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Measurement of the spatial extent of sea ice
Sea ice thickness spatial extent, and open water within sea ice packs can vary rapidly in response to weather and climate. Sea ice concentration is measured
Sea_ice_thickness
Outcome of seawater as it freezes
marked decline in Arctic sea ice extent and thickness in recent decades, a trend linked to global climate change. Antarctic sea ice shows more regional variability
Sea_ice
European Space Agency environmental research satellite
measuring polar sea ice thickness and monitoring changes in ice sheets. Its primary objective is to measure the thinning of Arctic sea ice, but has applications
CryoSat-2
Sea ice loss in recent decades in the Arctic Ocean
of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover. The
Arctic_sea_ice_decline
Records made for navigational safety and environmental monitoring
Measurement of sea ice is important for safety of navigation and for monitoring the environment, particularly the climate. Sea ice extent interacts with
Measurement_of_sea_ice
Sea ice of the Southern Ocean
sea ice is the sea ice of the Southern Ocean. It extends from the far north in the winter and retreats to almost the coastline every summer. Sea ice is
Antarctic_sea_ice
Southern inlet of the Barents Sea in northwest Russia
image to the right. The ice is not stationary, but 90% of it is floating and is continuously removed to the Barents Sea. Ice thickness is usually about 40 cm
White_Sea
Computer model that simulates sea ice
figure. Sea ice Sea ice microbial communities Sea ice emissivity modeling Sea ice growth processes Sea ice concentration Sea ice thickness Sea ice physics
CICE_(sea_ice_model)
Distance from the waterline to the upper deck level of a ship
reserve buoyancy. Gunwale For the term as used in measuring sea ice, see Sea ice thickness. Notes "IMO". 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-10-14
Freeboard_(nautical)
NASA Earth observation satellite
System, is a satellite mission for measuring ice sheet elevation and sea ice thickness, as well as land topography, vegetation characteristics, and clouds
ICESat-2
Form of sea ice formed underwater between meltwater and seawater
suggest that false bottoms may decrease sea ice melt up to 8%. Meanwhile, measurements from manual ice thickness gauges in Fram Strait in the summer of
False_bottom_(sea_ice)
Process by which salts are expelled from freezing water
are left in the ice. Once the ice reaches a critical thickness, roughly 15 cm, the concentration of salt ions in the liquid around the ice begins to increase
Brine_rejection
Body of water in the Arctic Ocean
the thickness of the sea ice in the Lincoln Sea and surrounding waters. With thicknesses ranging between 3.9 and 4.2 m (13 and 14 ft), multi-year ice dominates
Lincoln_Sea
approximate parameterizations, see determining surface flux under sea ice thickness. The equation can be solved using a numerical root-finding algorithm
Sea_ice_growth_processes
Arctic research project by NASA
to measure the thickness of snow layers on top of land and sea ice. Measuring snow thickness is crucial for estimating sea ice thickness. Ku-band Radar
Operation_IceBridge
Sea-ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity
Arctic ice pack is the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity. The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in
Arctic_ice_pack
Technique for measuring the density of a living person's body
seawater and sea ice, such seasonal changes in sea ice density affect its freeboard and introduce large uncertaintes of sea ice thickness estimates using
Hydrostatic_weighing
Earth's southern polar ice cap
4 million square miles) and an average thickness of over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). It is the largest of Earth's two current ice sheets, containing 26.5 million
Antarctic_ice_sheet
Sea ice that is not attached to land
Drift ice, also called brash ice, is sea ice that is not attached to the shoreline or any other fixed object (shoals, grounded icebergs, etc.). Unlike
Drift_ice
Outcome of the interaction between drifting ice and the seabed
Seabed gouging by ice is a process that occurs when floating ice features (typically icebergs and sea ice ridges) drift into shallower areas and their
Seabed_gouging_by_ice
Method of measuring ice growth and melt
of snow thickness, ice draft and freeboard, and location of IMB sensors are usually made. The IMB deployment disturbs the system around sea ice. For example
Ice_mass_balance_buoy
Ice shelf in the Arctic Ocean
top of the sea, trapped behind the ice. Abrupt climate change Arctic sea ice ecology and history Measurement of sea ice Sea ice thickness Mueller, Derek
Milne_Ice_Shelf
Sea ice specialist and climate scientist
to those used on satellites in the Nimbus program, making note of sea ice thickness and temperature in the region. A popular article in Scientific American
Josefino_Comiso
Melting or otherwise disintegrating ice on open water
Regardless of thickness, ice will be weakened by multiple freezes and thaws or layers of snow inside the ice itself. It melts more quickly than solid ice. Certain
Rotten_ice
American UAV
2022) [February 24, 2022]. "NASA Helps Fly 'Vanilla' Ice Drone to Study Arctic Sea Ice Thickness". NASA Goddard. "Vanilla UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System)"
Vanilla_UAV
Frozen water; the solid state of water
effect intensifies with increasing thickness or if internal reflections cause the light to take a longer path through the ice. Other colors can appear in the
Ice
Wind-driven ocean current in the Arctic Ocean polar region
of sea-ice volume in the gyre and the Arctic Ocean as a whole, as well as a decline in average ice age and thickness. Formerly, masses of sea-ice would
Beaufort_Gyre
Large mass of glacial ice
respectively. Both ice sheets are also very thick, as they consist of a continuous ice layer with an average thickness of 2 km (1 mi). This ice layer forms because
Ice_sheet
it will render information on sea ice thickness, therefore the campaign comprised measurements of both sea ice thickness and emitted brightness temperature
Collocation_(remote_sensing)
Topics referred to by the same term
theory Structural Information Theory, a theory of human perception Sea ice thickness Static induction thyristor Static induction transistor Simple Internet
SIT
Transition zone between sea ice and the open ocean
Parameterization Scheme for Wind Wave Modules that Includes the Sea Ice Thickness in the Marginal Ice Zone". Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 40 (12): 2279–2287
Marginal_ice_zone
Island, prefecture, and region of Japan
Nihashi, Sohey; et al. (5 April 2018). "Estimation of sea-ice thickness and volume in the Sea of Okhotsk based on ICESat data". Cambridge University Press
Hokkaido
Ship classification
navigate through sea ice. Some ice classes also have requirements for the ice-going performance of the vessel. Not all ships are built to an ice class. Building
Ice_class
Region of the Arctic
(2009-08-16). "Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008: ARCTIC SEA ICE THICKNESS". Geophysical Research Letters
Last_Ice_Area
ESA satellite to study polar ice; lost in launch failure in 2005
mission is to allow scientists to measure sea ice thickness and monitor changes on the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets using radar altimetry. The primary
CryoSat-1
2025. Joshi, Mansi. "Seasonal and Interannual Variations in Sea Ice Thickness in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica (2019–2022) Using ICESat-2". MDPI. v t e
Weddell_Sea_Expedition_2019
The Baltic Sea ice season starts when the first ice has formed and ends when the last ice has melted, usually the first ice forms around November and the
Ice_season_in_the_Baltic_Sea
Large pack of floating ice
kilometres (6.2 miles) across. Drift ice is a floating field of sea ice composed of several ice floes. They may cause ice jams on freshwater rivers, and in
Ice_floe
Topics referred to by the same term
snowboard on pavement Sea ice freeboard, the height of an ice floe above the water surface, used in measuring sea ice thickness This disambiguation page
Freeboard_(disambiguation)
Linear accumulation of ice blocks resulting from the convergence between floes
7 m, while ice ridges in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas have a concave close to triangular shape. The average consolidated layer thickness of Arctic ridges
Pressure_ridge_(ice)
Path made over frozen water rather than land
An ice road or ice bridge is a human-made structure that runs on a frozen water surface (a river, a lake or a sea water expanse). Ice roads are typically
Ice_road
Ice that forms on the bottom of an established ice cover
ice is ice that forms on the bottom of an established ice cover. On seawater, congelation ice is ice that forms on the bottom of an established sea ice
Congelation_ice
satellite-derived thickness estimates. Additionally, sea ice thickness was measured using ground-based electromagnetic sounding, while snow and sea ice freeboard
MOSAiC_Expedition
decades, the local Inuvialuit have seen the reduction in average winter sea-ice thickness from roughly 1.8 to 2.1 m (6 to 7 ft) in the early 1960s to about
Dolphin_and_Union_Strait
covered by ice (sea ice, glacial ice, or snow) year-round, and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface
Climate_of_the_Arctic
Groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice
Sea Ice Microbial Communities (SIMCO) refer to groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice at the poles. The ice matrix they
Sea_ice_microbial_communities
Large platform of glacial ice
the ice thickness is insufficient to displace the more dense surrounding ocean water. The boundary between the ice shelf (floating) and grounded ice (resting
Ice_shelf
Ice class assigned to a vessel operating in first-year ice in the Baltic Sea
Finnish–Swedish ice class is an ice class assigned to a vessel operating in first-year ice in the Baltic Sea and calling at Finnish or Swedish ports. Ships
Finnish–Swedish_ice_class
Sea ice connected to the coastline
Fast ice (also called land-fast ice, landfast ice, and shore-fast ice) is sea ice or lake ice that is "fastened" to the coastline, to the sea floor along
Fast_ice
Antarctic glacier
Great Britain (209,000 km2 [81,000 sq mi]). It is also very tall, with ice thickness from bedrock to surface measuring between 800 metres (2,624+1⁄2 ft)
Thwaites_Glacier
Satellite manufacturer
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by human activity, monitor sea ice thickness and overlying snow depth, provide improved services for sustainable
Thales_Alenia_Space
Turkish scientist
Estimating small-scale snow depth and ice thickness from total freeboard for East Antarctic sea ice, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
Burcu_Özsoy
2015 Arctic research expedition
researchers established temporary ice camps on nearby floes and carried out coordinated measurements of: sea ice thickness, structure, and deformation snow
N-ICE2015_expedition
Region of fast-moving ice within an ice sheet
of thickness, temperature, water accumulation, stresses, and base material have changed. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained to the sea by several ice streams
Ice_stream
Ice shelf in Antarctica
France). It is several hundred metres thick. The nearly vertical ice front to the open sea is more than 600 km (370 mi) long, and between 15 and 50 m (50
Ross_Ice_Shelf
Form of ice on bodies of water consisting of round pieces
Pancake ice is a form of sea ice or freshwater ice that consists of round pieces of ice with diameters ranging from 30 centimetres (12 in) to 3 metres
Pancake_ice
Segment of Antarctic ice sheet
ice is grounded well below sea level, on rock and sediment that would be the ocean floor if the ice were to retreat. The ice sheet first formed about 27
West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet
Acoustic sensing method
surface of the sea. It is used for similar purposes as downward looking sonar, but has some unique applications such as measuring sea ice thickness, roughness
Sonar
Compression overlapping of floating ice cover in alternating overthrusts and underthrusts
0.65 MPa, the maximum thickness for rafting to occur is in the range of 0.2 metres (7.9 in). Lead (sea ice) Pressure ridge (ice) Whereby the first finger
Finger_rafting
Man-made structure used to assist the unloading of ships in Antarctica
many metres in thickness, and strong enough to support container trucks. Operation Deep Freeze personnel constructed the first floating ice pier at Antarctica’s
Ice_pier
Rise of land masses after glacial period
the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets. During the last glacial period
Post-glacial_rebound
American climatologist
focuses on remote sensing of snow and sea ice, including satellite retrievals of sea-ice concentration, ice thickness, snow depth, surface albedo, and surface
Julienne_Stroeve
Segment of the continental ice sheet that covers East Antarctica
000 years for the entire ice sheet to be lost. The ice sheet has an average thickness of around 2.2 km (1.4 mi). The thickest ice in Antarctica is located
East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet
Ice class
requirements of the vessel are not clearly defined in terms of speed or ice thickness. In practice, this means that the Polar Class of the vessel may not
Polar_Class
development, and from 2008–2009 as part of a Geophysics PhD project about sea ice thickness along spring whaling trails offshore of Utqiaġvik (Barrow)). Sturm
List of Alaska Native inventors and scientists
List_of_Alaska_Native_inventors_and_scientists
Ice cap located on Nordaustlandet in the Svalbard archipelago in Norway
492 km2. Austfonna has a thickness of up to 560 metres (235 meters average thickness), and is 200 km in circumference. The ice dome reaches an elevation
Austfonna
Nature reserve in Canada
Last Ice Area, an Arctic Noah's Ark". Science News. Retrieved 2021-12-05. Bourke, Robert H.; Garrett, Robert P. (April 1987). "Sea ice thickness distribution
Tuvaijuittuq Marine Protected Area
Tuvaijuittuq_Marine_Protected_Area
2024 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS
Reflectometry CubeSat for Measuring Sea Ice Thickness and Extent (Nanoracks KILLICK-1) tests using this technique to measure sea ice. The project supports development
SpaceX_CRS-30
Breaking of ice chunks from the edge of a glacier
ice shelves in Antarctica and Greenland to help establish a 'calving law'. Variables used in models include properties of the ice such as thickness,
Ice_calving
Sea in northern Europe
basin of the Gulf of Bothnia, is about 70 cm (28 in) for landfast sea ice. The thickness decreases farther south. Freezing begins in the northern extremities
Baltic_Sea
Arm of the Southern Ocean
basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The ice sheet that drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness. It is roughly the size of
Amundsen_Sea
extending throughout the Eurasian basin, leading to reduction in sea-ice thickness in this region. Atlantification as part of the climate changing in
Atlantification_of_the_Arctic
American applied mathematician
to 1980 with Steve Ackley on measuring sea ice thickness with radar, treating sea ice as a composite of pure ice with brine inclusions. This work led to
Kenneth_M._Golden
Climate scientist
how to monitor sea ice thickness using satellite altimetery. An altimeter monitors electromagnetic waves reflected from the surface of ice. After completing
Katharine_Giles
Earth's surface where water is frozen
where water is in solid form. This includes sea ice, ice on lakes or rivers, snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost)
Cryosphere
Persistent body of ice that moves downhill under its own weight
and can include ice shelves and ice tongues, it originates only on land and is distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface
Glacier
Rise in sea levels due to climate change
enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (174 ft 10 in) Its great thickness and high elevation make it more stable than the other ice sheets.
Sea_level_rise
A new deep learning technique enabled year-round measurements of sea ice thickness in the Arctic. A screening AI system for many cancer types that integrates
Timeline of computing 2020–present
Timeline_of_computing_2020–present
Ice cap in Nunavut, Canada
The Devon Ice Cap has a dome-like structure and a maximum elevation of 1921 m above sea level at its summit, and the maximum ice thickness is 880 m. There
Devon_Ice_Cap
Area of sea ice relative to the total area at a given point in the ocean
polar oceans. When combined with ice thickness, it determines several other important fluxes between the air and sea, such as salt and fresh-water fluxes
Sea_ice_concentration
Ice crystal found growing on young sea ice
Frost flowers are ice crystals commonly found growing on young sea ice and thin lake ice in cold, calm conditions. The ice crystals are similar to hoar
Frost_flower_(sea_ice)
ESA programme monitoring polar ice using satellites
CryoSat is an ESA programme to monitor variations in the extent and thickness of polar ice through use of a satellite in low Earth orbit. The information provided
CryoSat
Ship that is able to navigate through ice-covered waters
hull, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through sea ice. Icebreakers clear paths by pushing straight into frozen-over water or pack ice. The bending
Icebreaker
2025 Arctic expedition
and sea ice Ice coring and thickness drilling sampling for ice thickness and key biophysical properties A remotely operated vehicle for under-ice radiation
CONTRASTS_Expedition
Oceanic division
Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. The mean extent of the Arctic sea ice has been continuously decreasing
Arctic_Ocean
Long, narrow sheet of ice projecting from a coastline
Ice Tongue. Early theoretical work by Gordon Holdsworth described how an ice tongue bends when tidal oscillations raise or lower the surrounding sea surface
Ice_tongue
Vast body of ice in Greenland, Northern Hemisphere
is losing ice at the fastest rate in at least the past 12,000 years. Every summer, parts of the surface melt and ice cliffs calve into the sea. Normally
Greenland_ice_sheet
Algal communities in sea ice, lake ice or terrestrial glacier ice
Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea, and terrestrial lake ice or glacier ice. On sea ice in
Ice_algae
Inland sea in eastern Europe
ships were trapped in ice in 2012 when it froze over. The ice thickness reaches 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in) in most parts of the sea and 60–80 cm in the
Sea_of_Azov
A new deep learning technique enables year-round measurements of sea ice thickness in the Arctic. A research report by NewsGuard indicates there is a
2022_in_science
American physicist and applied mathematician
paper on threshold behavior in Arctic sea ice loss, and a 2015 Physical Review Letters paper on the sea-ice thickness distribution. In Philosophical Transactions
John_Wettlaufer
radiative transfer. Arctic sea ice decline Metamaterial Sea ice growth processes Sea ice concentration Sea ice thickness G. Heygster; S. Hendricks; L
Sea_ice_emissivity_modelling
Clade of gastropods
polar regions, under sea ice, to equatorial (tropic) seas. From spring to autumn, sea angels live at a depth of 200 m in the Sea of Okhotsk. In winter
Sea_angel
Marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean
the sea surface. The distribution and thickness of ice floes depend on many factors: the location, the time of year, water currents, and the sea temperatures
Sea_of_Okhotsk
American robotics researcher
Hanumant (2019-11-08). "Estimating early-winter Antarctic sea ice thickness from deformed ice morphology". The Cryosphere. 13 (11): 2915–2934. Bibcode:2019TCry
Hanumant_Singh_(roboticist)
Climate scientist
Schramm, J. L. (1997). "Modeling the thermodynamics of a sea ice thickness distribution: 2. Sea ice/ocean interactions". Journal of Geophysical Research:
Marika_Holland
Positive feedback climate process
cover in Antarctica, where the thickness of the East Antarctic ice sheet allows it to rise nearly 4 km above the sea level, means that this continent
Ice–albedo_feedback
of the oceans and resulting sea level rise result in coastal erosion, melting of permafrost and decreased sea ice thickness. The areas impacted most in
Climate_change_in_Greenland
Marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia
winter; The thickness decreases from west to east. Further into the sea, the ice cover transforms into drifting ice having the thickness of 2–3 m. The
East_Siberian_Sea
Earth's southernmost continent
000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi). Antarctica is, on average, the coldest
Antarctica
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