, much remains to be discovered about how mangrove microbiomes contribute to high ecosystem productivity and efficient cycling of elements
Mangrove_forest
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
PMID 25954014. Apprill, Amy (July 18, 2017). "Marine Animal Microbiomes: Toward Understanding Host–Microbiome Interactions in a Changing Ocean". Frontiers in Marine
Ocean
Metabolic state of life
and some invertebrates, such as brine shrimps, copepods, nematodes, and sponge gemmules, are capable of surviving in a seemingly inactive state during
Cryptobiosis
Primary cell of the nervous system
Neurons are the main components of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoans. Plants and fungi do not have nerve cells. Molecular evidence
Neuron
Concept of extending human lifespan
mortality. Some animals such as hydra, planarian flatworms, and certain sponges, corals, and jellyfish do not die of old age and exhibit potential immortality
Life_extension
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
ecosystems). A few are endosymbionts in lichens, plants, various protists, or sponges and provide energy for the host. Some live in the fur of sloths, providing
Cyanobacteria
Microbiological non-culture dependent methods
Reddy, T. B. K.; Nielsen, Torben (2021). "A genomic catalog of Earth's microbiomes". Nature Biotechnology. 39 (4): 499–509. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6
Microbial_dark_matter
2019 video game
the franchise's reliance on boss fights with little strategy and "bullet sponge" enemies. In conclusion, it was argued that "if you've never been a fan
Borderlands_3
Phylum of aquatic bacteria
often associating with other organisms such as macroalgae and marine sponges. Planctomycetota are included in the PVC superphylum along with Verrucomicrobiota
Planctomycetota
"Phylogenetic signal in the community structure of host-specific microbiomes of tropical marine sponges". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5: 532. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014
Phylogenetic_signal
Genus of bacteria
in the same period E. arenosclerae was isolated from the endemic marine sponge of Rio de Janeiro Arenosclera brasiliensis and, both E.eunicecola and E
Endozoicomonas
Fine-grained sediment that accumulates on the floor of the open ocean
radiolaria. Siliceous oozes often contain lesser proportions of either sponge spicules, silicoflagellates or both. This type of ooze accumulates on the
Pelagic_sediment
active seamounts. The microbial interactions with marine life, such as sponges and corals, demonstrates the potential importance of microbes in the foundational
Seamount microbial communities
Seamount_microbial_communities
Harmful effects of molds
clean the inside of the refrigerator and to ensure dishcloths, towels, sponges, and mops are clean. Ruminants are considered to have increased resistance
Mold_and_human_health
equivalence and evolutionary convergence in complex communities of microbial sponge symbionts". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (27): E1878–E1887
Functional equivalence (ecology)
Functional_equivalence_(ecology)
Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria
Kobayashi J (April 2016). "Bromopyrrole Alkaloids from Okinawan Marine Sponges Agelas spp". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 64 (7): 691–4. doi:10
Antibiotic
organic compounds that act as allelopathic chemicals in corals and Caribbean sponges. Kubanek also leads research projects into the chemical signals from the
Julia_Kubanek
Organisms that live in salt water
sponge that live in food-poor environments have become carnivores that prey mainly on small crustaceans. Sponge biodiversity. There are four sponge species
Marine_life
Scientific study of ocean life
Gland, Switzerland. Apprill, A. (2017)"Marine animal microbiomes: toward understanding host–microbiome interactions in a changing ocean". Frontiers in Marine
Marine_biology
Extremely small fragments of plastic
hdl:10397/88307. Perkins, Tom (10 December 2024). "Cotton-and-squid-bone sponge can soak up 99.9% of microplastics, scientists say". The Guardian. Vico
Microplastics
Species of fly
Yoskowitz, Katherine H.; Benbow, M. Eric (2025-11-27). "Host-specific microbiomes of blow flies: ecological drivers and implications for pathogen carriage"
Phormia
Disease of the tissues surrounding the teeth (periodontium)
teeth near and below the gums there is some dysbiosis of the normal oral microbiome. As of 2017 it was not certain what species were most responsible for
Periodontal_disease
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