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Physical law for entropy and heat
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Topics referred to by the same term
Second law may refer to: The second of Newton's laws of motion Second law of thermodynamics The 2nd Law, a music album by the English rock band Muse Mendel's
Second_law
Laws in physics about force and motion
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. These laws, which
Newton's_laws_of_motion
American fiction writer (born 1975)
on taking over the world. The first of his "laws of magic" were first published in 2007, with the second and third published in 2012 and 2013 (respectively)
Brandon_Sanderson
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
coefficient, D. Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law, which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation. Fick's first law: Movement of particles
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
Laws describing planetary orbits
have elliptical orbits. The second law establishes that when a planet is closer to the Sun, it travels faster. The third law expresses that the farther
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion
Adage that work expands to fill its available time
the essay discusses the second, which Parkinson detailed as due to "The Law of Multiplication of Subordinates" and "The Law of Multiplication of Work"
Parkinson's_Law
Fictional set of rules by Isaac Asimov
the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. The Three Laws form an
Three_Laws_of_Robotics
Axioms proposed by British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke
time. Clarke's first law was proposed in the 1962 edition of the essay, as "Clarke's Law" in Profiles of the Future. The second law is offered as a simple
Clarke's_three_laws
Observation on the growth of construction costs for a semiconductor fab
Rock's law or Moore's second law, named for Arthur Rock or Gordon Moore, says that the cost of a semiconductor chip fabrication plant doubles every four
Moore's_second_law
2012 studio album by Muse
County, beginning in October 2011 and ending in August 2012. The 2nd Law was Muse's second album to be solely self-produced by the band, following The Resistance
The_2nd_Law
Averages of repeated trials converge to the expected value
In probability theory, the law of large numbers is a mathematical law which states that the average of the results obtained from a large number of independent
Law_of_large_numbers
Observational basis of thermodynamics
the first law, the second law, and the third law. A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law after the first three laws had been
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium
Planck's_law
One of several proposed laws of geography
The second law of geography, according to Waldo Tobler, is "the phenomenon external to a geographic area of interest affects what goes on inside." This
Tobler's second law of geography
Tobler's_second_law_of_geography
Physical laws of electrochemistry
For Faraday's first law, M, F, v are constants; thus, the larger the value of Q, the larger m will be. For Faraday's second law, Q, F, v are constants;
Faraday's laws of electrolysis
Faraday's_laws_of_electrolysis
Type of biological inheritance
Vries may not have acknowledged truthfully how much of his knowledge of the laws came from his own work and how much came only after reading Mendel's paper
Mendelian_inheritance
Observation on the growth of integrated circuit capacity
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years, with minimal increase in cost
Moore's_law
Optimize by equalizing marginal utilities
Gossen's Second Law, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), asserts that an economic agent will allocate their expenditures so that the ratio of
Gossen's_second_law
Adage
The law of holes, or the first law of holes, is an adage that states: "If you find yourself in a hole, stop digging." It is used as a metaphor, warning
Law_of_holes
Adage that anything that can go wrong will go wrong
Murphy's law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." Though similar statements and concepts have
Murphy's_law
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he named the concept of entropy. In 1870 he
Thermodynamics
Extend Newton's laws of motion to rigid bodies
mass of the body and the velocity of its center of mass vcm. Euler's second law states that the rate of change of angular momentum L about a point that
Euler's_laws_of_motion
The Second Law Committee (Swedish: Andra lagutskottet, 2 LU), was a committee in the Swedish Riksdag during the bicameral period of Sweden. The committee's
Second_Law_Committee
Statement based on repeated empirical observations that describes some natural phenomenon
Arbia's law of geography Tobler's first law of geography Tobler's second law of geography Archie's law Buys Ballot's law Birch's law Byerlee's law Principle
Scientific_law
System of enforceable rules
Law is a set of rules that are created and enforced by governmental or societal institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter
Law
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
forms of the third law of thermodynamics. The generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSL) is needed to present the second law of thermodynamics as
Black_hole_thermodynamics
Antisemitic law in Vichy France
The Second French Statute on the Status of Jews, of 2 June 1941 (Loi du 2 juin 1941, Statut des Juifs), was an antisemitic law enacted under Vichy France
Second law on the status of Jews
Second_law_on_the_status_of_Jews
Influence that can change motion of an object
first law, motion at constant speed in a straight line does not need a cause. It is change in motion that requires a cause, and Newton's second law gives
Force
Nazi German laws related to federalism
The Provisional Law and Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich (German: Vorläufiges Gesetz und Zweites Gesetz zur Gleichschaltung
Provisional Law and Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
Provisional_Law_and_Second_Law_on_the_Coordination_of_the_States_with_the_Reich
Two equalities that deal with the current and potential difference
unilateral or bilateral, active or passive. This law, also called Kirchhoff's second law, or Kirchhoff's loop rule, states the following: The directed sum of the
Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws
Type of energy transfer
r r d S ≥ δ Q (second law) . {\displaystyle T_{surr}\,\mathrm {d} S\geq \delta Q\quad {\text{(second law)}}\,.} which is the second law of thermodynamics
Heat
One of several proposed laws of geography
Tobler's first law of geography and Tobler's second law of geography emphaize spatial autocorrelation and the boundary problem, Arbia's law of geography
Arbia's_law_of_geography
Integral of a comparatively larger force over a short time interval
=\mathbf {p} _{\mathrm {f} }-\mathbf {p} _{\mathrm {i} }.} By Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the
Impulse_(physics)
Principle relating to fluid dynamics
form. Bernoulli's principle can be derived directly from Isaac Newton's second law of motion. When a small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a
Bernoulli's_principle
Phenomenon of non-ideal fluids changing temperature
found experimentally by Joule for real gases and is known as Joule's second law (see Joule expansion). More refined experiments found important deviations
Joule–Thomson_effect
Property of a thermodynamic system
transmission of information in telecommunication. Entropy is central to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of an isolated system
Entropy
Physical law for definition of temperature
is defined in the second law. The law was established by Ralph H. Fowler in the 1930s, long after the first, second, and third laws had been widely recognized
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
Season of American television series
the 1998 television movie Exiled, as well as seasons 5–7 of the second spin-off series Law & Order: Criminal Intent. Jerry Orbach as Senior Detective Lennie
Law_&_Order_season_5
Physical quantity
"old" degrees. This mathematical result is part of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics is simple only for systems which are
Energy
Physical quantity of hot and cold
define temperature in terms of the second law of thermodynamics which deals with entropy. [citation needed] The second law states that any process will result
Temperature
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Austrian mathematician and theoretical physicist (1844–1906)
development of statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1877, he provided the current definition of entropy
Ludwig_Boltzmann
Adage
variant (known as O'Toole's corollary of Finagle's law) favored among hackers is a takeoff on the second law of thermodynamics (related to the augmentation
Finagle's_law
Humorous mathematical law
also formulated a second strong law of small numbers: When two numbers look equal, it ain't necessarily so! Guy explains this latter law by the way of examples:
Strong_law_of_small_numbers
Property of a mass in motion
momentum is the kilogram metre per second (kg⋅m/s), which is dimensionally equivalent to the newton-second. Newton's second law of motion states that the rate
Momentum
Adages and sayings named after a person
with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. (Asimov later added
List_of_eponymous_laws
Thought experiment of 1867
Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment that appears to disprove the second law of thermodynamics. It was proposed by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell
Maxwell's_demon
Attraction of masses and energy
fundamental in another sense: the inertial mass that appears in Newton's second law is the same as the gravitational mass. This equivalence principle is a
Gravity
Relationship between volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of
Charles's_law
Widely cited American legal treatise
The Restatement of the Law Second, Contracts is a legal treatise from the second series of the Restatements of the Law, and seeks to inform judges and
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
Restatement_(Second)_of_Contracts
Measure of performance of heat engines
In thermal engineering, exergy efficiency (also known as the second-law efficiency or rational efficiency) computes the effectiveness of a system relative
Exergy_efficiency
Possible fate of the universe
in the indestructibility of energy (the first law) and the universal dissipation of energy (the second law), leading to diffusion of heat, cessation of
Heat_death_of_the_universe
Conserved physical quantity; rotational analogue of linear momentum
force is applied, it proves a more general law than Kepler's second law of planetary motion. It shows that the Law of Areas applies to any central force,
Angular_momentum
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
observed only at very low temperatures in superfluids; otherwise, the second law of thermodynamics requires all fluids to have positive viscosity. A fluid
Viscosity
Influence of thermodynamics on evolution
American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy. The 1944 book What
Entropy_and_life
Time reversal symmetry in physics
symmetry of physical laws under the transformation of time reversal, T : t ↦ − t . {\displaystyle T:t\mapsto -t.} Since the second law of thermodynamics
T-symmetry
Work being continuously done without an external input of energy
impossible, since its existence would violate the first and/or second laws of thermodynamics. These laws of thermodynamics apply regardless of the size of the
Perpetual_motion
this case the external fluid flow simply advects the sphere. Faxén's second law is given by T = 8 π μ a 3 [ 1 2 ( ∇ × u ′ ) − ( Ω − Ω ∞ ) ] , {\displaystyle
Faxén's_law
Theorem in statistical mathematics
entropy) will increase or decrease over a given amount of time. While the second law of thermodynamics predicts that the entropy of an isolated system should
Fluctuation_theorem
Rate of change of velocity
acceleration being a result of the net force acting on it. By Newton's second law, the magnitude of the net acceleration will be proportional to the magnitude
Acceleration
German physicist (1858–1947)
thesis Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the second law of mechanical heat theory). He briefly taught mathematics and physics
Max_Planck
Electrochemical processes involving photons and the emission or absorption of light
This is considered to be one of the two basic laws of photochemistry. The second law is the Stark–Einstein law, which says that primary chemical or physical
Photoelectrochemical_process
Equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas
combination of the empirical Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. The ideal gas law is often written in an empirical form:
Ideal_gas_law
subsequently graded murder into "first" and "second" degrees. The English common law, which had been received into the laws of the U.S. states, at the time applied
Murder_in_United_States_law
Classical statement of gravity as force
Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force by stating that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Use of the second law of thermodynamics to distinguish past from future
sometimes called an arrow of time. As one goes "forward" in time, the second law of thermodynamics says, the entropy of an isolated system can increase
Entropy_as_an_arrow_of_time
order by an overthrust thrust fault (Jackson, p. 128). Smith's second law is the Law of Strata identified by fossils. This states that each stratum in
Smith's_laws
Anti party-defection law in India / Anti defection Bill
The Anti-Defection law, or the 52nd Amendment to the Indian Constitution is a constitutional amendment limiting the ability of politicians to switch parties
Anti-defection_law_(India)
Law of China regarding marriage
support from propaganda campaigns. It has since been superseded by the Second Marriage Law of 1980. It was formally repealed by the Civil Code in 2021. Marriage
New_Marriage_Law
The second administration of U.S. president Donald Trump has taken unprecedented actions targeting American law firms and lawyers that had previously
Targeting of law firms and lawyers under the second Trump administration
Targeting_of_law_firms_and_lawyers_under_the_second_Trump_administration
Description of large objects' physics
philosophy on three proposed laws of motion: the law of inertia, his second law of acceleration (mentioned above), and the law of action and reaction; and
Classical_mechanics
Indian executive body
September 1958. The reports submitted by the First Law Commission of India are as under. The Second Law Commission was established in 1958 under the chairmanship
Law_Commission_of_India
Weimar Germany law against political extremism
Law for the Protection of the Republic, passed in July 1922, was extended for two years in 1927 and expired in 1929. The slightly modified Second Law
Law for the Protection of the Republic
Law_for_the_Protection_of_the_Republic
Electronic hardware trend
superior optimization, and a laser-like focus on energy efficiency." By the second law of thermodynamics and Landauer's principle, irreversible computing cannot
Koomey's_law
Hypothesis proposing a modification of Newton's laws
properties of galaxies. Modifying Newton's law of gravity results in modified gravity, while modifying Newton's second law results in modified inertia. The latter
Modified_Newtonian_dynamics
Principles of library operations proposed by S. R. Ranganathan
through the application of the second law. In addition, a library collection must represent the community it serves. The third law of library science, "Every
Five_laws_of_library_science
Cuman laws in the summer of 1279. The authenticity of the second document is questioned by some historians. Ladislaus IV hesitated to enforce the law, which
Cuman_laws
Trigonometric result for hyperbolic triangles
of Euclidean law of cosines, expressing the length of one side in terms of the other two and the angle between the latter: The second law has no Euclidean
Hyperbolic_law_of_cosines
Unit of force in physics
metre per second squared. The unit is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically his second law of motion
Newton_(unit)
Thermodynamic law expression
The Clausius–Duhem inequality is a way of expressing the second law of thermodynamics that is used in continuum mechanics. This inequality is particularly
Clausius–Duhem_inequality
Linguistic laws regarding syntax
(Behaghel's First Law) That which is less important (or already known to the listener) is placed before that which is important. (Behaghel's Second Law) The distinguishing
Behaghel's_laws
Theme in Robert Anton Wilson's & Robert Shea's The Illuminatus! Trilogy
Celine's Laws are a series of three laws regarding government and social interaction attributed to the fictional character Hagbard Celine in Robert Anton
Celine's_laws
Fifth book of the Torah in the Hebrew Bible
Deuteronomy (Ancient Greek: Δευτερονόμιον, romanized: Deuteronómion, lit. 'second law'; Latin: Liber Deuteronomii) is the fifth and final book of the Torah
Book_of_Deuteronomy
Laws about marginal utility in economics
are diminishing across the ranges relevant to decision-making. Gossen's Second Law, which presumes that utility is at least weakly quantified, is that in
Gossen's_laws
Law of wavelength-specific emission and absorption
detailed balance, which is a direct consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. Before Kirchhoff's law was recognized, it had been experimentally established
Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
Kirchhoff's_law_of_thermal_radiation
Topics referred to by the same term
Mendel's first law of segregation Tikanga Māori, the law of the Maori Second law (disambiguation) Third law (disambiguation) The First Law, a fantasy series
First_law_(disambiguation)
Maximum attainable efficiency of any heat engine
of the second law of thermodynamics. Historically, it was based on contemporary caloric theory, and preceded the establishment of the second law. The proof
Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
Carnot's_theorem_(thermodynamics)
Concept in physics of one-way time
that the Second Law breaks down under any circumstances." However, there are a number of paradoxes[which?] regarding violation of the second law of thermodynamics
Arrow_of_time
Law of physics
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system at thermodynamic equilibrium approaches a constant value when its temperature
Third_law_of_thermodynamics
Fundamental principle in microeconomics
In microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded
Law_of_demand
Empirical law on the variance of species in a habitat
Taylor's power law is an empirical law in ecology that relates the variance of the number of individuals of a species per unit area of habitat to the
Taylor's_law
Development of entropy in a thermodynamic system
demonstrate the impact of the second law, and the role of entropy production, it has to be combined with the first law which reads d U d t = ∑ k Q ˙ k
Entropy_production
U.S. presidential administration since 2025
as a defining characteristic of his second presidency. On immigration, Trump signed the Laken Riley Act into law, attempted to restrict birthright citizenship
Second presidency of Donald Trump
Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump
Equations that describe the behavior of a physical system
the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those
Equations_of_motion
Study of Earth's spatial information
distant." Tobler's second law of geography: "The phenomenon external to a geographic area of interest affects what goes on inside." Arbia's law of geography:
Geography
1876–2009 British judicial office
Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, colloquially known as Law Lords, were judges appointed to the House of Lords of the United Kingdom to carry out the House's
Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary
Law of physics and chemistry
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. In the case
Conservation_of_energy
Law of crystallography
integers are usually small numbers." The law is also named the law of rational intercepts or the second law of crystallography. The International Union
Law_of_rational_indices
Study of the relations between thermodynamics and quantum mechanics
ordinary second law on average. By making precise the definition of thermal operations, the laws of thermodynamics take on a form with the first law defining
Quantum_thermodynamics
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