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Assistive technology that converts text or images to speech or Braille
A screen reader is a form of assistive technology (AT) that renders text and image content as speech or braille output. Screen readers are essential to
Screen_reader
Computer screen reader software
(JAWS) is a computer screen reader program for Microsoft Windows that allows blind and visually impaired users to read the screen either with a text-to-speech
JAWS_(screen_reader)
This is a comparison of some screen reader programs. Automatik Text Reader from Davide Baldini (Firefox extension) Balabolka from Ilya Morozov BrowseAloud
List_of_screen_readers
IBM web browser designed for the blind
readers attempted to work at the time was by directly "reading the screen." The screen reader met World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) HTML 4.01 specifications,
IBM_Home_Page_Reader
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Reader, Readers, reader, or readers in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A reader is a person who reads. It may also refer to: Adobe Reader (now Adobe
Reader
2009 mobile operating system
applications in the App Store as well. Apple also added the accessibility screen reader option VoiceOver to iOS devices with this release. iPhone OS 3 is the
IPhone_OS_3
Accessibility software
Orca is a free and open-source, flexible, extensible screen reader from the GNOME project for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. Using various
Orca_(assistive_technology)
Comparison of devices for reading e-books
e-books and periodicals. E-readers have a similar form factor to a tablet; usually use electronic paper resulting in better screen readability, especially
Comparison_of_e-readers
File format used to present documents
January 12, 2023. "Accessing PDF documents with assistive technology: A screen reader user's guide" (PDF). Adobe Systems Inc. Archived from the original (PDF)
Tactile writing system
among the blind. Despite the evolution of new technologies, including screen reader software that reads information aloud, braille provides blind people
Braille
E-reader devices
The first Amazon Kindle e-reader device was introduced in November 2007. As of 2025, twelve generations of Kindle devices have been released, with the
Amazon_Kindle_devices
Discontinued assistive reading software
Free and open-source software portal The Linux Screen Reader (LSR) is a discontinued free and open source effort to develop an extensible assistive technology
Linux_Screen_Reader
Device for reading e-books
periodicals. Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader; however, specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability
E-reader
Software that enlarges image on part of a computer screen
functional vision usually use a screen reader. The simplest form of magnification presents an enlarged portion of the original screen content, the 'focus', so
Screen_magnifier
Style sheet language
different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader), and on Braille-based tactile devices.
CSS
CAPTCHA implementation owned by Google
organization WebAIM reported in May 2012, "Over 90% of respondents [screen reader users] find CAPTCHA to be very or somewhat difficult". The original
ReCAPTCHA
Open source screen reader for Windows
NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA) is a free and open-source, portable screen reader for Microsoft Windows. The project was started by Michael Curran in
NonVisual_Desktop_Access
Modes of usability for people with disabilities
compatibility with a person's assistive technology (for example, computer screen readers). Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" and benefit
Accessibility
Line of e-book readers manufactured by Sony
Edition. On August 25, 2009, Sony announced the Reader PRS-900 "Daily Edition." This features a 7" diagonal screen to compete with the Amazon Kindle DX. It was
Sony_Reader
Medium consisting of pages of text or images
software allows a reader to increase the size of most texts. Screen readers can dynamically read aloud any text on a computer screen without a recording
Book
Desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like systems
the desktop. Several assistive technology providers, including Orca screen reader and Dasher input method, were developed specifically for use with GNOME
GNOME
Screen reader for Microsoft Windows
Narrator is a screen reader in Microsoft Windows. Developed by Professor Paul Blenkhorn in 2000, the utility made the Windows operating system more accessible
Narrator_(Windows)
2025 film by Kim Byung-woo
Omniscient Reader: The Prophecy (Korean: 전지적 독자 시점) is a 2025 South Korean action fantasy film directed by Kim Byung-woo, starring Lee Min-ho, Ahn Hyo-seop
Omniscient Reader: The Prophecy
Omniscient_Reader:_The_Prophecy
Method of extracting data from websites
telephone numbers or email addresses, at the cost of accessibility to screen reader users. Because bots rely on consistency in the front-end code of a target
Web_scraping
Decreased ability to see
Magnifier for those with partial vision, and Microsoft Narrator, a simple screen reader. Linux distributions (as live CDs) for the blind include Vinux and Adriane
Visual_impairment
Ability of a computer system to be used by all people
auditory feedback and screen magnifying software are very useful. In the case of severe vision impairment such as blindness, screen reader software that provides
Computer_accessibility
Family of e-book readers
to the more expensive e-book readers available at the time. Like most e-readers, the Kobo uses an electronic ink screen. In November 2011, Rakuten and
Kobo_eReader
Brief sound used to convey information
same purpose. Assistive technologies for computing devices—such as screen readers including ChromeOS's ChromeVox, Android's TalkBack and Apple's VoiceOver—use
Earcon
WebAnywhere is a free web-based open source screen reader, created at the University of Washington. Since WebAnywhere is web-based, it is available on
WebAnywhere
Standard for accessible PDF technology
for people with disabilities who use assistive technology such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, joysticks and other technologies to navigate and read
PDF/UA
Alternative text that appears when a HTML element cannot be rendered
HTML is part of W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Screen readers and text-based web browsers read the alt attribute in place of the image
Alt_attribute
Computer accessibility framework
client-server architecture. In that way, Assistive Technologies (ATs), such as screen readers, would be the clients of that framework, and computer applications would
Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface
Assistive_Technology_Service_Provider_Interface
Screen reader application by Google
screen reader application developed by Google for its Android operating system. It powers applications to read aloud (speak) the text on the screen,
Speech Recognition & Synthesis
Speech_Recognition_&_Synthesis
2021 American-Canadian film
Sergeant Brandt Zehra Fazal as News Reporter Alex Paxton-Beesley as Off-Screen Reader On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 28% of 78 critics'
The_Desperate_Hour
Screen reader developed by Apple
VoiceOver is a screen reader built into Apple Inc.'s macOS, iOS, tvOS, watchOS, and iPod operating systems. By using VoiceOver, the user can access their
VoiceOver
HTML used to reinforce meaning of documents or webpages
Content Accessibility Guidelines).[citation needed] For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document
Semantic_HTML
Application programming interface for Microsoft Windows
of sources Window-Eyes screen reader JAWS screen reader NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA), a free and open source screen reader Comparison of speech synthesizers
Microsoft_Speech_API
App designed for the blind and visually-impaired
Window-Eyes is screen reader software for the Microsoft Windows operating system, developed by GW Micro. The first version was released in 1995. Window-Eyes
Window-Eyes
E-book format
were included as bitmap or SVG images, precluding proper handling by screen readers and interaction with computer algebra systems. Support for MathML is
EPUB
Assistive devices for people with disabilities
impairment include screen readers, screen magnifiers, Braille embossers, desktop video magnifiers, and voice recorders. Screen readers are used to help
Assistive_technology
Topics referred to by the same term
English darts player Darrell Waltrip, American race car driver JAWS (screen reader), for blind and vision-impaired computer users JAWS Scripting Language
Jaws
American computer scientist (1936–2019)
2019) was an American computer scientist, and the inventor of the first screen reader, a type of assistive technology that enables the use of a computer by
James_W._Thatcher
or PCTA) is a method used to gather data in usability testing with screen reader users. It is a particular kind of think aloud protocol (or TAP) created
Partial concurrent thinking aloud
Partial_concurrent_thinking_aloud
Home video game console by Sony
which adds several improvements for accessibility such as an improved screen reader with support for features like mono audio, reading notifications aloud
PlayStation_5
Iranian classified advertising platform
and they must pay for posting more than 3 ads. Night Mode Supports screen reader Accessibility One Dutch company has invested $47 million in the company
Divar_(website)
Vector graphics editor from Adobe Inc
images. Over the years the rendition of this image on Illustrator's splash screen and packaging became more stylized to reflect features added in each version
Adobe_Illustrator
Brand of electronic paper
"E Ink Releasing New "Print-Color" Screens for eReaders and Notebooks | The eBook Reader Blog". Blog.the-ebook-reader.com. 18 December 2019. Archived from
E_Ink
Accessibility service for visually impaired Android users
2021-10-20. "LICENSE". Github. Retrieved 2021-10-20. "Our all-new TalkBack screen reader". Google. 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2021-10-27. "What's new with TalkBack
TalkBack
Software library
client-server architecture. In that way, assistive technologies (ATs) such as screen readers, would be the clients of that framework, and computer applications would
Accessibility_Toolkit
Internet conferencing software product
codec. The majority of TeamTalk users are visually impaired who use a screen reader for navigating in the user interface. To be as accessible as possible
TeamTalk
Screen magnifier for Windows
editions: ZoomText Magnifier and ZoomText Magnifier/Reader, which includes a built-in screen reader. The latest version of ZoomText is ZoomText 2026.2605
ZoomText
Topics referred to by the same term
Non-violent direct action NonVisual Desktop Access, an open source screen reader software for Windows Narmada Valley Development Authority, a government
NVDA
2008 film by Stephen Daldry
The Reader is a 2008 romantic drama film directed by Stephen Daldry, scripted by David Hare, adapting the 1995 German novel Der Vorleser by Bernhard Schlink
The_Reader_(2008_film)
E-book reader company
with a color E Ink Kaleido 3 screen". pocketbook.ch. "PocketBook Verse Pro Color: super-compact e-reader with color screen E Ink Kaleido™ 3". pocketbook
PocketBook_International
Defunct RSS/Atom feed aggregator formerly operated by Google
Google Reader was an RSS/Atom feed aggregator service operated by Google. It was created in early 2005 by Google engineer Chris Wetherell and launched
Google_Reader
create a text-only version of the object for screen readers and hide any motion from the screen reader. Since Flash content was usually placed on a single
Comparison_of_HTML5_and_Flash
One of the first commercially available screen readers for a graphical user interface
commercially available screen readers for a graphical user interface (GUI). Its notable innovations were the use of an off-screen model and the mouse pointer
OutSpoken
Government agency under Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industry
guidelines and requested accommodations such as OCR-readable documents and screen-reader compatibility. In response to the petition, the O/o CGPDTM issued the
Indian_Patent_Office
2021 mobile operating system
August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021. "How to use VoiceOver, the screen reader in iOS 15 on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch | My Computer My Way"
IOS_15
1998 United States copyright law
technological protection measures prevented the use of read-aloud software or screen readers. This exemption was renewed in 2006, 2010, 2012, and 2015. A new exemption
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
Device for displaying braille characters
the content of the screen from the operating system, converts it into braille characters and sends it to the display. Screen readers for graphical operating
Refreshable_braille_display
Artificial production of human speech
used by the visually impaired to quickly navigate computers using a screen reader. Formant synthesizers are usually smaller programs than concatenative
Speech_synthesis
Compact, open-source, software speech synthesizer
small size and many languages, eSpeakNG is included in NVDA open source screen reader for Windows, as well as Android, Ubuntu and other Linux distributions
ESpeak
Topics referred to by the same term
"Narrator" (song), a song by British band, Squid Narrator (Windows), a screen reader in Microsoft Windows This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Narrator_(disambiguation)
Linux distribution
version of the Ubuntu distribution and provided users with two screen readers, two full-screen magnifiers, global font-size and colour changing facilities
Vinux
American computer programmer and businessman
computer programmer and businessperson known for having invented the JAWS screen reader for the blind. He studied engineering, but learned computer programming
Ted_Henter
Line of smartphones by Apple
camera. Low-vision users can enable VoiceOver, a screen reader that describes what is on the screen, while Siri allows for hands-free interaction. The
IPhone
Assistive technology
been replaced by Orca in GNOME. Gnopernicus is a "one-size-fits-all" screen reader that provided speech, Braille, and magnification for users with a range
Gnopernicus
impaired into consideration. Symbian screen reader software offers more than just the reading of the application's screens, but also supports braille devices
GPS_for_the_visually_impaired
Topics referred to by the same term
Coupé, an 8-bit British home computer Microsoft Sam, a voice for the screen reader in Windows 2000 and XP SAM, a New Zealand chatbot that discuss politics
Sam
Canadian actress
praise from Theatre Critic Karen Fricker. Paxton-Beesley first appeared on screen in 2004 in The Good Shepherd (also known as The Confessor (film)), alongside
Alex_Paxton-Beesley
Braille embossing typewriter
the computer. Visually impaired users can read the computer screen by using screen reader computer software and/or braille displays. Users of such a system
Perkins_Brailler
Text-to-speech software
use, making BrowseAloud inaccessible to groups that could use other screen readers, such as JAWS. Commentators have noted that BrowseAloud is not a substitute
BrowseAloud
Piece of computer hardware
ordinarily used by visually-impaired individuals as an alternative to a screen reader. Haptic technology involves the use of vibration and other motion to
Output_device
Speech synthesizers for Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. It is used by Narrator, the screen reader program built into the operating system. Microsoft Mike and Microsoft
Microsoft text-to-speech voices
Microsoft_text-to-speech_voices
Topics referred to by the same term
lightning. Thunder may also refer to: Thunder (assistive technology), a screen reader Thunder Networking Technologies, a Chinese multimedia and Internet company
Thunder_(disambiguation)
Gucharmap – Character map Guvcview – webcam application Orca – Scriptable screen-reader Scribes – Text editor Seahorse – PGP and SSH key-manager Sushi – File
List_of_GTK_applications
Symbol combining both + and - signs
meaning. It also makes the meaning less accessible to blind users with screen readers. Look up 土, 士, or 干 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The plus–minus
Plus–minus_sign
Reading a text on a computer or smart device screen
Screen reading is the act of reading a text on a computer screen, smartphone, e-book reader, etc. In a 1997 study conducted by Jakob Nielsen, a web usability
Screen_reading
E-book reading device
The Hanlin is an e-Reader, an electronic book (e-book) reading device. The Hanlin v3 features a 6" (15 cm), 4-level grayscale electrophoretic display (E
Hanlin_eReader
Method of adding links to parts of an image
requirement – to provide an alt attribute describing the link that screen reader software can read to, for example, blind users. The <area> elements
Image_map
Function where an application provides an in-built aural interface
application that provides an aural interface without requiring a separate screen reader. Self-voicing applications can be an important form of assistive technology
Self-voicing
Concept in software development
difficulties for blind and visually impaired users who make use of screen reader software that reviews a list of available links on a page. Pages would
Mystery_meat_navigation
Spanish software consulting company
GNOME Web (formerly known as Epiphany), the GNOME web browser Orca, a screen reader that provides access to the graphical Linux desktop via user-customizable
Igalia
Technical specification for web accessibility
updates are often not accessible to users with disabilities, especially screen reader users and users who cannot use a mouse or other pointing device. WAI-ARIA
WAI-ARIA
and Jackie Stacey Screen Histories: A "Screen" Reader (1999) edited by Jackie Stacey and Annette Kuhn Queer Screen: The Queer Reader (2007) edited by Jackie
Jackie_Stacey
Audio computer desktop and speech interface
application, a speech interface, and an audio desktop (as opposed to a screen reader). It employs Emacs (which is written in C), Emacs Lisp, and Tcl. Developed
Emacspeak
American accessibility software company
Clearwater, Florida. Former motorcycle racer Ted Henter developed the JAWS screen reader after he became blind as a result of a car accident. Henter and Bill
Freedom_Scientific
Key on many computer keyboards
[citation needed] Screen readers use the insert key for hotkeys for reading text, speaking formatting information, or opening the screen reader's configuration
Insert_key
2016 video game
feedback in addition to visuals, and the game supports Apple's VoiceOver screen reader as well as Switch Control and Dynamic Type. AppleVis, an online community
Blackbox_(video_game)
Software for editing HTML
a mobile phone. Usability in a speech or braille browser, or via a screen-reader working with a conventional browser, will place demands on entirely
HTML_editor
Online digital book library
to ensure that all productions will work with modern tools such as screen readers.[citation needed] With the goal of making public domain works more accessible
Standard_Ebooks
Web design method that avoids HTML tables for page layout control
table-based layout is linearized, for example when being parsed by a screen reader or a search engine, the resulting order of the content can be somewhat
Tableless_web_design
Document viewing application
30, 2019). "GoodReader 5 brings split-screen documents to iPad". Retrieved October 30, 2025. Merron, Jeff (August 3, 2014). "GoodReader 4 review: An excellent
GoodReader
Topics referred to by the same term
(album), 2012 album by metalcore band For All Those Sleeping OutSpoken, screen reader software Outspoken Award, given by the International Gay and Lesbian
Outspoken
Digital image output of computer display
A screenshot (also known as screen capture or screen grab) is an analog or digital image that shows the contents of a computer display. A screenshot is
Screenshot
Metadata standard for webpages
person reading a web page on a computer screen or mobile device, or an assistive technology such as a screen reader. "Class Names Across All Microformats"
Microformat
E-book reader
E-Book-Reader with 9.7" E-Ink EPD display Bottom of the Onyx Boox M92 e-book reader An Android-based (2.3) smart phone and e-reader, the primary screen of
Onyx_Boox
Accessibility of World Wide Web
technologies such as the following to enable and assist web browsing: Screen reader software, which can read out, using synthesized speech, either selected
Web_accessibility
2005 operating system version
to make a Workflow. VoiceOver — screen reader interface similar to Jaws for Windows and other Windows screen readers that offers the blind and visually
Mac_OS_X_Tiger
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
Girl/Female
Muslim Hindi Indian
Screen. Star.
Girl/Female
Indian
Female
Irish
Irish form of French Corinne, COREEN means "maiden."
Girl/Female
Indian
Beautiful, Friendly
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Screen; Star
Female
Persian/Iranian
(شیرین) Variant spelling of Persian Shirin, SHIREEN means "sweet."
Girl/Female
Muslim
A narrator of Hadith from the prophet (Saw), Another narrator of Hadith by the same name was the sister of mariah al-qabtiyah, Al-maqooqus of egypt (She was the daughter of Ibn Abdullah Ibn Masood)
Girl/Female
Arabic, Greek, Lebanese, Muslim
Sweet or Milky
Girl/Female
Hindu
Goddess Lakshmi, Foremost, Best, First, Night
Girl/Female
Indian
Lovely quite girl, Royal or Prince
Girl/Female
Indian
A narrator of Hadith from the prophet (Saw), Another narrator of Hadith by the same name was the sister of mariah al-qabtiyah, Al-maqooqus of egypt (She was the daughter of Ibn Abdullah Ibn Masood)
Surname or Lastname
English (West Midlands)
English (West Midlands) : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Indian
Lord of Shree
Girl/Female
Australian, Chinese, French, German, Latin
Serene; Tranquil
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
She was the daughter of Ibn Abdullah Ibn Masood and a narrator of Hadith from the Prophet (S.A.W) another narrator of Hadith by the same name was the sister of Mariah al-Qabtiyah; al-Maqooqus of Egyp
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the various places, for example in Hertfordshire, Kent, and Somerset, so named from Old English strǣt ‘paved highway’, ‘Roman road’ (Latin strata (via)). In the Middle Ages the word at first denoted a Roman road but later also came to denote the main street in a town or village, and so the surname may also have been a topographic name for someone who lived on a main street.Jewish : Americanized form of the Sephardic surname Chetrit, of uncertain origin.Americanized form of Ashkenazic Jewish Strasser and a number of other similar surnames.The Rev. Nicholas Street (1603–74) came from England to Taunton, MA, between 1630 and 1638, and later moved to New Haven, CT, where his descendant Augustus Russell Street, a leader in art education, was born in 1791 and went on to become one of the most important early benefactors of Yale College.
Female
English
English variant spelling of Greek Eirênê, EIREEN means "peace."
Female
English
Pet form of Irish Nóra, NOREEN means "honor, valor."
Female
Persian/Iranian
(شیرین) Variant spelling of Persian Shirin, SHEREEN means "sweet."
Girl/Female
Arabic
Screen; Star
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
Girl/Female
Indian
Radhas husband
Boy/Male
Native American
Friend to everyone.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Falling
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Mountain; Peak
Boy/Male
Polish Norse
Lovable.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Praising God.
Male
Norse
Variant form of Old Norse Ãnleifr, ÓLÃFR means "heir of the ancestors."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Perhaps also an Americanized spelling of Dutch Cruyssen (see Crusan).
Female
English
English variant spelling of French Denise, DENISA means "follower of Dionysos."
Girl/Female
Hindu
Joy, Devoted to God
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
SCREEN READER
n.
See Siren.
imp. & p. p.
of Screen
v. t.
To turn, as a screw; to apply a screw to; to press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or screws; as, to screw a lock on a door; to screw a press.
v. t.
To make serene.
n.
One who, or that which, screws.
imp. & p. p.
of Screw
n. & v.
See Screen.
v. t.
To pass, as coal, gravel, ashes, etc., through a screen in order to separate the coarse from the fine, or the worthless from the valuable; to sift.
n.
See Strene.
v. t.
To provide with a shelter or means of concealment; to separate or cut off from inconvenience, injury, or danger; to shelter; to protect; to protect by hiding; to conceal; as, fruits screened from cold winds by a forest or hill.
a.
Of or pertaining to a siren; bewitching, like a siren; fascinating; alluring; as, a siren song.
n.
Specifically, a kind of nail with a spiral thread and a head with a nick to receive the end of the screw-driver. Screws are much used to hold together pieces of wood or to fasten something; -- called also wood screws, and screw nails. See also Screw bolt, below.
n.
Anything that separates or cuts off inconvenience, injury, or danger; that which shelters or conceals from view; a shield or protection; as, a fire screen.
n.
See Siren, 6.
n.
A breach or rent; a breaking forth into a loud, shrill sound; as, martial screeds.
n.
A creaking; a screech; a shriek.
a.
Bright; clear; unabscured; as, a serene sky.
n.
A wooden straightedge used to lay across the plaster screed, as a limit for the thickness of the coat.
a.
Calm; placid; undisturbed; unruffled; as, a serene aspect; a serene soul.
v. t.
To cover with a screen, or as with a screen; to shelter; to conceal.