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Islamic state in West Africa (1804–1903)
The Sokoto Caliphate (Arabic: دولة الخلافة في بلاد السودان, literally: Caliphate in the Lands of Sudan), also known as the Sultanate of Sokoto, was a Sunni
Sokoto_Caliphate
State of Nigeria
former Sokoto Caliphate, the city is predominantly Muslim and an important seat of Islamic learning in Nigeria. The Sultan who heads the caliphate is effectively
Sokoto_State
Capital city of Sokoto State, Nigeria
Shaihu da Bello or "Sokoto, City of Shaihu and Bello" (Shaihu referring to Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, and Bello his son/successor
Sokoto_(city)
Battle between the British Empire and the Sokoto Caliphate in 1903
The Battle of Sokoto was fought on 15 March 1903 between the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate and the Sokoto Caliphate in present-day northern Nigeria
Battle_of_Sokoto
Ethnic group in West Africa
Shahada of Hadejia as the last Emirate standing in Sokoto Caliphate. The area of the Sokoto Caliphate was divided among the control of the British, French
Hausa_people
Northern Nigerian Emirate in Sultanate of Sokoto
Preceded by the Sokoto Caliphate, the council was formed in 1903 after the British pacification of the caliphate. The Sultan of Sokoto serves as the supreme
Sokoto_Sultanate_Council
The Sokoto Caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the suzerainty of the Amir al-Mu'minin. The caliphate was established in 1809
Emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate
Emirates_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate
Sokoto is the hereditary leader of the Sokoto Caliphate, a Sunni Muslim community in West Africa. The position may also be referred to as the 'Sokoto
List_of_sultans_of_Sokoto
Ethnic group in the Sahel and West Africa
occupied by the Sokoto Caliphate, which includes what is now southern Niger and northern Nigeria (such as Adamawa, Tahoua, Katsina, Sokoto, Kebbi, Zinder
Fula_people
Series of Jihads across West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries
Usman dan Fodio, through a series of jihads begun in 1804, created the Sokoto Caliphate, the largest state in West Africa at that time. An aggressively expansionist
Fula_jihads
Military conflict in Nigeria and Cameroon (1804–1808)
1808 and executing Yunfa. The war resulted in the creation of the Sokoto Caliphate, initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the
Jihad_of_Usman_dan_Fodio
British historian of northern Nigeria and medical anthropologist (born 1937)
University College Ibadan with research on the Sokoto Caliphate. His thesis was later published as The Sokoto Caliphate (1967), an influential work that reshaped
Murray_Last
First Caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate
religious teacher, poet, revolutionary and a philosopher who founded the Sokoto Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph. Born in Gobir, Usman was a descendant
Usman_dan_Fodio
Sultan of Sokoto
Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from 1903 to 1915. Attahiru II was the great-grandson of Usman dan Fodio, the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate and son of Ali
Muhammadu_Attahiru_II
supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political
List_of_caliphs
Fulani Islamic scholar (1810–c. 1880s)
scholar, teacher and influential figure in the Sokoto Caliphate. The youngest daughter of the Caliphate's founder, Usman dan Fodio, she was known for her
Maryam_bint_Uthman
Country in West Africa
city-states. In the early 19th century, the Fulani Jihads culminated in the Sokoto Caliphate. The modern state originated with British colonialization in the 19th
Nigeria
influence of Muslim merchants and scholars. By the 19th century, the Sokoto Caliphate, founded through the Fulani Jihad led by Usman dan Fodio, established
Islam_in_Nigeria
Mahdist leader (1840–1898)
the caliphate. In 1883, he was appointed as the deputy of the Sudanese Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, and was tasked with leading a jihad over the Sokoto Caliphate
Hayatu_ibn_Sa'id
Battle between the British Empire and the Nigerian Sokoto Caliphate in 1903
and the Sokoto Caliphate. The campaign followed British victories across the Caliphate's emirates and the capture of its twin capitals, Sokoto and Gwandu
Burmi_campaign
Second Caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate
was the son and primary aide to Usman dan Fodio, the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate and the first caliph. During his reign, he encouraged the spread of
Muhammed_Bello
Co-capital of the Sokoto Caliphate
the Gwandu Caliphate or simply Gwandu, was one of the two political centers of the Sokoto Caliphate. Established in 1805 during the Sokoto jihad, it served
Gwandu_Emirate
Sultan of Sokoto
Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from October 1902 until March 15, 1903. He was the last independent Sultan of Sokoto before the Caliphate was taken over
Muhammadu_Attahiru_I
Muslim clerics of Sudan
died in 1817. The Sokoto Caliphate survived until the British conquest in 1903, when it lost political power. The Sultan of Sokoto is still an important
Torodbe
between the Sokoto Caliphate and the Gobir city-state at Gawakuke in northern Nigeria on 9 March 1836. The battle was a victory for Sokoto, and secured
Battle_of_Gawakuke
Hausa kingdom
gradually weakened the state, leading to its eventual absorption by the Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century. The region was first inhabited by the chiefdoms
Kingdom_of_Zamfara
Capital city of Kano State, Nigeria
of the Sokoto Caliphate. In 1805 the last sultan of Kano was defeated by the Jobe Clan of the Fulani, and Kano became an Emirate of the Caliphate. Kano
Kano_(city)
British colony and protectorate (1914–1960)
of the Sokoto Caliphate, before drowning when their boats overturned in rapids near Bussa. On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Scottish
Colonial_Nigeria
British protectorate from 1900 to 1914
000 square kilometres (255,000 mi2) and included the emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate and parts of the former Bornu Empire, conquered in 1902. The first
Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate
Nigerian princess and poet
actor and scholarly authority and a daughter of the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, Usman dan Fodio. She remains a revered figure in northern Nigeria
Nana_Asmaʼu
Islamic scholar and first Emir of Gwandu
and first Wazirin Sokoto (Grand Vizier of Sokoto). His brother, Usman dan Fodio (1754–1817) was the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman, being more
Abdullahi_dan_Fodio
University in Sokoto, Nigeria
university is named after the famous Usman dan Fodio, the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate. Udusok is a four, five and six-years degree-awarding institution that
Usmanu_Danfodiyo_University
1899–1907 German expeditions in Cameroon
Hausa Sunni Muslim states and tribes that were a part of the Sokoto Empire (a Caliphate formed during the Fulani Jihad), particularly the Emirate of Adamawa
Adamawa_Wars
Empire around Lake Chad, Africa, c. 700–1902
century, which saw the center of power in the region shift west to the Sokoto Caliphate. In the aftermath of the jihads, the Sayfawa dynasty was supplanted
Kanem–Bornu_Empire
Hausa kingdom
Birnin Kebbi. Abdullahi then established the Gwandu Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate, annexing much of the kingdom’s territory. However, Gwandu was unable
Kingdom_of_Kebbi
Islamic form of government
a new lineage of rulers who adopted the title shehu (sheikh). The Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) was an Islamic state in what is now Nigeria led by Usman
Caliphate
Sokoto Head of Government
The Sokoto Grand Vizier, or Wazirin Sokoto, was the grand vizier to the sultan of Sokoto, the paramount chief of the Sokoto Caliphate and suzerain of
Sokoto_Grand_Vizier
Sultan of Sokoto
ببَّا بن بلُّو) (1804–1859 - aged 55) was the fourth Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from 1842 to 1859. Ali bin Bello is known by a variety of different
Ali_Babba_bin_Bello
Sultan of Sokoto, West Africa, 1867 to 1873
Ahmadu Rufai (Arabic: أحمد رفاعي) was the Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate, with his rule lasting from 1867 to 1873. He succeeded Ahmad Bello, who reigned
Ahmadu_Rufai
the Mali Empire in the 13th century CE, and later by the Songhai and Sokoto Caliphate. There were also a number of forest empires and states in this time
History_of_West_Africa
Historical title for a high-ranking Sudanese official or nobleman
central Sudan region, including the Hausa Kingdoms, Kanem-Bornu, and the Sokoto Caliphate. The title was typically held by individuals responsible for overseeing
Galadima
Nigerian Historical Site
of a 1903 battle in which Muhammadu Attahiru I, the Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate, was killed alongside many of his people. The site embodies the fight
Mbormi_Battle_Ground
Muslim state in northern Nigeria
deposed and replaced by a new emirate which became a vassal state of the Sokoto Caliphate. During and after the British colonial period, the powers of the emirate
Kano_Emirate
Nigerian monarchy
after the Sultan of Sokoto, the Emirate has evolved from an early Hausa kingdom into a Fulani-ruled emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate, and finally into
Emir_of_Kano
"The north" in Hausa
structures Sir Ahmadu Bello created: the successor to the Bornu and Sokoto Caliphate; the vision of God's Empire in the region. The universality of its
Arewa
1st Emir of Kontagora from 1859 to 1876
the Sokoto Caliphate, Sultan Abu Bakr Atiku. Umaru Nagwamatse was born in 1806. He was the 10th son of Abu Bakr Atiku, the second Caliph of Sokoto (r.
Umaru_Nagwamatse
Emir of Tambawel
jihad. He participated in campaigns in the southern region of the Sokoto Caliphate, including Nupe, alongside his cousin Muhammad Wani, Abdullahi's son
Muhammad_Bukhari_bin_Uthman
Landlocked country in West Africa
phase of expansion. The sultanate managed to resist the advance of the Sokoto Caliphate (see below), and was later captured by the French in 1899. Between
Niger
Lamido Fombina (Lord of the South)
('southlands') during the Sokoto revolution. Fombina later became one of the largest and most complex emirates in Usman's Sokoto Caliphate. It spanned about forty
Modibo_Adama
1830s attack on a city in West Africa
event was a turning point between the Ilorin Emirate and its ally the Sokoto Caliphate and the Yoruba Oyo Empire in modern-day Oyo, Nigeria. After the sack
Sack_of_Old_Oyo
Sarkin Musulmi (Commander of the Faithful)
AtikuListen (Arabic: أبو بكر أتيكو; 1782–1842) was the third Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate, reigning from October 1837 until November 1842. Abu Bakr Atiku dan
Abu_Bakr_Atiku
Precolonial kingdom in northern Nigeria
this, its dynasty was replaced with a Fulani one subordinate to the Sokoto Caliphate, and the polity continues to exist today as the Katsina Emirate, a
Kingdom_of_Katsina
Tāwāyēn Abd al-Salam) was an early 19th century uprising against the Sokoto Caliphate led by Abd al-Salam of Kware, a Ba-Are Hausa scholar and one of the
Revolt_of_Abd_al-Salam
Second Islamic caliphate (661–750)
Umayyad Caliphate or the Umayyad Empire (US: /uːˈmaɪæd/; Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established
Umayyad_Caliphate
Islamic domain under the Ottoman dynasty (1517–1924)
The Ottoman Caliphate (Ottoman Turkish: خلافت مقامى, romanized: hilâfet makamı, lit. 'office of the caliphate') was the claim of the heads of the Turkish
Ottoman_Caliphate
Yoruba-Fulani War
the southward expansion of the Ilorin Emirate a vassal state of the Sokoto Caliphate, and confirmed the military ascendancy of the city-state of Ibadan
Battle_of_Òsogbo
State in Islamic Iberia (756–1031 CE)
The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its territory
Umayyad_state_of_Córdoba
important military engagement fought between the British Empire and the Sokoto Caliphate and their vassal state, the Kano Emirate. The battle took place in
Battle_of_Kano
Islamic state in West and Central Africa (1809–1903)
other emirates in the Sokoto Caliphate, Adamawa enjoyed considerable autonomy but it had to pay a tribute to the Sultan in Sokoto. The name Adamawa derives
Adamawa_Emirate
West African ethnic group
Hausa Kingdoms founding a centralized Fulani Empire (anglicized as the Sokoto Caliphate). After the jihad, Dan Fodio encouraged intermarriage between the immigrant
Hausa–Fulani
Women's movement in the Sokoto Caliphate
and educating women in the then Sokoto Caliphate. The movement survived the death of its founder, the end of the Caliphate and also the period of Colonial
Yan_Taru
Former autonomous division within Nigeria
seven Hausa States with newly created provinces into the Sokoto Caliphate. The Sokoto Caliphate was under the overall authority of the Commander of the
Northern_Region,_Nigeria
List of ethnic Fulani people
from Sokoto, founder and spiritual leader of the Sokoto Caliphate. Abdullahi dan Fodio (1766–1829) – scholar, jurist, pioneer, Grand Vizier of Sokoto and
List_of_Fula_people
Nineteenth century Islamic scholar in Gwandu and Adamawa
scholar who was part of the community of Usman Dan Fodio, founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, and his brother Abdullahi dan Fodio. After a long career as a teacher
Modibbo_Raji
Third Islamic caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire was the third Islamic caliphate, ruled by the Abbasid dynasty. The dynasty was descended from Muhammad's uncle
Abbasid_Caliphate
Nigerian politician (1909–1966)
a government minister. A member of the Sokoto Caliphate dynasty, he made attempts at becoming Sultan of Sokoto before later joining politics. Ahmadu Bello
Ahmadu_Bello
states of the north, which was stabilised by his successors as the "Caliphate of Sokoto". In its initial endeavour to stop the slave trade in West Africa
History_of_Nigeria
Hausa kingdom
Maradi in 1836. When the Gobir Sultan revolted against the Sokoto Caliphate that same year, Sokoto Sultan Muhammed Bello crushed the rebellion at the Battle
Gobir
Hausa political system
courtiers, heads of occupational groups, and Muslim clerics. The Sokoto Caliphate, which ruled much of Hausaland throughout the 19th-century, significantly
Sarauta
Lokoja. The company did not represent a direct threat to much of the Sokoto Caliphate or the numerous states of Northern Nigeria. This changed when Frederick
Colonial history of Northern Nigeria
Colonial_history_of_Northern_Nigeria
Title of heads of government in the Islamic world
officials in the later Abbasid Caliphate. It was then held in the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Sokoto Caliphate, the Safavid Empire and Cherifian
Grand_vizier
Emir of Abuja from 1825 to 1851
combined force from Nassarawa and Kontagora, both owing allegiance to the Sokoto Caliphate, waged war on the people of Toto. Abu Ja sent some of his men, including
Abu_Ja
Hausa kingdom
this, its dynasty was replaced with a Fulani one subordinate to the Sokoto Caliphate, and the polity continues to exist today as the Kano Emirate Council
Kingdom_of_Kano
Traditional state in Bauchi State, Nigeria
Fodio's jihad in Sokoto and were led by a Hausa Islamic scholar, Yakubu. Yakubu was the only definite non-Fulani ruler in the Sokoto Caliphate. He was a student
Bauchi_Emirate
1st supreme commander of the Army of the Sokoto Caliphate
army or Sarkin Yaƙi) of the Sokoto Caliphate. Prior to the jihad, he was the leader of the Fulbe of Konni in modern-day Sokoto State. Ali Jedo was among
Ali_Jedo
Nigerian slavery
people in the United States. The Sokoto Caliphate was a powerful 19th-century Sunni Muslim caliphate with its capital Sokoto located in northern Nigeria.
Slavery_in_Nigeria
Fourth Islamic caliphate (909–1171)
Fatimid Caliphate (/ˈfætɪmɪd/; Arabic: الخلافة الفاطمیّة, romanised: al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya), also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate that existed
Fatimid_Caliphate
Collection of states started by the Hausa people
conquered by Usuman dan Fodio and incorporated into the Hausa-Fulani Sokoto Caliphate. Fulani pastoralists and foreign Islamic clerics were permitted to
Hausa_Kingdoms
King of Argungu from 1849 to 1854
against the Sokoto Caliphate, which had conquered Kebbi during its early 19th-century jihad. After years of exile at the Caliph's palace in Sokoto, Nabame
Yakubu_Nabame
First Islamic caliphate (632–661)
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الرّاشدة, romanized: al-Khilāfat ar-Rāshidah) was the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs
Rashidun_Caliphate
Fulani clan
featured prominently in the Jihad of Usman dan Fodio which founded the Sokoto Caliphate. The ruling dynastic houses of Kano Emirate and Katsina Emirate; as
Sullubawa
British administered Protectorate of Northern Nigeria and forces of the Sokoto Caliphate's Kano Emirate. The defeat of the Kano cavalry in the battle marked
Battle_of_Kwatarkwashi
Medieval and early modern history of the African region
Cameroon, with Sokoto as its capital. He retired to teach and write and handed the empire to his son Muhammed Bello. The Sokoto Caliphate lasted until 1903
Medieval and early modern Africa
Medieval_and_early_modern_Africa
that saw the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate encompassing much of Northern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon. The Sokoto Caliphate emerged from a series of religious
Pre-colonial history of Northern Nigeria
Pre-colonial_history_of_Northern_Nigeria
Sokoto historian (1804 – 1863/4)
was a historian, theologian, philosopher, poet and jurist from the Sokoto caliphate. He was considered the "most learned" scholar of his time. He was a
Abd_al-Qadir_dan_Tafa
Decisive Sokoto Caliphate / Fula victory Territorial changes Ilorin undoubtedly under Fula control. Belligerents Abdulsalami, Alami Sokoto Caliphate Solagberu
Battle_of_Pamo
Battle between the Ilorin Emirate and the Oyo Empire
The Battle of Ogele was a battle between the Ilorin Emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate and the Yoruba Oyo Empire in modern day Ogele. This battle was narrated
Battle_of_Ogele
nevertheless, and were rarely manumitted by the rulers. Sokoto Caliphate The Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) was the largest polity in pre-colonial Africa
Slave-owning_slaves
Autonomous state in West Africa (1847–1902)
defeated by the British. It was established initially following the Sokoto Caliphate Revolt, a non-Muslim group of mountaineers who throughout the 19th
Ningi_Chiefdom
19th century Hausa scholar (died 1818)
one of the principal commanders in the Sokoto Jihad (1804–1808) and later led a revolt against the Sokoto Caliphate in 1817. A noted Sufi and teacher even
Abd_al-Salam_of_Kware
Traditional state in Kwara State, Nigeria
guns from European traders on the coast. Ilorin, as a part of the Sokoto Caliphate, maintained ongoing interactions with other Yoruba states while being
Ilorin_Emirate
1830s battle in modern-day Nigeria
particular, the city of Ilorin, an Islamic Emirate pledging loyalty to the Sokoto Caliphate, had become the strongest city in the region. Oluewu, Alaafin of Oyo
Battle_of_Ilorin
Traditional state in Kebbi State, Nigeria
northern limits of the Sokoto caliphate. Reaching Argungu in the summer of 1891, he found that the emirate was independent of Sokoto, although it was to
Argungu_Emirate
Traditional state in Niger State, Nigeria
1864, and turned into the emirate of Kontagora, a dependency of the Sokoto Caliphate. Following a well-armed attack, starting on 31 January 1901, the emirate
Kontagora_Emirate
Result Decisive Sokoto Caliphate / Fula victory Belligerents Yoruba Alliance. Monija king of Rabbah Alimi, Fula chief Sokoto Caliphate Commanders and leaders
Mugbamugba_War
Emirate in Niger State, Nigeria
present town of Agaie in Niger State, Nigeria, and was subject to the Sokoto Caliphate. Baba's son Abdullahi was inaugurated as the first emir of Agaie in
Agaie_Emirate
history and the Sokoto Caliphate. He held the title of the Waziri of Sokoto. He was born into an aristocratic family, the Gidado family of Sokoto, which had
Muhammadu_Junaidu
Hausaland, which, after the jihad of 1804, was incorporated into the Sokoto Caliphate, a vast empire of 400,000 square kilometres. Iliffe, John (25 August
List_of_largest_empires
Nigerian trader (1877–1955)
(2000). "Power, Honour and Shame: The Ideology of Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate". Africa. 70 (3): 394–421. doi:10.3366/afr.2000.70.3.394. ISSN 1750-0184
Alhassan_Dantata
Islamic sect in Nigeria
known as the Bani Isra'ila, was an Islamic sect that originated in the Sokoto Caliphate (today in Northern Nigeria) that believed Isa (Jesus) to be the greatest
Isawa_(sect)
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