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Mathematical problem involving optimal stopping theory
The secretary problem demonstrates a scenario involving optimal stopping theory that is studied extensively in the fields of applied probability, statistics
Secretary_problem
Class of mathematical problems
options). A key example of an optimal stopping problem is the secretary problem. Optimal stopping problems can often be written in the form of a Bellman
Optimal_stopping
Probability of shared birthdays
In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of n randomly chosen people, at least two will share the same birthday
Birthday_problem
Probability puzzle
The Monty Hall problem is a brain teaser, in the form of a probability puzzle, based nominally on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal
Monty_Hall_problem
Mathematical problem
The Sleeping Beauty problem, also known as the Sleeping Beauty paradox, is a puzzle in decision theory in which an ideally rational epistemic agent is
Sleeping_Beauty_problem
Problem in probability theory
In probability theory, the coupon collector's problem refers to mathematical analysis of "collect all coupons and win" contests. It asks the following
Coupon_collector's_problem
Robbins' problem of optimal stopping, named after Herbert Robbins, is sometimes referred to as the fourth secretary problem or the problem of minimizing
Robbins'_problem
Scheme for numbering permutations
code are crucial. Allegedly, Johannes Kepler clearly exposed this secretary problem to a friend of his at a time when he was trying to make up his mind
Lehmer_code
Mathematical problem
The three prisoners problem appeared in Martin Gardner's "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American in 1959. It is mathematically equivalent to
Three_prisoners_problem
and efficiency and minimize the total cost of the assignment. The secretary problem can also be called the optimal stopping theory. It focuses heavily
Behavioral operations management
Behavioral_operations_management
Question in geometric probability
In probability theory, Buffon's needle problem is a question first posed in the 18th century by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon: Suppose we have
Buffon's_needle_problem
Problem in probability theory
The problem of points, also called the problem of division of the stakes, is a classical problem in probability theory. One of the famous problems that
Problem_of_points
Problem in statistical estimation
In the statistical theory of estimation, the German tank problem consists of estimating the maximum of a discrete uniform distribution from sampling without
German_tank_problem
Balanced or random resource allocation
balanced allocations) problem is a classic problem in probability theory that has many applications in computer science. The problem involves m balls and
Balls_into_bins_problem
Mental exercise in probability and statistics
In probability and statistics, an urn problem is an idealized mental exercise in which some objects of real interest (such as atoms, people, cars, etc
Urn_problem
Method of computing optimal strategies for last-success problems
sales problems, secretary problems, portfolio selection, (one way) search strategies, trajectory problems and the parking problem to problems in online
Odds_algorithm
Problem asking the probability that the sun will rise tomorrow
The sunrise problem can be expressed as follows: "What is the probability that the sun will rise tomorrow?" The sunrise problem illustrates the difficulty
Sunrise_problem
American sci-fi television series
3 Body Problem is an American science fiction television series created by David Benioff, D. B. Weiss, and Alexander Woo. It is the third adaptation of
3_Body_Problem_(TV_series)
Paradox in probability theory
theory, which are also known as the two children problem, Mr. Smith's children and the Mrs. Smith problem. The initial formulation of the question dates
Boy_or_girl_paradox
Combinatorial optimization problem
assignment problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem. In its most general form, the problem is as follows: The problem instance has
Assignment_problem
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
mathematics, economics, and computer science, the stable matching problem is the problem of finding a stable matching between two equally sized sets of elements
Stable_matching_problem
Puzzle in logic and mathematics
The two envelopes problem, also known as the exchange paradox, is a paradox in probability theory. It is of special interest in decision theory and for
Two_envelopes_problem
Probability problem
In mathematics, the Hamburger moment problem, named after Hans Ludwig Hamburger, is formulated as follows: given a sequence (m0, m1, m2, ...), does there
Hamburger_moment_problem
Probability problem
In mathematics, the Hausdorff moment problem, named after Felix Hausdorff, asks for necessary and sufficient conditions that a given sequence (m0, m1
Hausdorff_moment_problem
Concept in probability theory and gambling
gambler's ruin problem is a letter from Blaise Pascal to Pierre Fermat in 1656 (two years after the more famous correspondence on the problem of points).
Gambler's_ruin
Mathematical paradox
paradox Monty Hall problem Three Prisoners problem Two envelopes problem Sleeping Beauty problem The Monty Hall and Three Prisoners problems are identical
Bertrand's_box_paradox
Indiana) was a statistician and mathematician, known for his work on the secretary problem and for the Samuels Conjecture involving a Chebyshev-type inequality
Stephen_Mitchell_Samuels
Natural number
the sum of ceilings of the first two such zeroes, 15 and 22. The secretary problem is also known as the 37% rule by 1 e ≈ 37 % {\displaystyle {\tfrac
37_(number)
Trying to map moments to a measure that generates them
In mathematics, a moment problem arises as the result of trying to invert the mapping that takes a measure μ {\displaystyle \mu } to the sequence of moments
Moment_problem
Election result probability theorem
In combinatorics, Bertrand's ballot problem is the question: "In an election where candidate A receives p votes and candidate B receives q votes with
Bertrand's_ballot_theorem
Algorithm that begins on possibly incomplete inputs
scheduling problem List update problem Bandit problem Secretary problem Search games Ski rental problem Linear search problem Portfolio selection problem Paging
Online_algorithm
Head of the US Department of Defense
The United States secretary of defense (SecDef), secondarily titled the secretary of war (SecWar), is the head of the United States Department of Defense
United States Secretary of Defense
United_States_Secretary_of_Defense
Topics referred to by the same term
marriage problem may refer to: Assignment problem, consisting of finding a maximum weight matching in a weighted bipartite graph Secretary problem, also
Marriage_problem
Probability problem
In mathematics, the Stieltjes moment problem, named after Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, seeks necessary and sufficient conditions for a sequence (m0, m1,
Stieltjes_moment_problem
2.71828...; base of natural logarithms
appears in optimal planning problems like the secretary problem. The number e occurs naturally in connection with many problems involving asymptotics. An
E_(mathematical_constant)
Probability problem
The Newton–Pepys problem is a probability problem concerning the probability of throwing sixes from a certain number of dice. In 1693 Samuel Pepys and
Newton–Pepys_problem
Variation of Buffon's needle
In geometric probability, the problem of Buffon's noodle is a variation on the well-known problem of Buffon's needle, named after Georges-Louis Leclerc
Buffon's_noodle
In game theory, the Waldegrave problem is a problem first described in the second edition of Pierre Raymond de Montmort`s Essay d'analyse sur les jeux
Waldegrave_problem
Problem in probability
Banach's match problem is a classic problem in probability attributed to Stefan Banach. Feller says that the problem was inspired by a humorous reference
Banach's_matchbox_problem
Simplified example problem used for research or exposition
world Firing squad synchronization problem Monkey and banana problem Secretary problem Stuart J. Russell, Peter Norvig (2010). Artificial Intelligence:
Toy_problem
Problem caused by profanity filters on the Internet
The Scunthorpe problem is the unintentional blocking of online content by a spam filter, search engine or wordfilter because the text contains a string
Scunthorpe_problem
1936 film by Clarence Brown
1936). "Wife vs. Secretary". Variety. Retrieved June 6, 2026. Nugent, Frank S. (February 29, 1936). "The 'Wife Vs. Secretary' Problem at the Capitol --
Wife_vs._Secretary
Aspect of control theory
In probability theory, the Mabinogion sheep problem or Mabinogian urn is a problem in stochastic control introduced by David Williams (mathematician) in
Mabinogion_sheep_problem
Process of reasoning backwards in sequence
Arthur Cayley, who discovered the method while attempting to solve the secretary problem. In dynamic programming, a method of mathematical optimization, backward
Backward_induction
Probability theory paradox
The Bertrand paradox is a problem within the classical interpretation of probability theory. Joseph Bertrand introduced it in his work Calcul des probabilités
Bertrand paradox (probability)
Bertrand_paradox_(probability)
mathematical field of combinatorial geometry, the Littlewood–Offord problem is the problem of determining the number of subsums of a set of vectors that fall
Littlewood–Offord_problem
Head of the United States Department of Homeland Security
The United States secretary of homeland security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the federal department tasked with
United States Secretary of Homeland Security
United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security
Time at which a random variable stops exhibiting a behavior of interest
Optimal stopping Wald's equation Odds algorithm Secretary problem Hitting time Stopped process Disorder problem Début theorem Sequential analysis Kallenberg
Stopping_time
British statistician (1923–2013)
solved the secretary problem? Statistical Science, 4(3), 282–289. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2245639 Freeman, P. R. (1983). The Secretary Problem and its
Dennis_Lindley
Computer bugs related to the year 2000
problem is the electronic equivalent of the El Niño and there will be nasty surprises around the globe. — John Hamre, United States Deputy Secretary of
Year_2000_problem
In mathematics, the trigonometric moment problem is formulated as follows: given a sequence { c k } k ∈ N 0 {\displaystyle \{c_{k}\}_{k\in \mathbb {N}
Trigonometric_moment_problem
Paradox involving a game with repeated coin flipping
amount of money a casino would need to continue the game indefinitely. The problem was invented by Nicolas Bernoulli, who stated it in a letter to Pierre
St._Petersburg_paradox
American mathematician
information, sometimes referred to as the fourth secretary problem, also bears his name: Robbins' problem (of optimal stopping). Robbins was born in New
Herbert_Robbins
Problem in geometric probability
In geometric probability, the broken stick problem asks for the probability that one can form a triangle from the three parts of a line segment that has
Broken_stick_problem
Set of edges without common vertices
("servers") or discarded. This is a natural generalization of the secretary problem and has applications to online ad auctions. A simple greedy algorithm
Matching_(graph_theory)
Problem in geometric probability
Sylvester's four point problem in geometric probability asks for the probability that four randomly chosen points in the Euclidean plane form a convex
Sylvester's four point problem
Sylvester's_four_point_problem
Overthinking causes
Perfectionism Regret (decision theory) Search cost Secretary problem Thinking, Fast and Slow VUCA Wicked problem Writer's block Yips "Shakespeare Resource Center
Analysis_paralysis
American government official and television personality (born 1980)
former television personality who has served as the 29th United States secretary of defense since 2025. Hegseth studied politics at Princeton University
Pete_Hegseth
Dispute between Greek and Turkish Cypriots
efforts. U Thant, then the UN Secretary-General, appointed Sakari Tuomioja, a Finnish diplomat. While Tuomioja viewed the problem as essentially international
Cyprus_problem
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2022
ministers – David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson – lastly as foreign secretary from 2021 to 2022. Truss studied philosophy, politics and economics at
Liz_Truss
Belgian-German professor of mathematics
64 research papers concerning: Odds algorithm Secretary problem (1/e-law of best choice) Robbins' problem (of optimal stopping) Galton–Watson processes
Franz_Thomas_Bruss
problem List update problem Bandit problem Secretary problem Search games Ski rental problem Linear search problem Portfolio selection problem Online matching
Online_optimization
American politician and diplomat (born 1971)
politician, attorney, and diplomat serving as the 72nd United States secretary of state since 2025. He is also the acting national security advisor.
Marco_Rubio
American U.S. Army general and diplomat (1937–2021)
general, diplomat, and statesman who served as the 65th United States secretary of state from 2001 to 2005, being the first Black American to hold the
Colin_Powell
Series of US naval exercises in the interwar period
around 2016. The first twenty-one Fleet Problems — labeled by Navy leadership as Fleet Problem I through Fleet Problem XXI — were conducted between 1923 and
Fleet_problem
Austrian-Canadian mathematician
as Moser's worm problem and as of 2026 remains an open problem. Bell number Berlekamp switching game Salem–Spencer set Secretary problem Tournament (graph
Leo_Moser
American mathematician (born 1943)
stopping (including the secretary problem and prophet inequality) and of fair division, in particular the Hill–Beck land division problem. Hill has attracted
Ted_Hill_(mathematician)
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 2026
ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, he was Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Culture Secretary, in which capacity he launched the Hillsborough Independent
Andy_Burnham
President of the United States from 1929 to 1933
member of the Republican Party, he served as the third United States secretary of commerce from 1921 to 1928 before being elected president in 1928.
Herbert_Hoover
Book by Morgenthau describing post-WWII plan for Germany
Germany is Our Problem is a book written in 1945 by Henry Morgenthau Jr., U.S. Secretary of the Treasury during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Germany_Is_Our_Problem
Bird of prey
The secretarybird or secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius) is a large bird of prey that is endemic to Africa. It is mostly terrestrial, spending most
Secretarybird
Leader of China since 2012
politician who is the paramount leader of China. He has served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Party Central
Xi_Jinping
British politician (born 1983)
British politician who has served as Secretary of State for Defence since 2026. He previously served as Secretary of State for Health and Social Care from
Wes_Streeting
2023 Chinese science fiction television series
science fiction television series adapted from the novel The Three-Body Problem by Liu Cixin, which was first published in serialized form in 2006. The
Three-Body
2008 Chinese science fiction novel
Three-Body Problem) Zhuang Yan (庄颜) - Graduate of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, she marries Luo Ji. Frederick Tyler (弗雷德里克·泰勒) - Former US Secretary of Defense
The_Dark_Forest
American diplomat and political scientist (born 1954)
diplomat and political scientist who served as the 66th United States secretary of state from 2005 to 2009 and as the 19th U.S. national security advisor
Condoleezza_Rice
American politician and diplomat (born 1943)
diplomat, and former naval officer who served as the 68th United States secretary of state from 2013 to 2017 in the administration of President Barack Obama
John_Kerry
Civilian official in the U.S. Department of the Army
with the position being elevated to Assistant Secretary when manpower issues proved to be a problem during the course of the Korean War. The office
Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Army_(Manpower_and_Reserve_Affairs)
American diplomat and politician (1923–2023)
national security advisor from 1969 to 1975 and as the 56th United States secretary of state from 1973 to 1977, serving under presidents Richard Nixon and
Henry_Kissinger
Sussex Chess Problem Fraternity (SCPF). Officers elected were: President B. G. Laws, Treasurer H. D'O. Bernard, Auditor P. H. Williams, Secretary H. W. Butler
British_Chess_Problem_Society
British politician (born 1987)
First Secretary of State, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and Minister for the Cabinet Office since July 2026. She previously served as Secretary of
Louise_Haigh
British politician (born 1969)
politician who has served as Secretary of State for Health and Social Care since July 2026. She previously served as Foreign Secretary from September 2025 to
Yvette_Cooper
Indian government official
Secretary to the Government of India, often abbreviated as Secretary, GoI, or simply as Secretary, is a post and a rank under the Central Staffing Scheme
Secretary to the Government of India
Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India
British politician (born 1980)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families. In the February 2020 reshuffle she was appointed Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury and
Kemi_Badenoch
Antisemitic set of publications of the 1920s
Independent newspaper, beginning with The International Jew: The World's Problem, published on May 22, 1920. At the beginning of 1920, Ford's personal newspaper
The_International_Jew
Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009
appointed Secretary of Defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, and held the position for most of Bush's term from 1989 to 1993. As secretary, he
Dick_Cheney
Prime Minister of Spain since 2018
(PSOE). He has been the Prime Minister of Spain since 2018. He is also Secretary-General of the PSOE since 2017, having previously held that office from
Pedro_Sánchez
Role in the private office of United Kingdom government ministers
errors and problems are spotted quickly. Information Management They ensure the Minister is shown all important invitations. The diary secretary also keeps
Ministerial_Diary_Secretary
Indian politician and author (born 1956)
since 2009. He was formerly an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and ran for the office of Secretary-General in 2006, coming second. Shashi
Shashi_Tharoor
American businessman, engineer and politician (1938-2018)
States secretary of energy during the George W. Bush administration, from 2005 to 2009. He was also, at different times, the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury
Samuel_Bodman
German Nazi politician (1894–1987)
Rees, John R; Dicks, Henry Victor (1948). The Case of Rudolf Hess: A Problem in Diagnosis and Forensic Psychiatry. New York: Norton. OCLC 1038757. Thomas
Rudolf_Hess
Seasonal variation Seasonally adjusted annual rate Second moment method Secretary problem Secular variation Seed-based d mapping Seemingly unrelated regressions
List_of_statistics_articles
Australian trade unionist
is a former Australian trade unionist. Until 12 July 2024, he was the secretary of the Victorian-Tasmanian division of the Construction, Forestry, Maritime
John_Setka
American Secretary of Defense (1961–1968)
the assistant secretary of defense, were advocating American intervention in the war. Such intervention presented a constitutional problem: to intervene
Robert McNamara as Secretary of Defense
Robert_McNamara_as_Secretary_of_Defense
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016
the House of Lords as a life peer in November 2023 to serve as Foreign Secretary in the Sunak ministry until July 2024. Cameron identifies as a one-nation
David_Cameron
Singaporean politician (born 1978 or 1979)
principal private secretary (PPS) to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong between 2017 and 2021, and was serving as second permanent secretary at the Ministry
Jeffrey_Siow
American politician and diplomat (born 1947)
American politician, lawyer, and diplomat. She was the 67th United States secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, a U
Hillary_Clinton
American politician (born 1954)
theorist, and anti-vaccine activist serving as the 26th United States secretary of health and human services since 2025. A member of the prominent Kennedy
Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.
Leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982
1906 – 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in
Leonid_Brezhnev
American politician (born 1982)
politician and former naval officer who served as the 19th United States secretary of transportation from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Democratic Party
Pete_Buttigieg
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