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Widely used scientific instrument aboard satellites and probes
Spacecraft magnetometers are magnetometers used aboard spacecraft and satellites, mostly for scientific investigations, plus attitude sensing. Magnetometers
Spacecraft_magnetometer
Europa Clipper's magnetometer instrument
The Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM) is a spacecraft magnetometer aboard the planned Europa Clipper mission. It will be used to precisely measure Europa's
Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer
Scientific instrument on the Juno space probe
Investigator and head of the magnetometer team The fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) is similar to previous instruments flown on spacecraft like the Voyagers, Magsat
Magnetometer_(Juno)
Device that measures magnetism
A magnetometer is a device that measures magnetic field (B) or magnetic dipole moment. Different types of magnetometers measure the direction, strength
Magnetometer
First NASA mission to orbit Jupiter (1989–2003)
(260 lb) altogether, included magnetometer sensors mounted on an 11 m (36 ft) boom to minimize interference from the spacecraft; a plasma instrument for detecting
Galileo_(spacecraft)
Reconnaissance NASA mission of the main belt asteroid 16 Psyche
The Psyche spacecraft is designed with solar electric propulsion, and the scientific payload includes a multispectral imager, a magnetometer, and a gamma-ray
Psyche_(spacecraft)
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
MHz beacon transmitter failure terminated the experiment. A fluxgate magnetometer was used to measure the component of the magnetic field parallel to the
Explorer_6
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
Geological Survey) spacecraft, launched on 30 October 1979. The mission was to map the Earth's magnetic field, the satellite had two magnetometers. The scalar
Explorer_61
Second NASA orbiter mission to Jupiter (2011–Present)
Lockheed Martin and operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on August 5, 2011 UTC
Juno_(spacecraft)
NASA/ESA solar probe launched in 1990
crystals with photomultipliers; two different magnetometers, a helium vector magnetometer and a fluxgate magnetometer; and a two-axis magnetic search coil antenna
Ulysses_(spacecraft)
NASA/DLR solar probes launched in 1974–76
metres (14 ft). Also deployed were two rigid booms carrying sensors and magnetometers, attached on both sides of the central bodies, and two flexible antennae
Helios_(spacecraft)
Scientific instrument on the Parker Solar Probe
and the third is a search-coil magnetometer. It has five voltage sensors, four of which extend beyond the spacecraft's heatshield and must directly endure
FIELDS
Planned Chinese–European satellite
Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) is a spacecraft mission of the European Space Agency and the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched
SMILE_(spacecraft)
NASA space probe launched in 1977
random error—as a command to turn on the electrical heaters of the spacecraft's magnetometer. These heaters stayed on until December 4, 2006, and during that
Voyager_2
NASA space probe launched in 1977
only two instruments are operational, the Plasma Wave Subsystem and magnetometer. A 1960s proposal for a Grand Tour to study the outer planets led NASA
Voyager_1
Apollo lunar science experiment
(PDF). NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. June 1, 1970. pp. 55–74. Dyal, P.; Parkin, C. W. (1971-01-01). "The Apollo 12 magnetometer experiment: Internal
Lunar_Surface_Magnetometer
NASA orbiter mission to asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres (2007–2018)
orbit around Ceres. Dawn is the first spacecraft to have orbited two extraterrestrial bodies, the first spacecraft to have visited either Vesta or Ceres
Dawn_(spacecraft)
Process of controlling orientation of an aerospace vehicle
spacecraft using magnetometers) the precise location must also be known. While pose[clarification needed] estimation can be employed, for spacecraft it
Spacecraft attitude determination and control
Spacecraft_attitude_determination_and_control
European mission to study Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (2004–2016)
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft performed flybys of Earth, Mars, and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867
Rosetta_(spacecraft)
Future mission to asteroid 99942 Apophis
MARIE (Magnetosphere-induced Apophis Response Investigation Experiment) magnetometer, flying aboard the Don Quijote lander, will study the interactions between
Ramses_(spacecraft)
Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface
diaphragm/microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites, a magnetometer, and temperature-variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions. The first,
Moon_landing
NASA mission to Mercury
becoming the first spacecraft to do so. It successfully completed its primary mission in 2012. Following two mission extensions, the spacecraft used the last
MESSENGER
Failed NASA mission to the Moon (1958)
magnetometer to measure magnetic fields to 5 microgauss, and temperature-variable resistors to record spacecraft internal conditions. The spacecraft was
Pioneer_2
NASA spacecraft (2006–present)
dropped, due to mass and the expense associated with including a magnetometer on the spacecraft. Instead, SWAP and PEPSSI could indirectly detect magnetic fields
New_Horizons
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
battery-powered spacecraft instrumented with two fluxgate magnetometers and one rubidium vapor magnetometer extending from the main spacecraft body, and a
Explorer_10
American research satellite launched in 1959
Instrumentation included a proton magnetometer, X-ray ionization chambers, and various micrometeoroid detectors. The spacecraft was a 50.8 cm (20.0 in) of diameter
Vanguard_3
ESA's space program to study Earth's magnetic field
atmosphere The payload of the three spacecraft consists of the following instruments: Vector Field Magnetometer (VFM): Linear and low-noise measurements
Swarm_(spacecraft)
Saturn V-launched payload that took men to the Moon
The Apollo spacecraft was composed of three parts designed to accomplish the American Apollo program's goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by the end
Apollo_(spacecraft)
Mission to Saturn (1997–2017)
including its rings and natural satellites. The Flagship-class robotic spacecraft comprised both NASA's Cassini space probe and ESA's Huygens lander, which
Cassini–Huygens
Robotic European Space Agency lander that accompanied the Rosetta spacecraft
is a robotic European Space Agency lander that accompanied the Rosetta spacecraft until it separated to land on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, ten years
Philae_(spacecraft)
NASA probe of the Sun's outer corona
07:31 UTC. The spacecraft operated nominally after launching. During its first week in space it deployed its high-gain antenna, magnetometer boom, and electric
Parker_Solar_Probe
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
these objectives, the spacecraft was instrumented with the following instruments: A plasma wave receivers; A fluxgate magnetometer; A low-energy proton-electron
Explorer_52
1959 Soviet uncrewed space mission to impact the surface of the Moon
sixth of the Soviet Union's Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon, E-1 No.7. It was the first spacecraft to touch the surface of the Moon, and the
Luna_2
Cancelled magnetometer for Europa Clipper
electric currents and plasma coupling Jupiter to Europa Spacecraft magnetometer Magnetometer (Juno) FIELDS Foust, Jeff (March 6, 2019). "NASA to replace
Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry
Interior_Characterization_of_Europa_using_Magnetometry
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
main bus, along with two 183 cm (72 in) magnetometer booms. Four whip antennas are mounted on top of the spacecraft. A retrorocket was mounted on top of
Explorer_35
European mission to comets Halley and Grigg–Skjellerup (1985–1992)
robotic spacecraft mission from the European Space Agency. The spacecraft flew by and studied Halley's Comet and in doing so became the first spacecraft to
Giotto_(spacecraft)
First successful mission to Venus (1962–1963)
by the instrument. The field that the magnetometer observed was the super-position of a nearly constant spacecraft field and the interplanetary field. Thus
Mariner_2
Four NASA robots studying Earth's magnetosphere (2015-present)
Earth's magnetosphere, using four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. The spacecraft were launched on 13 March 2015 at 02:44 UTC.
Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission
First spacecraft to visit Jupiter and the outer Solar System (1972–2003)
that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. It was the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt and the first of five artificial objects
Pioneer_10
India's first solar observation mission
Āditya IPA: [aːd̪it̪jɐ] 'Sun', L1 'Lagrange Point 1') is a coronagraphy spacecraft for studying the solar atmosphere, designed and developed by ISRO and
Aditya-L1
Chinese asteroid and comet exploration mission
a visible/near-infrared imaging spectrometer, a mass spectrometer, a magnetometer, and a charged/neutral particle and dust analyzer. International contributions
Tianwen-2
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
orthogonal fluxgate magnetometers mounted on the end of an 86.4 cm (34.0 in) boom. One magnetometer axis was within 2° of the spacecraft spin axis. Each of
Explorer_14
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
the vector magnetic field and fluctuations over the spacecraft's orbit. This set of magnetometers consisted of a triaxial fluxgate system. These, along
Explorer_45
NASA Mars orbiter (2013–2025)
MAVEN is an inactive NASA spacecraft orbiting Mars that studied the loss of its atmospheric gases to space, providing insight into the history of the planet's
MAVEN
Ongoing NASA interstellar program
Voyager's fully extended 13-meter-long magnetometer boom There are three different computer types on the Voyager spacecraft, two of each kind, sometimes used
Voyager_program
1958 failed U.S. space probe
Moon, carrying a television camera, a micrometeorite detector and a magnetometer. It was part of the first International Geophysical Year (IGY) science
Pioneer_0
European mission to study Jupiter and its moons since 2023
thermal blankets.[citation needed] The magnetometer boom is the longest magnetometer boom ever build for a ESA spacecraft and mission. A suite of six sensors
Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer
German satellite of the Explorer program
University of California, Berkeley. The instrument was a three-axis fluxgate magnetometer mounted on a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) boom. It had two switchable ranges (± 4
AMPTE-IRM
Failed Soviet orbiter mission to Mars (1973–1974)
Марс-4), also known as 3MS No.52S was a Soviet spacecraft intended to explore Mars. A 3MS spacecraft launched as part of the Mars programme, it was intended
Mars_4
Soviet spacecraft
4 and First Lunar Rover, was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of Earth's Moon, the first spacecraft to leave Earth's orbit, and the first to
Luna_1
NASA interplanetary mission (1960)
they were not enough to endanger the mission. The spacecraft returned data collected by the magnetometer on the magnetic field and it measured that the median
Pioneer_5
NASA heliophysics spacecraft
launch. The other spacecraft, SV2, completed post-launch commissioning without issue. DC Magnetometer (MAG) a fluxgate magnetometer that provides measurements
TRACERS
American prototype spacecraft
aboard the spacecraft included a Lyman-alpha telescope, a rubidium-vapor magnetometer, electrostatic analyzers, medium-energy range particle detectors, two
Ranger_1
European spacecraft
radiation particle telescope, magnetometer, and a Faraday Cup for measuring the solar wind properties: MAGIC Magnetometer mounted on a 1-meter long boom
HENON
NASA heliophysics mission
0.5 - 1.0 MeV electrons. The IMAP magnetometer (MAG) consists of a pair of identical triaxial fluxgate magnetometers that measure the 3D interplanetary
Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe
Interstellar_Mapping_and_Acceleration_Probe
NASA flyby mission to Venus (1967–1968)
detector, and the cosmic dust detector. It retained the helium-vector magnetometer, solar plasma probe, and trapped radiation detector from Mariner 4. Unlike
Mariner_5
Soviet flyby/lander mission to Mars (1973–1974)
Марс-6), also known as 3MP No.50P was a Soviet spacecraft launched to explore Mars. A 3MP bus spacecraft launched as part of the Mars program, it consisted
Mars_6
Third mission of the Discovery program; polar orbital reconnaissance of the Moon
operations (~$4 million). The spacecraft carried six instruments: a Gamma Ray Spectrometer, a Neutron spectrometer, a Magnetometer, an Electron Reflectometer
Lunar_Prospector
2025 NASA mission to Mars
each identical spacecraft: EMAG, EESA, ELP, and VISIONS. EMAG, which was developed by the NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center, is a magnetometer that will measure
ESCAPADE
1961 unmanned US spacecraft
aboard the spacecraft included a Lyman-alpha telescope, a rubidium-vapor magnetometer, electrostatic analyzers, medium-energy-range particle detectors, two
Ranger_2
Failed Japanese orbiter mission to Mars (1998–2003)
camera, neutral mass spectrometer, dust counter, thermal plasma analyzer, magnetometer, electron and ion spectrum analyzers, ion mass spectrograph, high energy
Nozomi_(spacecraft)
Type of spacecraft
A lander is a spacecraft that descends towards, then comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body other than Earth.[page needed] In contrast to
Lander_(spacecraft)
Joint American-German space mission to map Earth's gravitational field
baseline between the satellites. The satellites use star cameras and magnetometers to establish attitude. The GRACE vehicles also have optical corner reflectors
GRACE_and_GRACE-FO
NASA satellite of the Explorer program (1966–)
main bus, along with two 183 cm (72 in) magnetometer booms. Four whip antennas are mounted on top of the spacecraft. A 35.8 kgf (351 N; 79 lbf) thrust retrorocket
Explorer_33
Planned Chinese Jupiter orbiter mission
mission to study the Jovian system, possibly sharing a launch with a spacecraft which will make a flyby of Uranus. The goals of the planned Tianwen-4
Tianwen-4
United Kingdom satellite of the Explorer program
AMPTE-UKS was one spacecraft of the AMPTE program (along with AMPTE-CCE and AMPTE-IRM) and served as a subsatellite of the AMPTE-IRM spacecraft. Its purpose
AMPTE-UKS
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
orthogonal fluxgate magnetometers mounted on the end of an 86.4 cm (34.0 in) boom. One magnetometer axis was within 2° of the spacecraft spin axis. Each of
Explorer_12
European Space Agency space weather mission
forecasts. To this purpose the Vigil mission will place for the first time a spacecraft at Sun-Earth Lagrange point 5 (L5) from where it would get a 'side' view
Vigil_(space_mission)
European–Japanese spacecraft to launch in 2029
selected to provide solar panels for the Probe B1. In July 2024, the spacecraft's magnetometer boom was undergoing vibration testing. In November 2024, the Probe
Comet_Interceptor
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
transported in the magnetosphere: The instrument was a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer mounted on a 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) boom. It had seven automatically switchable
AMPTE-CCE
NASA space mission to Jupiter and Europa
Europa from March 2031. Europa Clipper is the largest interplanetary spacecraft ever launched by NASA. The mission used a gravity assist from Mars in
Europa_Clipper
Accelerometer-based navigational device
combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers. When the magnetometer is included, IMUs are referred to as IMMUs. IMUs are typically
Inertial_measurement_unit
First spacecraft to visit Saturn (1973–1995)
Pioneer 11 has one additional instrument more than Pioneer 10, a flux-gate magnetometer. Pioneer 11 was launched on April 6, 1973, at 02:11:00 UTC from Cape
Pioneer_11
Continuously computed dead reckoning
supplemented by a barometric altimeter and sometimes by magnetic sensors (magnetometers) and/or speed measuring devices. INSs are used on mobile robots and
Inertial_navigation_system
Space probe used to study magnetic fields
the end of the magnetometer boom. The electronics unit was on the main body of the spacecraft at the foot of the boom. The magnetometer had two operating
ISEE-2
NASA/ESA space telescope launched in 1990
resulting data, while the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) controls the spacecraft. Hubble features a 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) mirror, and its five main instruments
Hubble_Space_Telescope
European orbiter mission to Venus (2005–2015)
cleanness was due to the reuse of the Mars Express spacecraft bus, which did not carry a magnetometer. By combining the data from two-point simultaneous
Venus_Express
American space probe to asteroid (1996–2001)
camera fitted with a CCD imaging detector, a laser rangefinder, and a magnetometer. A radio science experiment was also performed using the NEAR tracking
NEAR_Shoemaker
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
satellite launched on 29 May 1965 to study space physics, and was the third spacecraft launched in the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform program. It was powered
Explorer_28
Reducing a spacecraft's unwanted angular velocity
Spacecraft detumbling is the process of reducing or eliminating unwanted angular velocity (tumbling) of a spacecraft following launcher separation or an
Spacecraft_detumbling
ESA/JAXA mission to study Mercury in orbit (2018–present)
magnetometer, particle analysers, a Ka-band transponder, and an accelerometer. The payload components are mounted on the nadir side of the spacecraft
BepiColombo
Discontinuation of a space probe from active service
retirement of a spacecraft refers to the discontinuation of a spacecraft from active service. This can involve deorbiting the spacecraft, discontinuing
Spacecraft_retirement
Region of space dominated by the Sun
similar instrument suite as 10 but also had a flux-gate magnetometer. Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft were on different trajectories and thus recorded data
Heliosphere
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
The International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft, designed and launched as the International Sun-Earth Explorer-3 (ISEE-3) satellite, was launched
International Cometary Explorer
International_Cometary_Explorer
First successful NASA mission to Mars (1964–1967)
with Mariner 3 known as Mariner-Mars 1964) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft intended for planetary exploration in a flyby mode. It was designed to
Mariner_4
NOAA weather satellite
magnetosphere present dangerous radiation hazards to spacecraft and human spaceflight. The magnetometer samples the magnetic field at a resolution of 0.016 nT
GOES-16
American solar research spacecraft
260 lb). The main science instrument sets are the Sun-observing Plasma Magnetometer (PlasMag) and the Earth-observing NIST Advanced Radiometer (NISTAR) and
Deep Space Climate Observatory
Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory
Second crewed space flight in NASA's Project Gemini
the electrostatic charge in the spacecraft. MSC-2 was a proton-electron spectrometer. MSC-3 was a tri-axis magnetometer. MSC-10 involved the crew photographing
Gemini_4
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
measurements at high and low altitudes in the same field-line region. The DE-1 spacecraft (high-altitude mission) uses an elliptical orbit selected to allow: (1)
Dynamics_Explorer_1
Planned Chinese solar orbiter
of ion analyzers as well as a magnetometer. Ulysses Solar Orbiter Jones, Andrew (2025-02-25). "China to send a spacecraft out of the ecliptic to study
Solar_Polar_Orbit_Observatory
Soviet satellite
scientific-data abilities. It was an automatic scientific laboratory spacecraft. It was conically shaped and was 3.57 m (11.7 ft) long and 1.73 m (5.68 ft)
Sputnik_3
of spaceflight only nation states had the resources to develop and fly spacecraft. Both the U.S. space program and Soviet space program were operated using
List of spacecraft manufacturers
List_of_spacecraft_manufacturers
NASA satellite of the Explorer program, at SE-L1 from 1997
the spacecraft is still in generally good condition. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center managed the development and integration of the ACE spacecraft. The
Advanced_Composition_Explorer
Failed Soviet lunar orbiter
a gamma-ray spectrometer for energies between 0.3–3 MeV, a triaxial magnetometer (on the end of a 1.5-meter boom), a piezoelectric micrometeoroid detector
Kosmos_111
NASA probe to study solar wind, at L1 since 1995
The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Wind satellite is a NASA science spacecraft designed to study radio waves and plasma that occur in the solar wind and
Wind_(spacecraft)
Failed Soviet space probe
meaning Cosmos 96), or 3MV-4 No.6, was a Soviet spacecraft intended to explore Venus. A 3MV-4 spacecraft launched as part of the Venera programme, Kosmos
Kosmos_96
First spacecraft to visit Mercury (1973–1975)
November 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It was the first spacecraft to visit Mercury and the first to perform a flyby of multiple planets
Mariner_10
Failed Soviet flyby/lander mission to Mars (1973–1974)
Марс-7), also known as 3MP No.51P was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1973 to explore Mars. A 3MP bus spacecraft which comprised the final mission of the Mars
Mars_7
1966 crewed spaceflight within NASA's Gemini program
mission. Three were interested in radiation: MSC-3 was the Tri-Axis Magnetometer which measured levels in the South Atlantic Anomaly. There was also MSC-6
Gemini_10
Series of two uncrewed Soviet spacecraft
Mars 1M was a series of two uncrewed spacecraft which were used in the first Soviet missions to explore Mars. They were the earliest missions of the Mars
Mars_1M
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