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Embryology concept
The somites (outdated term: primitive segments) are a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of somitogenesis
Somite
Middle germ layer of embryonic development
for somite differentiation Notochord protein accumulates in presomitic mesoderm destined to form the next somite and then decreases as that somite is established
Mesoderm
Subphylum of arthropods
the ocular somite (referred as "acron" in previous literatures), which carries the eyes and labrum, with six post-ocular segments (somite 1 to 6), which
Chelicerata
Class of marine arthropods
into the so-called "all legs" or "no body" appearance. The body segments (somites) are generally interpreted as three main sections (tagma): cephalon (head
Sea_spider
Entire structure of a decapod crustacean
the cephalothorax and the pleon (abdomen). Each segment – often called a somite – may possess one pair of appendages, although in various groups these may
Decapod_anatomy
Bony structure found in vertebrates
is established during embryogenesis when somites are rhythmically added to the posterior of the embryo. Somite formation begins around the third week when
Spinal_column
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
somite 1-2...: ∎ Somites of head tagma (head / cephalon / prosoma) ...7-10: ∎ Abdominal somites (further somites omitted) P: ∎ Protocerebral somite /
Arthropod
Formation of segments in the vertebrate embryo
Somitogenesis is the process by which somites form. Somites are bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form along the anterior-posterior
Somitogenesis
which somites, blocks of mesoderm that give rise to a variety of connective tissues, are formed. The model describes the splitting off of somites from
Clock_and_wavefront_model
Species of annelid
and thus only occupies somite [2] and part of somite [3]"[26]. Following the pharynx is the gizzard, and is located in somite 6. Leading from the gizzard
Microchaetus_rappi
Class of crustaceans
number of somites (16) is fixed. Although the trunk is not divided into tagmata, the somites are variable throughout the body: the first trunk somite, which
Remipedia
Type of animal embryonic connective tissue
ectoderm and somite-forming morphogenic factors cause some primary mesenchyme to form neural mesenchyme, or paraxial mesoderm, and contribute to somite formation
Mesenchyme
Species of moth
tufts on each somite. First somite is black and grey, other somites are grey. There are paired dorsal and lateral black spots on each somite, from which
Trabala_vishnou
Type of area of skin
to the brain. The term is also used to refer to a part of an embryonic somite. Along the thorax and abdomen, the dermatomes are like a stack of discs
Dermatome_(anatomy)
Species of moth
each side subspiracularly. The 2nd somite bears four black processes, two subdorsally and two laterally. The 3rd somite bears 4 black processes, as in the
Bunaea_alcinoe
Order of crustaceans
embryos are carried in paired or single sacs attached to first abdominal somite. Cyclopoids are distinguished from other copepods by having first antennae
Cyclopoida
Medical condition
urinary systems involving MUllerian agenesis, Renal agenesis, Cervicothoracic Somite abnormalities. It affects only females. Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH)
MURCS_association
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
for a few days (specifically around 8 days post-somite formation and lasting until day 14 post-somite in mice). It functions during that time to commit
MYF5
Predatory order of arachnids
anterior seven somites (segments) of the opisthosoma are each covered by a hardened plate, the tergite, on the back surface. Underneath, somites 3 to 7 are
Scorpion
Anatomical structure
simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites, blocks of tissue running along both sides of the neural tube, which form
Paraxial_mesoderm
Feature of crustaceans
a characteristic feature of primitive crustaceans. Located on the anal somite (telson segment), the caudal ramus is a pair of appendage-like or spine-like
Caudal_ramus
Important Biological tissue that allows movement
embryo's length into somites, corresponding to the segmentation of the body (most obviously seen in the vertebral column). Each somite has three divisions
Muscle
Group of tissues
myoseptum). In vertebrate embryonic development, a myotome is the part of a somite that develops into muscle. The anatomical term myotome which describes the
Myotome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
left ventricle fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell Ileal epithelium somite endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel primitive streak epiblast More reference
BYSL
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
appendix granulocyte gonad Top expressed in ventricular zone primitive streak somite epiblast thymus abdominal wall fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell
RCC2
Extinct genus of synziphosurine
although somite 14 and all of the abdominal somites lack appendages. The first pre-abdominal somite has a large, flap-like exopod. The abdominal somites have
Setapedites
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Top expressed in neural layer of retina epiblast hand ventricular zone somite molar thymus abdominal wall tail of embryo endocardial cushion More reference
PCBP2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
epiblast spermatocyte embryo embryo ventricular zone yolk sac spermatid somite primitive streak fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell More reference
RCC1
Set of blood vessels in embryonic development
embryonic dorsal aorta, with each artery providing blood supply to one somite and its derivatives. The cervical intersegmental arteries merge into the
Intersegmental_artery
Extinct order of basal arthropods
trunk. The head is composed of only one body segment known as the ocular somite, covered by sclerites (head carapace complex), bore arthropodized frontal
Radiodonta
Physiology of Spiders (order Araneae)
cephalothorax. This waist is actually the last segment (somite) of the cephalothorax (the pregenital somite). The abdomen is also known as the opisthosoma. On
Spider_anatomy
Protein-coding gene in humans
tail of embryo mandibular prominence genital tubercle maxillary prominence somite yolk sac arcuate nucleus dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus More reference
CACYBP
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
neural crest cell genital tubercle mandibular prominence secondary oocyte somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene
HELLS
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gastrocnemius muscle apex of heart Top expressed in yolk sac epiblast embryo somite embryo lip right kidney dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
TOMM40
Subphylum of arthropods
exoskeleton, which must be moulted for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and a lateral pleuron
Crustacean
Pluripotent embryonic cell group giving rise to diverse cell lineages
binds the EphrinB transmembrane ligand expressed in the caudal half of each somite. When these two domains interact it causes receptor tyrosine phosphorylation
Neural_crest
Species of moth
round them, on somite 9 in the form of an oblique white bar. There is a yellow sub-basal mark found on 4th somite. Fifth and sixth somites have black ocelli
Eudocima_phalonia
Anatomical structure of the embryo
cranial flexure develops and the head moves ventrally. STAGE 10 In the 10 somite embryo, Carnegie No. 5074, the prechordal plate is continuous posteriorly
Prechordal_plate
Division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of segments
zebrafish use oscillating gene expression to define segments known as somites. Annelids such as the leech use smaller blast cells budded off from large
Segmentation_(biology)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
vagus nerve mucosa of pharynx Top expressed in ventricular zone epiblast somite membranous bone tail of embryo ganglionic eminence Dermatocranium mandible
RCOR2
Facial bones of a skull
teeth and adrenal medulla) or from the sclerotome, which derives from the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other
Facial_skeleton
Model describing chick development
lacked detail and was not widely used, with most researchers relying on somite number or age to identify the stage of development. Hamburger and Hamilton
Hamburger–Hamilton_stages
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
role in embryonic development is to establish the anterior boundary of somites, which will eventually develop in vertebrae, ribs, and dermis. Lunatic
LFNG
develop from these somites. The sequential epithelialization of the mesodermal mesenchymal rods lead to the formation of somites and the vertebrae originate
Segmentation in the human nervous system
Segmentation_in_the_human_nervous_system
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
timed well. Somite patterning is another process that influences NRARP through its interaction pattern of the correct way of the embryonic somites, which is
Notch regulated ankyrin repeat protein
Notch_regulated_ankyrin_repeat_protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
endometrium Top expressed in seminiferous tubule primitive streak epiblast somite lens tail of embryo spermatid medullary collecting duct ventricular zone
IPO5
Protein-coding gene in humans
spermatocyte lip ventricular zone embryo esophagus morula muscle of thigh somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene
CSNK2B
Bone in the vertebral column
(Co1–Co5) make up the tailbone or coccyx. There are no intervertebral discs. Somites form in the early embryo and some of these develop into sclerotomes. The
Vertebra
Taxonomical clade
orders) and fused, plate-like appendages on the first opisthosomal segment (somite VII). Lamsdell, James C. (2012-12-18). "Revised systematics of Palaeozoic
Dekatriata
Shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa
appeared to have evolved entirely independently. The embryonic body segments (somites) of different arthropod taxa have diverged from a simple body plan with
Homology_(biology)
Protein-coding gene in humans
abdominal wall primitive streak vas deferens medial ganglionic eminence dermis somite migratory enteric neural crest cell Paneth cell mandibular prominence More
CCT4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
external carotid artery Ileal epithelium Paneth cell lactiferous gland condyle somite trigeminal ganglion fossa hair follicle More reference expression data BioGPS
SF3A2
Extinct genus of scorpion
Zittel (1885) to Arthropleuridae, although presence of 2 pairs of limbs per somite excludes it from either of these groups. Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1972)
Praearcturus
American geneticist
of the department in January 2007. In 2023, Dr. Cliff Tabin co-founded Somite Therapeutics, a biotechnology company that integrates artificial intelligence
Clifford_Tabin
Phase of embryonic development
embryo. The coelom of the body forms from a split of the mesoderm along the somite axis. Organogenesis in plants occurs continuously and only stops when the
Organogenesis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
vagina development metanephric glomerulus development cell-cell signaling somite rostral/caudal axis specification anatomical structure morphogenesis gastrulation
LHX1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
tail of embryo genital tubercle mandibular prominence maxillary prominence somite endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel Gonadal ridge hair follicle primitive
EIF3CL
Process by which animal embryos form and develop
marking the future somites in the presomitic mesoderm (unsegmented paraxial). The presomitic mesoderm gives rise to successive pairs of somites, identical in
Animal_embryonic_development
Congenital malformation of female reproductive organs
additional malformations. Type 2 includes MURCS (Müllerian renal cervical somite). The majority of cases are sporadic, but familial cases have provided evidence
Müllerian_agenesis
Fluid-filled space between the lungs
mesoderm splits into two layers. The dorsal layer joins the overlying somites and ectoderm to form the somatopleure; and the ventral layer joins the
Pleural_cavity
Small Cambrian arthropod
tailshield (pygidium), and in between them six thoracic body segments (somites). The genus is monotypic, its sole species being Buenaspis forteyi. The
Buenaspis
Family of anomuran crustaceans
underside of the cephalothorax and is composed of six segments – called somites or pleonites – and a telson. In Hapalogastrinae, this abdomen is soft,
King_crab
Marine arthropods that lived during the late Ordovician
tailshield (pygidium), and in between them three thoracic body segments (somites). The known species in this genus currently include Soomaspis splendida
Soomaspis
Species of moth
eighth somite and paired black dorsal tubercles can be seen on tenth and eleventh somites. A lateral yellow-edged spot is found on the fifth somite. Ventral
Thyas_coronata
Reappearance of a genetic trait once thought extinct
Press[page needed] Raynauad, A. (1977), Somites and early morphogenesis in reptile limbs. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis, Cambridge University
Atavism
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
morula endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel yolk sac embryo epiblast embryo somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene
NOLA2
Embryonic structure
the first somite pair as well; however, it occurs shortly after gastrulation. In both pigs and rabbits, the allantois arises at early somite stages. The
Allantois
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
mandibular prominence dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell somite ankle mesenteric lymph nodes More reference expression data BioGPS More
EEF2
Organisational structure in early vertebrate embryogenesis
node and the anterior primitive streak, contribute to gut, notochord and somites. Gastrulation then continues along the ventroposterior blastopore lip and
Primitive_node
Clade of arthropods
carapace (prosomal dorsal shield) with reduced genal spines, as well as somite VII (first opisthosomal segment) with reduced appendages and microtergite
Planaterga
Bone of the spine
four. The bodies of the first and second vertebrae may fail to unite. The somites that give rise to the vertebral column begin to develop from head to tail
Sacrum
Protein-coding gene in humans
cortex primary visual cortex superior frontal gyrus islet of Langerhans somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene
ADAM18
Species of moth
fifth and sixth somites have purple borders, whereas a lateral yellow line from seventh somite ends in a dilated brown band on the anal somite. Spiracles are
Antheraea_paphia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gland tail of embryo primitive streak genital tubercle ventricular zone somite muscle of thigh hair follicle submandibular gland internal carotid artery
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1
Eukaryotic_translation_initiation_factor_4_gamma_1
Species of small freshwater animal
used to clasp the female during mating. The last somite of the thorax is fused with the first somite of the abdomen. In males, it bears a pair of processes
Chirocephalus_diaphanus
Formation of muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development
propel the specification of muscle cells in the somite. For both the lateral and medial regions of the somite, paracrine factors induce myotome cells to produce
Myogenesis
Species of moth
pale green or brown with dorsal black dots. There is an eyespot on the 4th somite which is blue centered with yellow in the green form. An ochreous black
Hippotion_velox
Species of insect
line. Spiracles white ringed with red and red centers. Tubercle on first somite and legs purple. Female larva much pale green. Larva known to feed on Cassia
Biston_suppressaria
Species of moth
apple green; paired dorsal and lateral yellow spinous tubercles on each somite except the last; dorsal yellow hairs; lateral and ventral black hairs; the
Actias_selene
Developmental precursor to the central nervous system
primary neurulation. In mammals, secondary neurulation begins around the 35th somite. Mammalian neural tubes close in the head in the opposite order that they
Neural_tube
Ancient genus of early Arachnids
the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth somites, with the opposite happening on the second, third and fourth somites. Trigonotarbida Anthracomartidae Dunlop
Maiocercus
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
interventricular septum otic placode cumulus cell primitive streak saccule epiblast somite abdominal wall embryo More reference expression data BioGPS n/a Orthologs
FSAF1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
tail of embryo trigeminal ganglion left lobe of liver entorhinal cortex somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene
LARP1
Segmented body with a serial repetition of organs
perform special functions. In animals, metameric segments are referred to as somites or metameres. In plants, they are referred to as metamers or, more concretely
Metamerism_(biology)
Family of spiders
The prosoma and opisthosoma are connected by the pedicel, or pregenital somite. This waist-like connecting piece is actually part of the prosoma and gives
Tarantula
Protein-coding gene in humans
the Notch signalling pathway. HES7 is involved in the segmentation of somites from the presomitic mesoderm in vertebrates. The HES7 gene is self-regulated
HES7
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the lung, choroid plexus, reproductive tract, embryonic kidney and pre-somite embryo stage. The human FOXJ1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome
FOXJ1
Species of moth
sub-lateral pale olivaceous band from fourth somite. Head and legs violet grey. Head small and anal somite conical. Pupa dark red. It is an international
Tiracola_plagiata
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
expressed in non-neural tissues during development, including the first forming somite in chick, known as S2, the lens fiber cells of the eye, in the esophagus
PTPRU
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Noggin is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in promoting somite patterning in the developing embryo. It is released from the notochord and
Noggin_(protein)
Limbless, scaly, elongate reptile
vertebrae is due to an increase in somites during embryogenesis, leading to an increased number of vertebrae which develop. Somites are formed at the presomitic
Snake
Form of jointed appendage of arthropods
undulating, or expelling water in jets. The embryonic body segments (somites) of different arthropods taxa have diverged from a simple body plan with
Arthropod_leg
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
kidney yolk sac tail of embryo proximal tubule internal carotid artery somite calvaria More reference expression data BioGPS n/a Gene ontology Molecular
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2
Serine_hydroxymethyltransferase_2
Species of moth
specks on the vertex of 1st, 2nd and 3rd somites. There are oblique white lateral stripes on 4th and 11th somites. Female, dorsal view Female, ventral view
Psilogramma_menephron
Genus of moths
with a dark dorsal line, and a subdorsal pale line on thoracic somites. The fourth somite has a large ocellus, which is white ringed with brown and centered
Pergesa
develop from the occipital arch in the embryo; as such, they develop from somites and may share serial homology with the vertebrae. They are among the first
Exoccipital
Series of molecular signals
maintenance of somite borders. During somitogenesis, a molecular oscillator in paraxial mesoderm cells dictates the precise rate of somite formation. A
Notch_signaling_pathway
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
supraoptic nucleus brown adipose tissue dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus somite dorsal tegmental nucleus olfactory tubercle superior frontal gyrus globus
Adipose-secreted signaling protein
Adipose-secreted_signaling_protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
hematopoietic progenitor cell genital tubercle tail of embryo Paneth cell somite ventricular zone maxillary prominence mandibular prominence ureter epiblast
Cyclin_A2
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
internal carotid artery mandibular prominence external carotid artery hand somite More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene
Hemoglobin_subunit_zeta
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