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Peace process in Somaliland
The Somaliland Peace Process refers to the series of grassroot initiatives that brought peace to Somaliland after the collapse of the Somali Democratic
Somaliland_Peace_Process
former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit
Somaliland Declaration of Independence
Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence
Armed forces of Somaliland
Republic of Somaliland. The Somaliland National Armed Forces consist of the Somaliland National Army, the Somaliland Coast Guard, the Somaliland Police Force
Somaliland_Armed_Forces
Partially recognised state in the Horn of Africa
Somaliland, officially the Republic of Somaliland, is a partially recognised state in the Horn of Africa. It is located on the southern coast of the Gulf
Somaliland
Sultan of the Arap (1940s-2003)
clans to follow suit. playing an instrumental role in the Somaliland peace process. The Somaliland government sought unify SNM armed factions to ensure demobilisation
Mohamed_Sultan_Farah
Land warfare branch of Somaliland's military
Somaliland National Army (Somali: Ciidanka Qaranka Soomaaliland, Arabic: الجيش الصوماليلاندي), is the land force and largest branch of the Somaliland
Somaliland_National_Army
As of January 2026, Somaliland is recognised as a sovereign state by one UN member state – Israel. The Republic of Somaliland was proclaimed on 18 May 1991
International recognition of Somaliland
International_recognition_of_Somaliland
1960 short-lived state in the Horn of Africa
Somaliland was a sovereign and independent country that existed for five days in 1960. It gained independence from the United Kingdom on 26 June 1960 and
State_of_Somaliland
1981–1991 conflict part of Somali Civil War
The Somaliland War of Independence (Somali: Dagaalkii Xoraynta Soomaaliland, lit. 'Somaliland Liberation War') also known as the Great Isaaq Uprising
Somaliland War of Independence
Somaliland_War_of_Independence
Somali clan
stadium to hand over weapons, playing an instrumental role in the Somaliland peace process. Hassan Isse Jama - One of the founding fathers of the SNM in London
Arap
British protectorate from 1884 to 1960
British Somaliland, officially the Somaliland Protectorate (Somali: Maxmiyadda Dhulka Soomaalida), was a protectorate of the United Kingdom in the territory
British_Somaliland
Town in Khatumo, Somalia
militia were imprisoned in Burao. In August 2017, the Somaliland government held a voting process for national elections in Hudun, which was opposed by
Hudun
City in Sanaag, Somalia
leadership and arrangements around Badhan. Peace conferences during 1990–1997 stabilized much of Somaliland, but eastern Sanaag remained only partially
Badhan,_Sanaag
2nd vice president of Somaliland
Gadabuursi Dir clan. Abdirahman contributed to the Somaliland peace process in the aftermath of the Somaliland War of Independence. In January 1991, in one
Abdirahman_Aw_Ali_Farrah
Presidential elections were held in Somaliland on 14 April 2003. The result was a victory for incumbent President Dahir Riyale Kahin, who won by a margin
2003 Somaliland presidential election
2003_Somaliland_presidential_election
approached Somaliland multiple times and requested usage of Berbera port. despite Ethiopia's useful role in the 1996 reconciliation and peace process. Somaliland
1997 Ethiopia-Somaliland Border Crisis
1997_Ethiopia-Somaliland_Border_Crisis
populist Somaliland National Party (Waddani), the centre-left Justice and Welfare Party (UCID), and the ruling party, the liberal Kulmiye Peace, Unity,
2021 Somaliland parliamentary election
2021_Somaliland_parliamentary_election
"Somaliland Democracy is in a coma without Life-support". Horn Diplomat. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2025. Community-based Peace Processes in
History_of_Somaliland
relations of the Republic of Somaliland are the responsibility of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Somaliland. The region's declaration
Foreign relations of Somaliland
Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland
in Somaliland on 13 November 2017, the third direct presidential election since 2003. General elections had been scheduled to be held in Somaliland on
2017 Somaliland presidential election
2017_Somaliland_presidential_election
President of Somaliland from 2010 to 2017
nickname Silanyo (Arabic: سيلانيو), was a Somaliland politician who served as the President of Somaliland from 2010 to 2017. During the 1980s, he served
Ahmed_Mohamed_Mohamoud
President of Somaliland since 2024
incumbent and sixth President of Somaliland since 12 December 2024. Abdirahman served as speaker of the Somaliland House of Representatives during most
Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi
1960–1969 state in the Horn of Africa
the Italian territory of Somaliland (formerly Italian Somaliland) and the State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland). A government was formed
Somali_Republic
Bilateral relations
bureaus and agencies. Both nations explored Somaliland's political status in light of the Djibouti Peace Process. Discussions revolved around religious extremism
Somaliland–United States relations
Somaliland–United_States_relations
Garad of the Jama Siad branch of the Dhulbahante clan
integration into Somaliland. In July 2018, Garad Jama Garad Ismail proposed that the Somaliland government not be involved in the peace process regarding the
Garad_Jama_Garad_Ismail_Duale
Security force in Somalia
territorial dispute escalates". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 2025-03-08. "Ceerigaabo Clashes: Somaliland Troops Restore Peace". Somalista. Retrieved 2025-10-02.
SSB_(militia)
2020 series of Arab–Israeli normalization agreements
accords on his own initiative after Israel recognized Somaliland as an independent country, with Somaliland pledging to join the accords. The Accords emerged
Abraham_Accords
President of Somaliland from 2017 to 2024
June[citation needed] 1948) is a Somaliland politician and former military officer who served as the 5th President of Somaliland from 2017 to 2024. During the
Muse_Bihi_Abdi
Rebel groups in the Horn of Africa
of Somaliland in the region that had constituted British Somaliland before independence and unification with the former colony of Italian Somaliland in
Somali_National_Movement
Town in North Eastern State of Somalia, Somalia
and Peace-building Moves in Somaliland: The Opening of the political Parties Registration System [and the Widhwidh Peace Process]" (PDF). Somaliland Law
Widhwidh
Presidential elections were held in Somaliland on 26 June 2010. The elections were originally scheduled for August 2008 and numerous delays, endangered
2010 Somaliland presidential election
2010_Somaliland_presidential_election
Region of Somaliland
region (gobol) governed by both Somaliland and Puntland. The region is disputed between the self-declared Somaliland and Puntland, a state of Somalia
Sanaag
2009-2012 Somali unionist group in northern Somalia
self-proclaimed autonomous government of the Dhulbahante clan living between Somaliland and Puntland, which was active from 2009 to around 2012. It claimed possession
SSC_(militia)
One of the treaties that ended World War I
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany
Treaty_of_Versailles
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Somaliland
Cooperation of the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland) is the government minister
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Somaliland)
Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Somaliland)
Bilateral relations
regional administrations, such as Puntland and Somaliland, to ensure broad-based inclusion in the peace process. The Federal Government of Somalia was established
Somalia–United States relations
Somalia–United_States_relations
Taleh-based polity (1895–1920)
centre of British Somaliland, giving Muhammad Abdullah Hassan control over the city's watering places. Hassan also succeeded in making peace between the local
Dervish_movement_(Somali)
High security prison in Somaliland
self-proclaimed nation of Somaliland, about 95 km (59 mi) northeast of the capital Hargeisa. The prison has been in operation since Somaliland was still a British
Mandera_Prison
The judiciary of Somaliland (Somali: Garsoorka Somaliland; Arabic: السلطة القضائية في صوماليلاند)is the judicial branch of the Somaliland government. Mandated
Judiciary_of_Somaliland
1987–1989 genocide of Isaaq in northern Somalia
state-sponsored genocide of Isaaq civilians between 1987 and 1989, during the Somaliland War of Independence. It was carried out under the dictatorship of Siad
Isaaq_genocide
City in Sahil, Somaliland
Somali: Berbera, Arabic: بربرة) is the capital of the Sahil region of Somaliland and is the main sea port of the country, located approximately 160 km
Berbera
Somaliland politician (1946–2025)
education and government, and the broader process of Somaliland’s recovery and reconstruction. A Self-Portrait of Somaliland: Rebuilding from the Ruins — a collaborative
Mohamed_Said_Gees
Country in East Africa
merged these tribal territories into two colonies: Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland. In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent
Somalia
Somali religious and political leader
authority of Somaliland’s elder-based peace process. During the 1993 Borama Conference, which laid the foundation for the modern Somaliland government,
Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Yusuf Sheikh Madar
Sheikh_Ibrahim_Sheikh_Yusuf_Sheikh_Madar
Bilateral relations
regional administrations, such as Puntland and Somaliland, to ensure broad-based inclusion in the peace process. In 2012, the British authorities additionally
Somalia–United Kingdom relations
Somalia–United_Kingdom_relations
Ongoing civil war in East Africa
(2009-07-01). "The Emergence of a Somali State: Building Peace from Civil War in Somaliland". African Affairs. 108 (432): 371–389. doi:10.1093/afraf/adp019
Somali_Civil_War
Somaliland politician and former Minister of Interior
Democratization and Peace-building Moves in Somaliland: The Opening of the political Parties Registration System [and the Widhwidh Peace Process] (PDF) (Report)
Ismail_Adan_Osman
Town in Somalia / Somaliland
departments of Somalia, operating on the coast of Somaliland in Las Qoray, Zeila and Berbera." Somaliland National TV (SLNTV) reported in its September 2023
Las_Khorey
Somali politician
an important role in the peace and disarmament process in Somaliland following the civil war. In June 2000, during a peace conference on Somalia held
Ali_Mohamed_Warancadde
Aspects of regional history of Puntland
was integrated into Italian Somaliland, whereas the Dhulbahante and Warsangali tribes became part of British Somaliland. This division of territories
History_of_Puntland
Town in Sanaag, Somaliland
Arabic: ميط) is an ancient port city in the eastern Sanaag region of Somaliland. Pierre d’Avity stated that in ancient times, the town was known as Acanne
Maydh
19th-century Somali Sufi leader
create a lasting peace in Somaliland. Hargeisa has grown to become a vibrant cultural hub and is the current capital of Somaliland. The eponymously named
Sheikh_Madar
Federal State in Somalia
region had a population of 4,334,633 in 2016. Puntland is bordered by Somaliland to its west, the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the
Puntland
1750–1884 northern Somali kingdom
the subsequent Somaliland war of independence in the 80s and 90s, Sultan Mahamed Abdiqadir would be heavily involved in the peace process and reconciliation
Isaaq_Sultanate
British-born army officer, diplomat and historian
writer, historian, and businessman. He spent much of his life in Somalia, Somaliland and Singapore. Drysdale served as an advisor to three successive Somali
John_Drysdale_(historian)
Local elections in Somaliland
across Somaliland on 15 December 2002. Six political associations fielded 2,368 candidates to contest 379 local council seats in nineteen of Somaliland's twenty-three
2002 Somaliland municipal elections
2002_Somaliland_municipal_elections
Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, Kosovo, the Sahrawi Republic, Somaliland, and Taiwan. The oldest flag of a sovereign state which is currently in
List of national flags of sovereign states
List_of_national_flags_of_sovereign_states
Culture of Republic Somaliland encompasses a wide range of Somali activity and Islamic structures that give Somaliland a rich cultural and historical heritage
Culture_of_Somaliland
Capital and the largest city of Somalia
Administration of Somalia after World War II and the Trust Territory of Somaliland administered by Italy in the 1950s. This was followed by independence
Mogadishu
Somali Politician & General (1949-2025)
general, he was the military commander of the 26th Sector (the region of Somaliland), in which he led numerous successful battles against the Somali National
Mohammed_Said_Hersi_Morgan
Meeting of the Allied Powers after World War I
June 1919, the formal peace process did not really end until July 1923, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed." The entire process is often referred to
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)
Somali clan
played a huge part for Somaliland's independence. The Habar Awal are politically and economically influential in present-day Somaliland as well as the Horn
Habr_Awal
Cave painting in Hargeisa, Somaliland
spelled Laas Gaal, are cave formations on the rural outskirts of Hargeisa, Somaliland, situated in the Maroodi Jeex region of the country. They contain some
Laas_Geel
Garad of the Mohamoud Garad
remained opposed to Somaliland's presence in the Dhulbahante inhabited regions of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn. He has described the Puntland process of choosing legislators
Garad_Saleban_Garad_Mohamed
Bilateral relations
and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British authorities in British Somaliland "returned" the Haud — an important Somali pastoral area that was presumably
Ethiopia–Somalia_relations
Country in West Asia
official recognition of Republic of Somaliland". Ynetglobal. Retrieved 26 December 2025. "Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary" (PDF). UN.org. United Nations
Israel
Somaliland-Canadian diplomat
Behi Yonis (Arabic: محمد يونس) is a Somaliland-Canadian diplomat who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Somaliland for two years. He worked for both
Mohamed_Yonis
Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa
Somalis are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 17.6 million), Somaliland (5.7 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.8 million), and Djibouti
Somalis
Somali territories; particularly in the Somali region of Ethiopia and Somaliland, but also in central Somalia, southern and northeastern Somalia. The Gadabursi
Somali aristocratic and court titles
Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles
Disputed territory in north-western Africa
Ungoverned Areas, and Safe Havens: The Terrorization of the Western Sahara Peace Process // Fonkem Achankeng. Nationalism and Intra-State Conflicts in the Postcolonial
Western_Sahara
Kosovo, Northern Cyprus, Abkhazia, Transnistria, the Sahrawi Republic, Somaliland, and Palestine also host informal diplomatic missions, or maintain special
List of states with limited recognition
List_of_states_with_limited_recognition
promise of independence after 10 years. The State of Somaliland formerly known as British Somaliland, gained its independence from the United Kingdom five
History_of_Somalia
Revolt waged by Habr Yunis tribesmen
Habr Yunis tribesmen in the city of Burao in early 1922 against British Somaliland authorities. In early 1922 the Protectorate authorities announced that
1922_Burao_tax_revolt
Calendar year
(January 22, 2025). "Colombia: Catatumbo killings highlight fragility of peace process". United Nations. Retrieved December 31, 2025.[dead link] "Nigeria:
2025
Somali politician
who was serving as the Minister of Environment and Rural Development of Somaliland. Shukri was born in Hargeisa as the daughter of Haji Ismail Bandare, and
Shukri_Haji_Ismail
1942 agreement between the United Kingdom and Ethiopia
largely dealt with the boundary between Hararghe (Ethiopia) and British Somaliland. After the return of Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie to the throne, an
Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement
Colonial empire based in Italy (1882-1960)
forced in the peace treaty of 1947 to relinquish sovereignty over all its colonies. It was granted a trust to administer former Italian Somaliland under United
Italian_Empire
separatist Somali regions of Puntland and Somaliland. Somalia and Sudan rejected the proposal, while Puntland and Somaliland expressed willingness to enter discussions
2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal
2025_Donald_Trump_Gaza_Strip_takeover_proposal
Bilateral relations
that could damage the process. In March 2025, reports surfaced that the US and Israel had approached Sudan, Somalia, and Somaliland about accepting Palestinians
Israel–Sudan_relations
State in Somalia
forming a part of Italian Somaliland. On 1 July 1960, the region, along with the rest of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland, became part of the independent
Jubaland
Peninsula and geopolitical region
Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the partially recognised state of Somaliland. Although not common, some broader geopolitical definitions include parts
Horn_of_Africa
Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire from 1559 to 1874
purchase livestock, oil and honey. Ottoman conquest of Zeila History of Somaliland List of Muslim empires and dynasties List of Sunni Muslim dynasties Siegbert
Ottoman_Zeila
federal government-run public broadcaster. Established in 1951 in Italian Somaliland as a follow-up of the "Radio Mogadiscio", it initially aired news items
Mass_media_in_Somalia
Country in the Horn of Africa
together with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somaliland, was part of the Land of Punt. Nearby Zeila, now in Somaliland, was the seat of the medieval Adal and
Djibouti
Bilateral relations
international community to strengthen its commitment to the Somali peace process. China's Permanent Representative to the UN, Li Baodong, also emphasized
China–Somalia_relations
and important roles in the family and structure. This includes women in Somaliland, a self-declared partially recognized state that is internationally considered
Women_in_Somalia
1920 peace treaty on Hungary after World War I
often referred to in Hungary as the Peace Dictate of Trianon or Dictate of Trianon, was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference. It was signed in the Grand
Treaty_of_Trianon
Relations between Israel and the Arab world
reached in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. Nevertheless, the PLO and all of the Arab countries that have signed peace treaties or normalization agreements
Arab–Israeli_relations
Territorial and political dispute
of Italian Somaliland. The Ethiopian government of Haile Selassie published a memorandum titled 'On the return of Eritrea and Somaliland' which stated:
Ethiopian–Somali_conflict
Historic name of Somali Region in Ethiopia
control. The British sought to unite Ogaden with British Somaliland and the former Italian Somaliland to realize Greater Somalia which was supported by many
Ogaden
Events in the year 2022 in Somaliland. President: Muse Bihi Abdi Vice President: Abdirahman Saylici Speaker of the House: Abdirisak Khalif Chairman of
2022_in_Somaliland
independent electoral commission was inaugurated with a mandate to oversee the process of registration of political parties in the country, according to Article
List of political parties in Somalia
List_of_political_parties_in_Somalia
Gendarmerie force in Ethiopia
ONLF, securing Ethiopia's porous borders, particularly with Somalia and Somaliland as well as engaging in cross-border operations to combat militant organizations
Liyu_Police
budget allocated to scholastic instruction. The breakaway republic of Somaliland maintains its own advanced Ministry of Education. During the civilian
Education_in_Somalia
President of Djibouti since 1999
of Somalia and its break-away Republic of Somaliland as well as Ethiopia's Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed for peace talks. Guelleh expressed strong support for
Ismaïl_Omar_Guelleh
1989–1997 war in West Africa
Commons has media related to First Liberian Civil War. The Liberian peace process Accord Magazine Online issue with articles, chronology and text of agreements
First_Liberian_Civil_War
Civil War
part of the Tadjoura Gulf. Since at least French rule, first as French Somaliland and then as French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, there have been
Djiboutian_Civil_War
November 2023 Somaliland on verge of observer status in the Commonwealth. Qaran News, 16 November 2009 Shire, Saad Ali (16 April 2018). "Somaliland: Why we
Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations
Adal and Ifat Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was established following treaties signed by the ruling Somali and Afar
History_of_Djibouti
Transnistria, Artsakh, and Somaliland. Kreuter, Aaron (2010). "Self-Determination, Sovereignty, and the Failure of States: Somaliland and the Case for Justified
List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent
List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_continent
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS
Boy/Male
English
Pierces the valley. One of the knights of the Round Table who searched for the Holy Grail (in...
Girl/Female
Latin English
Tranquil.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon English Irish
Rock.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a vernacular short form of the Latin personal name Paschalis (see Pascal, Italian Pasquale).nickname for a mild-mannered and peaceable person, from Middle English pace, pece ‘peace’, ‘concord’, ‘amity’ (via Anglo-Norman French from Latin pax, genitive pacis).Italian : from the medieval personal name Pace, used for both men and women, from the word pace ‘peace’ (see 1).
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, PEACE means "peace."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Pace, found mainly in Yorkshire but also in Orkney.
Boy/Male
British, Christian, English, Italian
Form of Pascal; Passover
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English pese ‘pea’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a grower or seller of peas, or a nickname for a small and insignificant person. The word was originally a collective singular (Old English peose, pise, from Latin pisa) from which the modern English vocabulary word pea is derived by folk etymology, the singular having been taken as a plural.Robert and John Pease came from Great Baddow, Essex, England, to Salem, MA, in 1634. In 1644 Robert died, leaving a son (also called Robert) who was apprenticed as a weaver in Salem. By 1646 John Pease was living on Martha’s Vineyard.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old French pech(i)e, Middle English peche ‘sin’, hence a nickname for a reprobate, probably given more often in jest than as a mark of censure.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Pietsch.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, Christian, English, Greek, Irish
Rock; Piers; Stone
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Hebrew, Polish
Holy Place; Myrrh; Fragrant Oil; Peace
Male
English
Short form of English Percival, PERCE means "pierced valley."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Peel.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German, Muslim
Peace; Peaceful; Peach
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Pear.
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant spelling of Peak.
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the French personal name Pascal, PACE means "Passover; Easter."
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Piers, PEARCE means "rock, stone."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, German, Latin
Tranquility; Peaceful
Boy/Male
Australian, English
A Calm Person
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS
SOMALILAND PEACE-PROCESS