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Type of democracy in Marxism
Soviet democracy, also called council democracy, is a type of democracy in Marxism, in which the rule of a population is exercised by directly elected
Soviet_democracy
Government system where political power lies with the people
democracy or workers' councils (which are sometimes called soviets). This system can begin with workplace democracy and can manifest itself as soviet
Democracy
Form of democracy emphasizing socialism
Socialist democracy, or social democracy in early writings, is a political system that aligns with principles of both socialism and democracy. Democracy is a
Socialist_democracy
Political theory developed by Vladimir Lenin
dominant version of Marxism in Russia and the basis of soviet democracy, the rule of directly elected soviets. In establishing the socialist mode of production
Leninism
Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Government Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union § Government and politics Soviet democracy Archie Brown, The
Constitution of the Soviet Union
Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union
Socialist workers' council
Федера́ции (Soviet Federatsii) Free soviets German Revolution Irish soviets Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet Participatory democracy Soviet democracy Thing (assembly)
Soviet_(council)
Lower house of the Soviet Union's legislature
the principles of Soviet democracy, and with the rule that each deputy would represent the same number of voters. Under the 1936 Soviet Constitution, there
Soviet_of_the_Union
Political philosophy
"democratic socialism" became defined as distinguishing between social democracy and Soviet socialism. Democratic socialism is what most socialists understand
Democratic_socialism
Soviet-style councils of the 1918/19 German revolution
between those on the radical Left who wanted to set up a system of soviet democracy and moderates whose goal was to establish a socialist-dominated parliamentary
German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919
German_workers'_and_soldiers'_councils_1918–1919
Republic formed of workers' councils
republic or sovietic republic, is a republic in which the government is formed of soviets (workers' councils) and politics are based on soviet democracy. During
Soviet_republic
Term for Soviet foreign policy before 1989
were Soviet satellite states. Although the Soviet Union was not ruled by an emperor, and declared itself anti-imperialist and a people's democracy, it
Soviet_empire
During its 69-year history, the Soviet Union usually had a de facto leader who would not always necessarily be head of state or even head of government
List of leaders of the Soviet Union
List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union
Ruling party of the Soviet Union (1912–1991)
a liberal democracy. The CPSU's demise began in March 1990, when state bodies eclipsed party elements in power. From then until the Soviet Union's disestablishment
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union
Form of government
communist states with functioning political participation processes (i.e. Soviet democracy) involving other non-party organisations such as direct democratic
Communist_state
Status of democracy in Marxist theory
attempts of direct democracy with soviets (Russian for council). According to Lenin and other theorists of the Soviet Union, the soviets represent the democratic
Democracy_in_Marxism
Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991
advantages of "socialist democracy" over "bourgeois democracy" (liberal democracy). He was subsequently assigned to the Soviet Procurator's office, which
Mikhail_Gorbachev
Variety of Marxism developed by Leon Trotsky
the Soviet bureaucracy and what they claim to be the loss of democracy. Trotskyists claim that in 1928 inner party democracy and soviet democracy, which
Trotskyism
Manifestation of Marxism–Leninism
liberal form of socialism, the formal ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was Marxism–Leninism, a form of socialism consisting of a centralised
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union
Upper house of the USSR legislature
principles of Soviet democracy. Until democratization in the late-1980s, however, only a single candidate nominated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Soviet_of_Nationalities
Maoist political conception of democracy
manufacturing consent. He also found his concept of New Democracy not in contrast with the Soviet-style dictatorship of the proletariat which he assumed
New_Democracy
Marxist–Leninist concept
he called for a "new type of democracy based upon the social equality of the masses." In the first postwar years, Soviet leaders did not try to explain
People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)
People's_democracy_(Marxism–Leninism)
Trotskyist view of state socialist bureaucracy, particularly under Stalin
of the Stalinist political regime will lead to the establishment of Soviet democracy only in the event that the removal of Bonapartism comes as the conscious
Degenerated_workers'_state
Head of state of the USSR in 1990–91; only held by Mikhail Gorbachev
the Soviet Union (Russian: Президент Советского Союза, romanized: Prezident Sovetskogo Soyuza), officially the president of the Union of Soviet Socialist
President_of_the_Soviet_Union
The Constitution of the Soviet Union recognised the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (between 1938 and 1989) and the earlier Central Executive Committee
List of heads of state of the Soviet Union
List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union
Highest executive and administrative organ from 1946 to 1991
The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Совет министров СССР, romanized: Sovet ministrov SSSR, IPA: [sɐˈvʲet mʲɪˈnʲistrəf
Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union
Overarching political power principle of communist states
consistently with strict organizational unity. Soviet scholars Nikolay Moiseenko and Mikhail Popov defined democracy, in its application to enterprise management
Democratic_centralism
democracy Economic democracy Council democracy Inclusive democracy Industrial democracy Soviet democracy Workplace democracy Marxist democracy Marxist–Leninist
List_of_political_ideologies
Military forces of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1918–1991)
of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, the Red Army (1918–1946) and the Soviet Army (1946–1991)
Soviet_Armed_Forces
1987 political slogan from Mikhail Gorbachev
Glasnost Perestroika Uskorenie History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991) Revolutions of 1989 Democracy in Europe This article incorporates text from this
Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)
Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)
Type of society and economic system
characterized by democratic processes, not merely in the sense of electoral democracy, but in the broader sense of open and collaborative social and workplace
Communist_society
Political strategy for implementing socialism
Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1935). Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?. London: Longmans. Sloan, Pat (1937). Soviet democracy. London: Left Book Club; Victor
State_socialism
State of affairs in Marxist theory
class, rendering the mass-based democracy of the soviets impractical. By March 1919, Lenin acknowledged that the soviets had ceased to be organs of government
Dictatorship of the proletariat
Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat
Head of government of the USSR
The Premier of the Soviet Union (Russian: Глава Правительства СССР) was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). From
Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union
Political philosophy
towards democracy.[page needed] Types of democracy in Marxism include Soviet democracy, New Democracy, and Whole-process people's democracy, and can
Marxism
Highest political position in the Soviet Union
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1924 until the country's
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union
Political and socioeconomic ideology
development was criticized by more orthodox supporters of the Soviet Union as amounting to social democracy. Since 1957, communists have been frequently voted into
Communism
1848 political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
B. The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pp. 236–37. Ishay
The_Communist_Manifesto
Soviet army and air force from 1918 to 1946
component of the Soviet Armed Forces alongside the Soviet Navy) was renamed the "Soviet Army". Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was split
Red_Army
1917–1922 civil war in the Russian Empire
reorganizing the empire into the world's first socialist state, to practice soviet democracy on a national and international scale. Their promise to end Russia's
Russian_Revolution
Failed attempt to unseat Mikhail Gorbachev
Boris Yeltsin, former Soviet Foreign Minister and Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze and others fighting for Soviet democracy." McDougall met with
1991_Soviet_coup_attempt
Marxist social class concept
notion was also embraced by the Bolshevik Party. After the formation of the Soviet Union, Marxist proponents of internationalism suggested that country could
Proletarian_internationalism
Soviet politician and revolutionary (1879–1940)
Commission in 1937 about industrialisation, he emphasised the need for Soviet democracy: The successes are very important, and I affirmed it every time. They
Leon_Trotsky
Soviet penal labor camp system
was a system of labor camps in the Soviet Union. The word Gulag originally referred only to the division of the Soviet secret police that was in charge
Gulag
1921–28 Soviet economic policy theorized by Lenin
romanized: novaya ekonomicheskaya politika) was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient. Lenin
New_Economic_Policy
Major surges of democracy in history
Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and sub-Saharan Africa, beginning in 1989. The expansion of democracy in some regions was stunning. In
Waves_of_democracy
Leninist political revolutionary ideology
while maintaining the illusion of proletarian democracy. In the 20th century, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) continued regarding itself as
Vanguardism
Opponents of Soviet ideology
Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of Soviet ideology or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them
Soviet_dissidents
Former legislature of the USSR (1938–90)
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (Russian: Президиум Верховного Совета, romanized: Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta) was the standing organ of the highest
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union
Unrest during Russian Revolution of 1905
Soviet Democracy. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780521894425. Getzler, Israel (1983). Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy.
1905_Kronstadt_Mutiny
Series of nation-wide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union
five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: пятилетние планы развития народного
Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union
Measure of the state of democracy according to The Economist
The Democracy Index published by the British media company the Economist Group is an index measuring the quality of democracy across the world. This quantitative
The_Economist_Democracy_Index
Form of political and economic organization
should seize state power and establish a socialist state based on soviet democracy. Lenin's model for the dictatorship of the proletariat is based on
Workers'_council
Alliance of groups against common enemies
action in relation to the bourgeoisie and counter-revolutionary social democracy.... In the same way the united front tactic has nothing to do with the
United_front
Body of Marxist thought, prominent until World War I
adopt a gradualist approach, taking advantage of bourgeois parliamentary democracy to improve the lives of workers until capitalism was brought down by its
Orthodox_Marxism
US and Soviet Union compared)", Harvard Business Review vol. 36 (1958): pp. 125–136; quoted in Alex Carey 1997, Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Corporate
Propaganda in the Soviet Union
Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union
Debate over democracy in China has existed in Chinese politics since the 19th century. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is not a democracy, being an
Democracy_in_China
1964–1985 period of the Soviet Union
describe the economic, political, and social era in the history of the Soviet Union that began during the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and
Era_of_Stagnation
1917–1991 Russian organization
force." Government of the Soviet Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) Soviet democracy Voslenskiĭ, M. S. (1984)
Soviet_bureaucracy
The political system of the Soviet Union took place in a federal communist state framework. The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union functioned as the supreme
Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union
According to communist ideologists, the Soviet political system was a true democracy, where workers' councils ("soviets") represented the will of the working
Human rights in the Soviet Union
Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union
therefore, absolutely no contradiction in principle between Soviet (that is, socialist) democracy and the exercise of dictatorial powers by individuals. (…)
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union
Social-political-economic theory
communism, the Soviet Union curriculum requirements for understanding Soviet orthodoxy on the subject. Science and technology in the Soviet Union Siad Barre
Scientific_socialism
Soviet political reform movement
Soviet Union on its irreversible, but immensely complicated road to democracy. ... [T]he sooner, the more quickly, and the more peacefully the Soviet
Perestroika
Censorship in the Soviet Union was pervasive and strictly enforced. Censorship was performed in two main directions: State secrets were handled by the
Censorship in the Soviet Union
Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union
Italian communist politician and Marxist theoretician (1889–1970)
body of the working class. Bordiga was deeply opposed to representative democracy, which he associated with bourgeois electoralism. In a 1914 issue of Il
Amadeo_Bordiga
Soviet nuclear physicist and human rights activist (1921–1989)
(Russian: Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров; 21 May 1921 – 14 December 1989) was a Soviet physicist and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, which he was awarded in 1975
Andrei_Sakharov
Centre-left political ideology
Social democracy is a broad, centre-left social, economic, and political ideology within the wider socialist movement that supports political and economic
Social_democracy
Science and technology in the Soviet Union served as an important part of national politics, practices, and identity. From the time of Lenin until the
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union
1937 book by Leon Trotsky
democracy just as the human body requires oxygen"; without democracy, he predicts economic stagnation. He next discusses everyday life in the Soviet Union
The_Revolution_Betrayed
Peter Kropotkin. Soviet democracy granted voting rights to the majority of the populace who elected the local soviets, regional soviets, and so on until
Communism_in_Russia
Highest executive and administrative organ in the Soviet Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was the executive and administrative organ of the highest body of state authority, the All-Union Supreme Soviet. It
Government of the Soviet Union
Government_of_the_Soviet_Union
Concept in Marxist theory
would not carry out a thorough revolution which would institute political democracy and solve the land question. These measures were assumed to be essential
Permanent_revolution
Economic theories, practices and norms of socialism
of Soviet Democracy". Studies in Soviet Thought. 44 (3): 229–30. Getzler, Israel (2002) [1982]. Kronstadt 1917–1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy. Cambridge:
Socialist_economics
1988–1991 breakup of the sovereign state
greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union
Slogan popularised by Karl Marx
Netherlands: Brill. p. 113. ISBN 978-90-04-38480-4. Graeber, David (2013). The Democracy Project: A History, a Crisis, a Movement. New York: Spiegel & Grau. pp
From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs
Overview of education in Soviet Union
Education in the Soviet Union was guaranteed as a constitutional right to all people provided through state schools and universities. The education system
Education_in_the_Soviet_Union
1980s policy of the Soviet Union promoting openness and freedom of information
Gorbachev as a political slogan for increased government transparency in the Soviet Union within the framework of perestroika, and the word came to be used
Glasnost
There was systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, based on the interpretation of political opposition or dissent as a psychiatric
Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union
Faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
Party, All-Union Communist Party, and ultimately the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Its ideology, based on Leninist and later Marxist–Leninist principles
Bolsheviks
Marxist term to describe a subsection of the underclass
"ragged-proletariat". It has been described by some scholars and theorists, as well as the Soviet nomenclature, as a declassed (déclassé) group. The term "underclass" is
Lumpenproletariat
Marxist concept
portal Politics portal Socialism portal Socialist state Soviet democracy Soviet (council) Soviet republic Supreme state organ of power Thomas 1952, p. 10
Socialist_state_(communism)
Political philosophy emphasising social ownership of production
the New Left, socialists who tended to be critical of the Soviet Union and social democracy. Anarcho-syndicalists and some elements of the New Left and
Socialism
Overview of democracy measures
Democracy indices / rankings are quantitative and comparative measurements of the state of democracy for different countries according to various definitions
Democracy_indices
Soviet law from 1917-1991
the Soviet Union was the law as it developed in the Soviet Union (USSR) following the October Revolution of 1917. Modified versions of the Soviet legal
Law_of_the_Soviet_Union
Western European political ideology
have always claimed to be different—not only from Soviet communism, but also from social democracy—while in practice they were always very similar to
Eurocommunism
Former party political authority
Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the highest organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) between Congresses. Elected
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union
Argentine revolutionary (1928–1967)
criticism of the Soviet political economy, believing that the Soviets had "forgotten Marx". This led Guevara to denounce several Soviet practices including
Che_Guevara
Revolutionary Marxist ideology
to completely abandon democracy. Lenin, in his speech on April 28, calls the Soviet organization "the highest type of democracy", "a complete break with
Bolshevism
Economic system based on private ownership
Soskice see democracy and capitalism as mutually supportive. Robert Dahl argued in On Democracy that capitalism was beneficial for democracy because economic
Capitalism
Soviet foreign trade played only a minor role in the Soviet economy. In 1985, for example, exports and imports each accounted for only 4 percent of the
Foreign trade of the Soviet Union
Foreign_trade_of_the_Soviet_Union
1928–1930 faction of the Soviet Communist Party
Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, Mikhail Tomsky, and their supporters within the Soviet Union that did not follow the so-called "general line of the party". It
Right_Opposition
Government institution in the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union
executive authorities of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the Soviet Union (USSR), and the Soviet republics from 1917 to 1946. The
Council of People's Commissars
Council_of_People's_Commissars
Form of government
Liberal democracy, also called Western-style democracy, is a form of government that combines the organization of a democracy with ideas of liberal political
Liberal_democracy
Form of governance in the USSR
governance in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and other socialist states espousing communism. In the Soviet Union itself, the collective
Collective leadership in the Soviet Union
Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union
Marxist concept of overthrowing capitalism
the world that evolved after the Russian Civil War into an essentially Soviet-sponsored agency responsible for coordinating the revolutionary overthrow
World_revolution
Communist political party in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR; Russian: Коммунистическая партия Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической
Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic
Ownership or control of an economy by a government
state is nominally socialist. Some scholars argue that the economy of the Soviet Union and of the Eastern Bloc countries modeled after it, including Maoist
State_capitalism
Concept which originated in the thought of Karl Marx
varying degrees of popular participation in politics. It was not so much democracy, but rather the universalising of its citizenship, that eventually enabled
Mode_of_production
Consumer goods in the Soviet Union were usually produced by a two-category industry. Group A was "heavy industry", which included all goods that serve
Consumer goods in the Soviet Union
Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union
Throughout its existence, the Soviet Union was a one-party state dominated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1936, this dominance was formalised
List of political parties in the Soviet Union
List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union
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